POLS (Second Half-Year Course) INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: New Zealand, Conflict and Pacific Politics

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1 DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE POLS (Second Half-Year Course) INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: New Zealand, Conflict and Pacific Politics Lecture Times: Tuesday, 3-5 pm (Commerce 012) Thursday, 9-11 am (Commerce 012) Course Information What is POLS 308 About? The aim of this course is to analyse some of the forces which shape New Zealand s foreign and defence policies in the Pacific and to put these into a wider international and theoretical perspective. The first half of the course will provide the general framework, both theoretical and empirical, within which particular case studies will be examined in the second half. It is hope that students will become proficient at evaluating ideas and events from different perspectives.

2 1 Lecturers Dr Malakai Koloamatangi Office: National Centre for Research on Europe, Room 246A, Geography Phone: Associate Professor John Henderson Office: 408 Commerce Office Hours: Wednesday pm Thursday pm Phone: What are the Major Learning Objectives of POLS 308? In order to provide you with goals to work towards, we have outlined learning objectives for this course. By successfully completing this course, you should acquire a number of skills that will be important for further post-graduate study in Political Studies, or for professional employment. Content: To develop students knowledge of some of the key theoretical approaches to the study of foreign policy-making, particularly in small states; To develop student s knowledge of security issues and security policy-making, particularly as they apply to the causes of conflict in the South Pacific; To gain an understanding of foreign policy and security to case studies of New Zealand peacekeeping and peacemaking, and the causes of conflict in the region; To put Pacific developments into a wider international setting. Analytical Skills: To understand the arguments, models, and paradigms put forward by researchers, and be able to critically dissect and assess them; To be able to assess empirical evidence and compare opposing arguments and develop your own reasoned arguments and opinions.

3 2 Research and Presentational Skills: To locate and utilise library resources relevant to the course; To conduct good original research through the careful construction of a research project; To present your research in high quality written form; To learn to express your ideas effectively in a group setting, and listen to others and respond intelligently to opposing points of view. How is POLS 308 Organised? This course will make use of lectures, class discussions, and written assignments. All are crucial to your understanding, and you will need each component to build up an overall understanding of the course content. COURSE PROGRAMME 1. Introduction 2. Overview 3. Democracy and conflict: some assumptions 4. Democracy and security: the Oceanic dimension 5. Causes of conflict I: the political economy of the Pacific 6. Cause of conflict II: Polynesian chiefdoms, Micronesian crossroad and Melanesian arc of instability 7. Race and politics 8. Transnational crime and organized criminal activity 9. Immigration 10. Regionalism 11. Small island states and conflict 12. New Zealand and Australian defence and foreign policy: a change of mind? 13. Refugees, the consequences of war and conflict 14. Terrorism and the Pacific: post 9/11 and Bali Bombing

4 3 15. The Solomon intervention: success or failure? 16. Bougainville: from conflict to autonomy 17. The Fiji coups: potential for further instability? 18. Vanuatu: will it fail? 19. West Papua: Asia-Pacific frontier 20. East Timor and post-conflict reconstruction 21. Outside actors in the region: Europe, Asia and the US 22. New Zealand and Australian response to Pacific conflict 23. Final remarks Readings: will be provided COURSE ASSESSMENT Introduction The assessment for POLS 308 is intended to gauge as fairly as possible the extent to which you have mastered the key concepts, content, and skills stressed in the course. Your final grade will be based on completion of the following tasks: 1. Research Essay I 33% - 12 August 2. Research Essay II 33% - 30 September 5. Final Exam 34% Research Essays Each student is required to submit two research projects worth 33% of the final grade. Essays should be typed, and between 2,500 3,000 words in length. Topics will be provided during the second week of class. Essay Guidelines Research and Preparation Essays in POLS must reflect research beyond the core reading required for lectures. For the research project, you will need to read a minimum of books and articles to ensure a full understanding of the material. Make sure to look in the references of every book and article you read. Be prepared to inter-loan materials that you need. Inter-

5 4 loaning takes a few days, so start your research well in advance. Good essays require solid work and intelligent note-taking. Sort material as you go along; different points go on different pieces of paper; use headings, sub-headings, and highlighting to give shape and meaning to your notes. Analysis and Interpretation of the Question or Topic Your essay should explicitly answer the question asked, and you should clarify or define key terms and concepts in the question. This is why it is important to clarify early on what your key research question is. Also, I look for evidence of independent, critical thinking about the question or topic and its implications, and evidence of solid theoretical understanding. Argument and Structure Your essay should develop a clear viewpoint or argument, and your introduction address the question directly and effectively signals the structure of your argument. The body of your essay should show a logical development of points, and should identify sub-themes adequately. Your points should be made in well-organised paragraphs, and your conclusion should offer a concise, consistent, and clear summation. It is recommended that you use headings to lend structure and clarity to your essay. Style and Expression Your essay should be fluently and concisely written in continuous prose, and without abbreviations. Also, your essay should use appropriately formal vocabulary and tone, correct grammar, correct punctuation, and correct spelling throughout. It should also use technical or non-english phrases accurately, and quotations and examples should be wellintegrated into the discussions. Marks will be deducted for poor spelling, grammar, and expression. Presentation The essay should be the required length, legible and clearly formatted. Essays should be typed double-spaced or one-and-a-half spaced, and should include wide margins so the marker can write in helpful comments.

6 5 Grades/Marks Guidelines A A (80-100: an outstanding performance) A B ( : a superior performance) B B ( : a good performance) C C ( : an acceptable level of performance) D ( : below the minimum level of competence) E Below 40 (A clearly failed essay) PLAGIARISM Many students seem to be unsure of what plagiarism is, or why it is penalised heavily. Here is an explanation (and warning!). Definition Plagiarism means presenting the ideas and words of others as if they were your own. Building up an argument of your own using the (acknowledged) ideas and research of others is not plagiarism; it is an essentially creative activity and is, in fact, the normal activity of most working political scientists. How to Avoid the Charge of Plagiarism If you take a fact or idea directly from someone else, you must give a footnote reference. Use your common sense about this. You do not need to footnote everything. The basic

7 6 rule is to give a footnote for any information which is not easily available, or is contentious, or is particularly important for your argument. In each case, the purpose of the footnote is to allow the reader to assess the validity of the evidence from which your argument is constructed. If you also use the exact words of your source, that is, you quote from your source, then you must enclose the whole quotation in inverted commas. Why Not Plagiarise? Plagiarism of facts: if you do not explain where your information comes from, your reader can have no idea of how trustworthy your information is, and will, quite rightly, refuse to take your conclusions seriously. Plagiarism of words: This is dishonest, and equally important, stunts your own intellectual development by encouraging habits of mechanical, imitative thinking. Finding the right language is an essential part of the construction of an intelligent argument. Relying on the language of others prevents you from developing a creative, independent approach to intellectual problems. If you continually rely on the ideas and arguments of others, and even on their way of expressing those ideas, you will never develop the capacity to think things through independently, and to express the results of your own thinking in the only appropriate language, which is your own. The Penalty For these reasons, work that contains plagiarism will be regarded as valueless, and may be given no marks at all. Furthermore, there will be no automatic right of resubmission for plagiarised work. Notes and Bibliography (1) REFERENCES: Any recognized form of footnoting or end-noting is acceptable (as long as it is consistent), but our preference is for in-text referencing. This is the style used by most professional journals and therefore worth learning for students. Within your text, you refer only to the author, date of publication, and the page of the citation. If you quote your source you must give the page number of the quoted passage. If you use someone else s ideas without actually quoting a passage from their work you still need to cite them. However, you may leave out the page numbers if the ideas you cite are expressed in various places in the cited source. Some examples of in-text referencing include: 1. On this problem, Smith (1993) has written that diversification is the key (p.7). 2. On this problem, Smith (1993, p.7) has written that diversification is crucial. 3. On this problem, diversification has been argued to be the key (Smith, 1993, p.7).

8 7 4. A number of authors (Smith, 1993; Brown 1997) discuss diversification. (2) RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY: (i) At the conclusion of each essay there must appear a list of all relevant books and articles cited during the preparation of the essay. You do not need to list books or articles that only served as background reading and were not directly cited. (ii) Lists should be compiled in alphabetical order of author s surnames, followed by the author s first name or initial. Following this, you may adopt any style (assuming you remain consistent) as long as it includes the date of publication, the title of the work, the place where it was published, and the publisher. My preference is for the following style: Examples: Book Shannon, Patricia, Social Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Article in book McLeay, Elizabeth, The State in New Zealand, in Gold, Harriet, ed., New Zealand Politics in Perspective, 3 rd Ed., Auckland: Longman Paul. Journal article Smith, John, Diversification in New Zealand, Journal of Econometrics, vol.2, no.4, pp (3) QUOTATIONS As a rough guide quotations of more than forty words should be indented and typed/written in single spacing, rather than forming part of the text. No inverted commas for indented quotes are required. Quotations which read as part of the main text should be enclosed in single quotation marks. (4) DATES, TIME, NUMBERS Use the following forms: 1 August 1986; 1950s (not 1950 s); numbers below 100 and percentages should be spelled out e.g. seventy-five per cent, unless an exact measurement e.g per cent. (5) CAPITALISATION Always capitalise Cabinet, Minister, and Parliament, but only Government when referring to a specific government. Final Examination

9 8 The final exam will be worth 34% of your final grade, and will take place in the normal exam period at the end of the semester. Details regarding the exam format and content will be given later in the course. Course Readings Please note that these readings are introductory in nature and, by themselves, will not be sufficient for writing your research essays. In addition to these resources, the Macmillan Brown Library holds relevant journals, magazines, newspapers, videos and other material that should help to add to your knowledge of the Pacific region as well as updating you on very recent events. 1. and 2. Introduction: course overview Buzan, B, Waever, O. and Wilde, J. d. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 3. Democracy and Conflict: some assumptions Some from the following: Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper. Harff, B. and Gurr, T. R. (2004). Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Colorado: Westview Press. Held, D. (1996). Models of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity. Pennock, J. R. (1979). Democratic Political Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Wallensteen, P. (ed) (1998). Preventing Violent Conflicts: Past Record and Future Challenges. Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research. 4. Democracy and security: the Oceanic dimension Crocombe, R. et al (eds) (1992). Culture and Democracy in the South Pacific. University of the South Pacific: Institute of Pacific Studies. Downer, A. (2004). Transnational Terrorism Threatens Australia, ( 15 July. Finin, G. A. and Wesley-Smith, T. (2001). Coups, Conflicts and Crises: the New Pacific Way? Race and Class. April-June. Vol. 42. Keith-Reid, R. (2003). Lording Over the Pacific, Islands Business. September.

10 9 Larmour, P. (1994). A Foreign Flower? Democracy in the South Pacific, Pacific Studies. Vol. 17, No.1. Lawson, S. (1996). Tradition versus Democracy in the South Pacific: Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Lawson, S. (2003). Security in Oceania: Perspectives on the Contemporary Agenda. Shibuya, E. and Rolfe, J. (eds)., Security in Oceania in the 21 st Century. Honolulu: Asia- Pacific Center for Security Studies Mara, Ratu Sir K. (1997). The Pacific Way: A Memoir. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Reilly, B. (2001). Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rich, R. (2002). The Quality of Democracy in the Pacific. Report prepared for the Commonwealth Secretariat for presentation at the preparatory meeting of the 2002 Roundtable of Heads of Government of Commonwealth Pacific Island Countries on the Challenges of Democracy in the Pacific. ( pdf). 5. Causes of conflict I: the political economy of the Pacific Crocombe, R. (2001). The South Pacific. Suva: University of the South Pacific. Hooper, A. et al (ed) (1987). Class and Culture in the South Pacific. University of Auckland: Centre for Pacific Studies and University of the South Pacific: Institute of Pacific Studies. Howard, M. C. and Durutalo, S. (1987). The Political Economy of the South Pacific to James Cook University: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies. 6. Causes of conflict II: Polynesian chiefdoms, Micronesian crossroad and Melanesian arc of instability Dauvergne, P. (1998). Weak and Strong States in Asia-Pacific Societies. ANU: Department of International Relations. Douglas, B. (2000). Weak States and Other Nationalisms: Emerging Melanesian Paradigms? ANU: State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project. Fraenkel, J. (2004). The Coming Anarchy in Oceania? A Critique of the Africanisation of the South Pacific Thesis. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics. Vol. 42.

11 10 Greener, P and Greener-Barcham, B. (May/June 2001). Turning the Tide: A New Approach to Conflict Resolution, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp Handel, M. I. (1990). Weak States in the International System. London. May, R. J. et al (2003). Arc of Instability? : Melanesia in the Early 2000s. ANU: State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project and University of Canterbury: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies. Reilly, B. (2000) "The Africanisation of the South Pacific", Australian Journal of International Affairs Rotberg, R. L. (2002). Failed States in a World of Terror, Foreign Affairs, July-August, Vol 81. Willens, H. P and Siemer, D. C. (2000). National Security and Self-Determination: United States Policy in Micronesia. Westport: Praeger. 7. Race and politics (Note: there is a large body of literature below on Fiji which would also be relevant to this topic) Busch, W. V. et al (eds). (1994). New Politics in the South Pacific. University of the South Pacific: Institute of Pacific Studies and Pacific Islands Political Studies Association. Especially sections on Local and Traditional Government and Politics of Information, Culture and Ideas. Crocombe, R. et al (eds). (1992). Culture and Democracy (above). Especially sections on Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. Howard, M. C. (1991). Fiji: Race and Politics in an Island State. Vancouver: UBC Press. Linnekin, J. and Poyer, L. (ed) (1990). Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in the Pacific. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Stockwell Jr, R. F. (2003). Democracy and Ethnic Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Mauritius, Trinidad, Guyana, and Fiji. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of California, Irvine. 8. Transnational crime and organised criminal activity Crocombe, R. (1992). Pacific Neighbours: New Zealand s Relations with Other Pacific Islands. University of Canterbury: Centre for Pacific Studies and University of the South Pacific: Institute of Pacific Studies. Especially Chp. 8. See also relevant sections of Crocombe (2001).

12 11 Fossen, A. V. (2002). Financial Frauds and Pseudo-States in the Pacific Islands, Crime, Law and Social Change. Vol. 37. Schloenhardt, A. (2003). Migrant Smuggling: Illegal Migration and Organised Crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Van Fossen, A. B. (2003). Money Laundering, Global Financial Instability, and Tax Havens in the Pacific Islands, The Contemporary Pacific. Vol. 15, No. 2. Fall. 9. Immigration Chapman, M. (ed) (1985). Mobility and Identity in the Island Pacific. Wellington: Victoria University Press. Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (Australia) ( Hoadley, S. (March/April 2004). Our Immigration Policy: Rationality, Stability and Politics, New Zealand International Review. Vol XXIX, No.2. Also see Hoadley (Jan/Feb 2003), New Zealand International Review, below. Hyde, J. (1996). The New Zealand Immigration Debate: Some Australian Perspectives. Auckland. Iredale, R., Hawksley, C. and Castles, S. (eds) (2003). Migration in the Asia Pacific: Population, Settlement, and Citizenship Issues. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. McCall, G. and Connell, J. (eds) (1993). A World Perspective on Pacific Islander Migration: Australia, New Zealand and the USA. University of New South Wales: Centre for South Pacific Studies. New Zealand Immigration Service ( 10. Regionalism Axline, W. A. (1984). South Pacific Region Cooperation in Comparative Perspective: An Analytical Framework, Political Science. Vol 36, No. 2. Fry, G. (1981). Regionalism and International Politics of the South Pacific, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 3. Fry, G. (1991). The Politics of South Pacific Regional Cooperation, in Thakur, R. (ed)., The South Pacific: Problems, Issues and Prospects. London: Macmillan.

13 12 Fry, G. (2004). Whose Oceania? Contending Visions of Community in Pacific Region- Building. Working Paper. Australian National University: Department of International Relations. Mansfield, E. D. and Milner, H. V. (1999). The New Wave of Regionalism, International Organization. Vol. 53. Sutherland, W. (2004). Regional Governance, Peace and Security in the Pacific: A Case for Give and Take. Occasional Papers /12. United Nations University: Comparative Regional Integration Studies. 11. Small island states and conflict Reilly, B. (2002). A reflection on South Pacific Regional Security: A Rejoinder, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 37. Ross, K. (1996). Asia and the Security of the South Pacific s Island States, Survival, Vol. 38, No. 3. Suter, K. D. (1991). The US and the South Pacific: A Benign Neglect? Contemporary Review, April, Vol 258, No New Zealand and Australian defence and foreign policy: a change of mind? Crocombe, R. (2003). New Zealand and the (Other) Pacific Islands: Prospects, Potentials and Possibilities. Unpublished Paper presented to New Zealand Futures Trust, Wellington. 5 March. (Malakai has a copy.) Downer, A. (2004). Transnational Terrorism Threatens Australia, Pacific Islands Report, 20 July. East-West Center: Pacific Islands Development Program. Hawke, A. (2004). The High Commissioner. Speech to the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs. Wellington. 12 February. ( Henderson, G. (Jan/Feb 2004). Australia s Security: A Consistent Approach, New Zealand International Review. Vol. XXIX, No. 1. Hoadley, S. (2003). New Zealand s Pacific Island Security Policies, Shibuya, E. and Rolfe, J. (eds)., Security in Oceania in the 21 st Century. Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. (Malakai has a copy of Hoadley s chapter.) Kennaway, R. and Henderson, J. (eds). Beyond New Zealand II: Foreign Policy into the 1990s. Auckland: Longman Paul.

14 13 McDougall, D. (1998). Australian Foreign Relations: Contemporary Perspectives. South Melbourne: Longman. McGhie, G. (March/April 2004). Terrorism, Foreign Policy and All That, New Zealand International Review. Vol. XXIX, No. 2. Mediansky, F. A. (ed) (1997). Australian Foreign Policy: Into the New Millennium. South Melbourne: Macmillan Education. 13. Refugees, the Consequences of War and Conflict: The Pacific Solution Video: BBC Correspondent. Australia s Pacific Solution. Readings: Dalziel, L. (May 2003) "Beyond Tampa". Address to the Auckland District Law Socieity's Immigration Subcommittee. Fry, G. (February 2002). The Pacific Solution? in Adrift in the Pacific: The Implications of Australia s Pacific Refugee Solution. VIC: Oxfam Community Aid Abroad. Gibney, M J. (June 2002). Security and the Ethics of Asylum After 11 September, Forced Migration Review. Vol. 12, pp Hoadley, S (Jan/Feb 2003). Immigration Policy: A Steady Convergence, New Zealand International Review. Vol. XXVIII, No. 1. Koser, K. (2001). New Approaches to Asylum? International Migration. Vol. 39, No. 6, pp Mares, P. (2002). Borderline: Australia s Response to Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Wake of the Tampa. 2 nd ed. Sydney: UNSW Press. Mayley, W. (June 2002). Receiving Afghanistan s Asylum Seekers: Australia, the Tampa Crisis and Refugee Protection, Forced Migration Review. Vol. 12, pp Ruddock, P. (29 April 2002). BBC Agenda Programame Interview with Philip Ruddock. Urwin, G. (Jan/Feb 2003). Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific, New Zealand International Review. Vol. XXVIII, No Terrorism and the Pacific: Post September 11 and the Bali Bombings

15 14 Corbett, J and Dita De Boni. (19 October 2002). Brutality in Our Own Backyard, New Zealand Herald. English, B. (21 October 2002). We re Left Out of Intelligence Loop, New Zealand Herald. Frankel, J. (2004). Sorting through the Pacific War on Terror, Pacific Islands Report. 17 July. ( Jackson, R. (Mar/April 2002). The Discourses in Terrorism: Myths and Misconceptions, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp Laxton, A. (18 October 2002). Bali Blast: Who Knew What When, New Zealand Herald. McGhie, G. (Mar/April 2002). Responding to Terror, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp Suter, K. (January 2003). Terror in Paradise: The Bali Bombing, Contemporary Review. Vol. 282, No. 1644, pp The Solomon Islands intervention Bennett, J A. (2002). Roots of Conflict in Solomon Islands, though much is taken, much abides: Legacies of Tradition and Colonialism. Canberra: RSPAS, ANU. Dinnen, S. (December 2002). Winners and Losers: Politics and Disorder in the Solomon Islands , The Journal of Pacific History. Vol. 37, No.3, pp Dooley, S. (Feb/March 2002). The Road to Honiara: Between the Head Man and the Gangs, the Solomon Islands are Set for More Unrest (Against the Current), Arena Magazine. Pp Keesing, R M and Peter Corris. (1980). Lightning Meets the West Wind: The Malaita Massacre. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Laracy, H. (1979). Maasina Rule: Struggle in the Solomons, in A Mamak and A Ali (eds). Protest Politics: The Maasina Ruru Movement, Solomon Islands, Suva: USP, IPS. Liloqula, R and Alice Aruhe eta Pollard. (2000). Understanding Conflict in the Solomon Islands: A Practical Means to Peacemaking. Canberra: RSPAS, ANU. Premdas, R. and Jeffrey Steeves. (1984). Decentralisation and Political Change in Melanesia: Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Suva: USP.

16 15 Shearer, D. (November 2000). Beyond Bikinis and Balaclavas, The World Today. Vol. 56, No. 11, pp Wainwright, E. (2003). Our Failing Neighbour: Australia and the Future of Solomon Islands. Barton, ACT: Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 16. The Bougainville conflict and Papua New Guinea Carruthers, D S. (1990). Some Implications for Papua New Guinea of the Closure of the Bougainville Copper Mine, in May R and Matthew Spriggs (eds). The Bougainville Crisis. Bathurst, NSW: Crawford House. Denoon, D. (Winter 2002). Papua New Guinea s Crisis: Acute or Chronic? World Affairs. Vol. 164, No. 3, pp Denoon, D. (2000). Getting Under Their Skins: The Bougainville Copper Agreement and the Creation of the Panguna Mine. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. Dinnen, S. (Fall 1999). Militaristic Solutions in a Weak State: Internal Security, Private Contractors and Political Leadership in Papua New Guinea, The Contemporary Pacific. Vol. 11, No. 2, p Larmour, P. (1992). Legitimacy, Sovereignty and Regime Change in the South Pacific: Comparisons between the Fiji Coups and the Bougainville Rebellion. Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, ANU. May, R J. (1993). The Changing Role of the Military in Papua New Guinea. Canberra: ANU. McKinnon, D. (April 1999). New Zealand s Role in Restoring Peace on Bougainville, New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade Record. Vol. 9, No. 10, pp O Callaghan, M. (1999). Enemies Within: Papua New Guinea, Australia and the Sandline Crisis: The Inside Story. Sydney: Doubleday. Regan, A and R J May. (2002). Reassessing Australia s Role in PNG and the Island Pacific, in James Cotton and John Ravenhill (eds). The National Interest in the Global Era: Australia in World Affairs Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp Saffu, Y. (Fall 1992). The Bougainville Crisis and Politics in Papua New Guinea, The Contemporary Pacific. Vol. 4, No. 2, pp Saffu, Y. (1991). Military Roles and Relations in Papua New Guinea, in V Selochan (ed). The Military, the State and Development in Asia and the Pacific. Westview: Boulder, pp

17 16 Spriggs, M. (1994). The Failure of the Bougainville Peace Talks, Pacific Research. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp The Fiji coups Alley, R. (November 2002). The Coup Crisis in Fiji, Australian Journal of Political Science. Vol. 35, No. 3, p Alley, R. (Spring 1990). The 1987 Military Coups in Fiji: The Regional Implications, The Contemporary Pacific. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp Alley, R. (October 1987). The Military Coup in Fiji, The Round Table. No. 304, pp Bain, K. (1989). Treason at 10: Fiji at the Crossroads. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Campbell, I. (Sept/Oct 1987). The Fiji Coup: Harbinger or Aberration? New Zealand International Review. Vol. XII, No. 5, pp Chand, G and V. Naidu (eds) (c1997). Fiji: Coups, Crises and Reconciliation Suva: Fiji Institute of Applied Studies. Chand, S. (June 1996). Ethnicity, Conflict, Income, Inequality and Growth in Independent Fiji, in Discussion Paper 97/6, in State, Society and Governance in Melanesia. Canberra: RSPAS, ANU, Edwins, R. (1998). Changing Their Minds: Tradition and Politics in Contemporary Fiji and Tonga. Christchurch: MacMillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury. Edwins, R. (1992). Colour, Class and Custom: The Literature of the 1987 Fiji Coup. Canberra: RSPAS, ANU. Fry, G. (2000). Political Legitimacy and the Postcolonial State in the Pacific: Reflections on Some Common Threads in the Fiji and Solomon Islands Coups, Pacifica Review. Vol. 12, No. 3, pp Gubb, M. (1988). The Australian Military Response to the First Fiji Coup: An Assessment. Canberra: SDSC, ANU. Henderson, J. (July 2000). Fiji: Coups and Conflict in Melanesia, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 25, No. 4, p.17. Lal, B V. (2002). In George Speight s Shadow: Fiji General Elections of 2001, The Journal of Pacific History. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp

18 17 Lal, B V. (December 2002). Chiefs and Thieves and Other People Besides: The Making of George Speight s Coup, The Journal of Pacific History. Vol. 35, No. 3, p Lal, B V and K Peacock. (Spring 1990). Researching the Fiji Coups, The Contemporary Pacific. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp Lawson, S. (1991). The Failure of Democratic Politics in Fiji. New York: Oxford University Press. Lawson, S (1992). Regime Change or Regime Maintenance: The Military Versus Democracy in Fiji. Canberra: ANU. MacDonald, B. (Spring 1990). The Literature of the Fiji Coups, The Contemporary Pacific. Vol. 2, pp Naidu, V. (1998). The Fiji Anti-Nuclear Movement: Problems and Prospects, in Ranginui Walker and William Sutherland (eds). The Pacific: Peace, Security and the Nuclear Issue. London: Zed Books, p Overton, J and R Gerald Ward. (1989). The Coups in Retrospect: The New Political Geography of Fiji, Pacific Viewpoint. Vol. 30, No. 2, pp Premdas, R. (1993). Balance and Ethnic Conflict in Fiji, in J McGarry and B O Leary. The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation. London: Routledge, pp Premdas, R. (1989). Fiji: An Anatomy of Revolution, Pacifica. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp Premdas, R. (1986). Ethnic Conflict Management: A Government of National Unity and Some Alternative Proposals, in Brij V Lal (ed). Politics in Fiji: Studies in Contemporary History. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, pp Ravuvu, A. (1991). The Façade of Democracy: Fijian Struggles for Political Control, Suva: Reader Publishing House. Robertson, R. T. and Akosita Tamanisau. (1988). Fiji: Shattered Coups. Leichhardt, NSW: Pluto Press. Robertson, R. T. and Sutherland, W. (2001). Government by the Gun: The Unfinished Business of Fiji s 2000 Coup. NSW: Pluto Press. Saffu, Y. (August 1990). Changing Civil-Military Relations in Fiji, Australian Journal of International Affairs. Vol. 44, No. 2, pp

19 18 Sanday, J. (1989). The Military in Fiji: Historical Development and Future Role. Canberra: SDSC, ANU. Sanday, J. (1989). The Coups of 1987: A Personal Analysis, Pacific Viewpoint. Vol. 30, No. 2, pp Scarr, Deryck. (1988). Fiji: Politics of Illusion: The Military Coups in Fiji. Kensington, NSW: NSW University Press. Scobell, A. (January 1994). Politics, Professionalism and Peacekeeping: An Analysis of the 1987 Military Coup in Fiji, Comparative Politics. Vol. 26, No. 2, pp Sharpham, J. (2000). Rabuka of Fiji: The Authorised Biography of Major-General Sitiveni Rabuka. Rockhampton, Queensland: Central Queensland University Press. Sutherland, W. (1992). Beyond the Politics of Race: An Alternative History of Fiji to Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, ANU. Sutherland, W. (1989). Law and Force in Fiji: Does Western Law Make Sense in a Pacific Environment? Social Alternatives. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp Thakur, R. (1989). Paradise Regained or Paradise Defiled? Fiji under Military Rule, International Studies. Vol. 26, No. 1, pp Wilkes, O and Sitiveni Rabuka. (1992). Militarism in the Pacific and the Case of Fiji, in David Robie (ed). Tu Galala. Wellington: Bridget Williams, pp Vanuatu: will it fail? (Note: for coverage of the recent elections see Pacific Islands Report: ( and Radio New Zealand International: ( ) Ambrose, D. (1997). A Coup that Failed? Recent Political Developments in Vanuatu, Discussion Paper 97/3, in State, Society and Governance in Melanesia. Canberra: RSPAS, ANU. Bishop, M and Ann Wigglesworth. (1982). A Touch of Australian Enterprise: The Vanuatu Experience. Fitzroy, Victoria: International Development Action. Gubb, M. (1994). Vanuatu: 1990 Santo Rebellion: International Responses to a Microstate Security Crisis. Canberra: ANU. Henningham, S. (1989). Pluralism and Party Politics in a South Pacific State: Vanuatu s Ruling Vanua aku Pati and its Rivals, Conflict. Vol. 9, pp

20 19 MacQueen, N. (1988). Beyond to Win: The Papua New Guinea Intervention in Vanuatu, 1980, Pacific Affairs. Vol. 61, No. 2, pp Morgan, M. (2004). Political Fragmentation and the Policy Environment in Vanuatu, Pacific Economic Bulletin, 19:3. Ross, K. (1990). Prospects for Crisis Prediction: A South Pacific Case Study. Canberra: SDSC, ANU. 19. West Papua: Asia-Pacific frontier Chauvel, R. and Bhakti, I. N. (2004). The Papua Conflict: Jakarta s Perceptions and Policies, Policy Studies. East-West Center. Washington. ( Leith, D. (2002). Freeport and the Suharto Regime , The Contemporary Pacific, 14: 1. May, R. J. (1992). The Religious Factor in Three Minority Movements: The Moro of the Philippines, Malays of Thailand, and Indonesia s West Papuans, Contemporary Southeast Asia. March. Vol. 13, No. 4. Pacific Islands Report (12/9/2001; 5/1/2001; 20/2/2001; 8/3/2000; 7/1/2000; 4/2/2000; 16/11/1999) Suter, K. (2001). Independence for West Papua? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. May. Vol East Timor and post-conflict reconstruction East Timor Calls for Troops to Stay Longer, United Press International. 17 December Coday, D. (2003). UN Plans East Timor Pullout, National Catholic Reporter. 26 September. Vol 39. Dionisio, B-S. (2003). Elections and Constitution Making in East Timor, in State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project. Canberra: ANU. Engel, R. E. (2003). Reaching for Stability: Strengthening Civil Society-Donor Partnerships in East Timor, Journal of International Affairs. Fall. Vol. 57. Smith, M. and Dee, M. (2003). Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Temby, Q. (2003). The Blessed Curse, New Internationalist. October.

21 Outside actors in the region: Europe, Asia and the US Holland, M. (2002). The European Union and the Third World. New York: Palgrave. Koloamatangi, M. (2003). EU, Cotonou and EPAs: the View from the Pacific Islands, The Courier. No September-October. Koloamatangi, M. (2004). Democracy and Development: the European Union, Economic Assistance and Political Development in the Pacific Islands, Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies. Forthcoming. Peang-Meth, A. G. (2004). Learning the Way of Meritocracy, Pacific Islands Report. 10 March. Ross, K. (1996). Asia and the Security of the South Pacific s Island States, Survival. Vol. 38, No. 3. Shibuya, E. (2003). Oceania s Post-9/11 Security Concerns: Common Causes, Uncommon Approaches? Asia-Pacific Security Studies. Vol. 2. No. 7. November. ( Trumbull, R. (1980). Pacific Islands Strengthen Ties to Asia at Expense of West, The New York Times. Vol September. Whitney, S. (2003). US Pays Little Attention to Asia, Less to the Pacific, Pacific Islands Report. 26 June. 22. Response from New Zealand and Australia Burton, M. (2001). "Building a New Defence Framework", New Zealand International Review. Vol. XXVI, No. 5, pp Ferguson, B. (2002). Defence: The Way Ahead, New Zealand International Review, March/April, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp Fortune, G. (19 July 2002). "New Zealand Defence Policy and the Pacific", New Zealand and the Pacific: Diplomacy, Defence, Development. McGhie, G. and B. Brown (eds). Goff, P. (19 July 2002) "The PACIFIC: Where to Next?" New Zealand and the Pacific: Diplomacy, Defence, Development, McGhie, G. and B. Brown (eds). Henderson, J and P Bellamy. (Winter 2002). Prospects for Further Military Intervention in Melanesian Politics, World Affairs. Vol. 164, No. 3, pp Henderson, J T. (2002). New Zealand and the Foreign Policy of a Small State, Kennaway R and J Henderson (eds). Beyond New Zealand II- Foreign Policy into the 1990 s (Longman Paul 1991), Chapter 1.

22 21 Henderson, J T. (1999). New Zealand and Oceania, Bruce Brown (ed). New Zealand in World Affairs. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press, pp Larmour, P. (1997). Corruption and Governance in the South Pacific, Discussion Paper 97/5, in State, Society and Governance in Melanesia. Canberra: RSPAS, ANU. Larmour, P. (1996). Research on Governance in Weak States in Melanesia, Discussion Paper 1/96, in State, Society and Governance in Melanesia. Canberra: RSPAS, ANU. McCraw, D. (1994). "New Zealand's Foreign Policy under National and Labour Governments", Pacific Affairs, Spring pp McGhie, G. (2002). New Zealand and the Pacific, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 27, No. 3, p. 19. New Zealand Government. (June 2000). The Government s Defence Policy Framework. Wellington: Archived at: Powles, M. (2002). The Changing Pacific: New Approaches for New Challenges, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 27, No. 3. Rolfe, J. (2001). New Zealand and Peacekeeping, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp Smith, R. (May/June 2001). Defence Policy and the Death of Private Manning, New Zealand International Review. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 7-8.