Terrorism and Human Rights

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1 Terrorism and Human Rights SUB Hamburg Edited by Magnus Ranstorp and Paul Wilkinson O Routledge j j[ ^ Taylor & Francis Croup LONDON AND NEW YORK

2 Foreword ' xi DAVID VENESS Introduction MAGNUS RANSTORP AND PAUL WILKINSON xiii Global Threat and International Response 1 The Challenges of Strategic Terrorism 3 GIANDOMENICO PICCO 2 The United Nations'Response to 9/11 9 JAYANTHA DHANAPALA Introduction 9 The Security Council 10 The General Assembly 12 The Secretariat 12 Conclusion 14 3 Terrorism and Human Rights: A Perspective from the United Nations 16 ALEX P. SCHMID Introduction 16 Principles of the Rule of law 18 Terrorism and Human Rights 19 Activities of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in the Framework of the Strategy of the United Nations 21 The Strategy of the United Nations 22 Conclusion 24 Notes 25

3 vi 4 The Security Council and Counterterrorism: Global and Regional Approaches to an Elusive Public Good 27 KENNEDY GRAHAM Defining the 'Good' 27 Delivering the 'Good' 35 Measuring the Good 44 Notes 46 Appendix 54 Balancing Security and Civil Liberties Since 9/11 5 Security and Freedom on the Fulcrum " 59 LAURA K. DONOHUE Introduction 59 Consequentialist Arguments 61 Arguments from Rights 69 Conclusion: Reevaluating the Calculus 73 Notes 74 6 Disregard for Security: The Human Rights Movement and 9/11 78 BERTILDUNER Introduction 78 NGOs' Positions 79 Instrumentality 80 Trade-Off 82 Regime Change and Human Rights 86 References 89 Notes 91 7 The EU's Response to 9/11: A Case Study of Institutional Roles and Policy Processes with Special Reference to Issues of Accountability and Human Rights 94 FRANK GREGORY Introduction 94 Accountability and Human Rights Protection within the EU Policy-Making and Implementation Processes 96 ECIEU Counterterrorism Background 98 Responses under the'third Pillar'- With Special Reference to Europol 102 "' 9111 Responses under 'Pillar One' 106 Conclusions 108 Notes 110

4 8 Terrorism and Human Rights: A Defence Lawyer's Perspective 113 EDWARD B. MACMAHON, JR. Conclusion 116 Notes Derogating from International Human Rights Obligations in the 'War against Terrorism'? A British-Australian Perspective 118 CHRISTOPHER MICHAELSEN Introduction 118 Recent Antiterrorism Legislation and International Human Rights Law 119 Derogation from International Human Rights Obligations 125 Derogation in the Face of International Terrorism 128 Conclusion 135 Notes Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law: Challenges from the'war on Terror' 143 GABORRONA The Accusation Against Humanitarian Law and the Reply 143 The Scope of Application of Humanitarian Law 145 In Defense of Humanitarian Law 149 Conclusion 154 Notes Biological Attack: Terrorism and the Law 160 CLIVE WALKER Introduction 160 Biological Attack by Terrorists 161 Risk Management and Terrorism 173 Conclusions 178 Notes Children, Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Lessons in Policy and Practise 186 ANDREW SILKE Introduction 186 Justice and Just- Worlds 187 Policy Lessons 191 Conclusions 195 Notes 197 vii

5 viii Human Rights Protection and Issues from Regional Perspectives 13 Protecting Human Rights in Times of Conflict: An Indian Perspective 201 SHRI P. R. CHARI Genesis and Introduction 201 The Parties in Disputation 203 The context for Human Rights Violations 204 Remedies and Conclusions 209 Notes Human Rights Dilemmas in Using Informers to Combat Terrorism: The Israeli-Palestininan Case 213 HILLEL COHEN AND RON DUDAI Introduction 213 Setting the Framework 214 Human Rights Dilemmas 217 Counter-Productivity? The Long-Term Consequences 223 Conclusions 224 Notes The Security Imperative in Counterterror Operations: The Israeli Fight Against Suicidal Terror 228 SERGIO CATIGNANI Introduction 228 Defining Terrorism 229 Is Terrorism Morally Justifiable? 230 Palestinian Terrorism and Israeli Counterterrorism 231 International Terror Hostage-Taking and Airline Hijacking 234 'Conventional' Terror 234 The Oslo Peace Process 236 The Al-Aqsa Intifada 237 Conclusion 244 Notes Terrorism, Human Rights and Law Enforcement in Spain 248 ROGELIO ALONSO AND FERNANDO REINARES Terrorism, Public Opinion and Victimisation 248 Regime Change, Justice and Terrorism 250 Batasuna Outlawed to Protect Democracy 252 Politics, Internal Security and Terrorism 255 Counterterrorism, Police and Legitimacy 256 Politics in a Terrorised Society 258 Notes 260

6 17 Russia and the United States after 9/ CAROLINE KENNEDY-PIPE AND STEPHEN WELCH Russian Foreign Policy After the Cold'War 263 The War on Terror Paradigm 265 Separatism and Terrorism in Chechnya 266 Instability and Control in Neighbouring States 268 Security and Terrorist Resources in Russia 269 Conclusion 271 Notes 271 ix Index 275

The Role of Civil Society in Preventing and Combating Terrorism 1

Christopher Michaelsen The Role of Civil Society in Preventing and Combating Terrorism 1 Introduction Civil society and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a vital role in the prevention of conflict.