MODEL UNITED NATIONS OF THE HAGUE 2018

Transcription

1 MODEL UNITED NATIONS OF THE HAGUE 2018 Study Guide For the Economic and Social Council Written by Youri Moes and Vincent Mica 1

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. THE ECOSOC: AN INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO THE ECOSOC CHAIRS YOURI MOES: HEAD CHAIR VINCENT MIČA: CO-CHAIR TOPIC A: DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TOPIC INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF THE TOPIC PAST ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS THE TOPIC... 8 UNCED RIO DECLARATION:... 9 UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 64/206: QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER: AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH: TOPIC B: THE DESTRUCTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE DURING ARMED CONFLICT INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS CULTURE CULTURAL HERITAGE IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

3 MOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT LOOTING TRAFFICKING HISTORY OF THE ISSUE PAST ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE CURRENT EVENTS AND THE ISSUE AT HAND QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC A TOPIC B

4 1. THE ECOSOC: AN INTRODUCTION The United Nations Economic and Social Council is one of the primary organs of the United Nations and is responsible for all the economic and socially related work of the UN. It has 54 member states, elected by the General Assembly. Of these, 14 are from Africa, 11 from Asia, 6 from Eastern Europe, 10 from Latin America and the Caribbean, and 13 from Western Europe or other regions. ECOSOC was established at the World Summit in It was established with the goal to look over the work of the UN and assess its economic and social implications. It is also a body that can be called upon to assist in decision making as an advisor. The committee makes policy recommendations, however, its findings and resolutions are not legally binding. It also is the coordinator of many UN agencies such as the International Labour Organization, the World Health Organization, and the International Monetary Fund, among many others. Unlike other UN organs, ECOSOC also takes NGOs as consultative parties, helping reach decisions with their technical knowledge. The current member states of the ECOSOC are: Algeria, Somalia, South Africa, Rwanda, Nigeria, Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Swaziland, Ghana, Morocco, Sudan, Togo, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Iraq, Viet Nam, China, Republic of Korea, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, India, Japan, Philippines, Moldova, Czech Republic, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Chile, Guyana, Peru, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Uruguay, Australia, Sweden, Andorra, UK, Italy, Belgium, USA, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain and Turkey. 4

5 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE ECOSOC CHAIRS 2.1 YOURI MOES: HEAD CHAIR Hello everyone, my name is Youri Moes. I am a second year student at Leiden University studying a BA in International Studies with a focus on North American politics, economics and culture. I was born in the Netherlands, but I have lived in Sydney, Hong Kong and Singapore. When I am not studying, I am watching TV/Netflix shows, playing Dungeons and Dragons, cooking, or doing Model United Nations. I started doing MUN during my last year of high school, with a local conference at a high school in Singapore. Since then I have gone to all the conferences I was able to. Since joining my university I have headed our local MUN Society, organized MUN Training sessions, as well as the participation in conferences in Stockholm, London, and The Hague. ECOSOC was my very first conference and has always held a special place in my heart. It is only reasonable that it would be my first experience chairing at an international conference. ECOSOC to me has always been the committee that helps people directly, and does the most that affects real people. Just to address the first time delegates that feel that their country is of little importance, there are no small countries, just small delegates. I look forward to chairing and meeting all of you! 2.2 VINCENT MIČA: CO-CHAIR My name is Vincent Miča and I am a first year student at the Leiden University College The Hague, hopefully majoring in international relations and international law. I am originally from the Czech Republic, however I have not lived there much, spending most of my life abroad in Ukraine, Belarus, and most recently spending six years in Uzbekistan, where I graduated from high school. As an ardent student of history (the Russian Revolutions being one of my favourite subjects), I like to read non-fiction and classics in my spare time. Though 5

6 unfortunately, that is often non-existent or already preoccupied by either Netflix or some podcast. Other times you might find me honing my non-existent pool skills in the student bar. Even though I originally took up MUN as an excuse to dress up and meet exciting people in exciting locations, I have quickly developed a deep passion for MUN, and even a deeper dislike for the word 'fruitful'. I believe that through MUN one gains a truly international perspective, and learns the ability to view issues with both a critical and a compassionate lens. This acquired sense of purpose propelled me for the past five years across three different continents, from one MUN conference to the next. You might have met me both at the high-school and university circuits, most recently in The Hague or in Cambridge respectively. I wish that all delegates at MUNOTH 2018 have a great experience, and that they enjoy everything the City of Peace and Justice has to offer. I am absolutely excited to work with all of you and wish you a wonderful debate! 6

7 3. TOPIC A: DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 3.1 TOPIC INTRODUCTION With the emergence of new economic powers and the rise of developing nations new questions are being asked by actors involved. How can we make sure that countries develop in sustainable ways? Should developing countries be made to develop in a sustainable way? Is it fair to impose environmental standards on developing states? These questions have been central in the way the world has viewed new economies, and are often being asked on the international stage. With rising global temperatures, the need to finding sustainable solutions to energy production has become central in the world s involvement in developing nations. Socalled developing states are found all over the world, and their conditions are different in all cases. With new institutions and treaties being signed it is important to keep the debate on this topic since the problems encountered by developing countries are best addressed by the international community. Below you will find a guide covering the questions and facts of this issue. 3.2 HISTORY OF THE TOPIC After the end of the cold war, the world turned and looked for a new issue to become central to international cooperation. Soon after, the global north began focussing its efforts on CO2 emissions. States involved in international cooperation efforts had already been involved in this with the implementation of Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) in 1972, as well as the establishment of the United Nations Environment Program. In 1992 the world turned to the UN again, and saw the Framework Convention on Climate Change being created. This body set out with a simple mission to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". The body would meet at Conferences of the Parties, 7

8 where all signed member states would come together and propose plans to reduce or steady CO2 emissions. The first meeting of the framework produced the Kyoto Protocol, the first international treaty of its kind. The Kyoto Protocol as a treaty is upheld by international law and binds states to its obligations. The states that ratified this treaty would be held accountable to maintaining its goals. The Kyoto Protocol was designed with two commitment periods, the first of which lasted from The second one runs from Within the commitment periods, the signatory states would attempt to bring down their CO2 emission levels to the levels they had in countries signed on to the Treaty, the US being the most notable omission from the Treaty, followed by Canada s withdrawal in The second of these treaties is the "Durban Platform for Enhanced Action", also known as the Paris Climate Accords. Where the Kyoto Protocol was enacted with the idea that emissions should be reduced to a level, the Paris Climate Accords aim to hold the global temperature increase below 1.5 C. Initially, 19 states signed the treaty, but the withdrawal by the United States left it with 193 state parties. The withdrawal was heavily criticized, namely in regard to the US president s blatant disregard for the global climate issues. In 2000, the UN s Millennium Summit produced Millennium Development Goals which were adopted soon after. These MDGs aimed to ensure global sustainability, which was supposed to be reached through various components by However, the goals were widely not achieved, especially in Africa and Latin America. As a result, the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted in 2016, the completion of which is envisaged for Goal 7 is of special interest to this committee, being the goal for Affordable and Clean Energy. As of 2017, only 57% of the global population relies primarily on clean fuels and technology, falling short of the 95% target. This is most definitely something the committee should look into addressing. 3.3 PAST ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS THE TOPIC 8

9 UNCED RIO DECLARATION: In 1992 the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss the following: Reaffirming the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972, and seeking to build upon it, With the goal of establishing a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels of co-operation among States, key sectors of societies and people, Working towards international agreements which respect the interests of all and protect the integrity of the global environmental and developmental system, Recognizing the integral and interdependent nature of the Earth, our home, The UNCED agreed on a document of 27 principles, all of which are non-legally binding. This was a step in the right direction in the eyes of many environmental activists, however it was not massively implemented in national law due to the voluntary basis of the document. The document outlines the human aspect of development, and the necessity to include local communities in future environmental problem solving, and stirred UN Secretary General Kofi Annan to write a report on its implementation. His report discusses constitutional change to include environmental issues, especially in developing countries. It highlights changes made that promise change for development in an environmentally friendly way. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 64/206: This 2009 resolution focusses on the technological aspect of energy sector development. It called for greater information sharing and reemphasizes the role of the market in suppling new and renewable energy sources. It discusses the role of technologically advanced countries in assisting other countries in their acquisition of technology and the knowledge on the use and 9

10 application of these technologies. As a result of this resolution, and at the request of the UN General Assembly, the Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon was commissioned to write a report on the application of this resolution. He did so in 2011, looking at how renewable energy had spread in the 2 years after the resolution was adopted. The report reads that the main improvements had occurred in the developed world, while the developing world had been left outside of the development. It also discusses the dependency on oil that is prevalent in many developing economies around the world. 3.4 QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER: How can renewable best be applied in developing economies and how do we ensure that this technology is properly used? What role does nuclear power play in the quest for renewable energy? Should we employ nuclear power in developing states? What role do developed economies play in the sustainable development? How can states that cannot afford renewable energy sources afford to implement that technology? Should future agreements made about reduction of CO2 emissions be made legally binding or voluntary? 3.5 AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH: Nuclear development in developing economies Micro Financing in energy solutions in local communities Energy as a human right Climate Agreements 10

11 4. TOPIC B: THE DESTRUCTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE DURING ARMED CONFLICT 4.1 INTRODUCTION War entails some form of destruction. It can be the destruction of individual freedoms, of values, of property, and sadly of lives. Until the 20th century, the destruction of cultural heritage required troops on ground, and thus accidental destruction occurred rarely. However, with the advent of airstrikes and the capacity to strike behind the front lines, both immovable and movable cultural heritage is at risk of accidental and purposeful destruction. Perhaps the most vivid contemporary example is the destruction of Palmyra by the so called Islamic Stat of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). However, there are many more facets to the destruction of cultural heritage. It can, for instance, take on the form of looting from museums to gain historical artefacts for sale. Regardless of the purpose for destruction, cultural heritage remains permanently at risk in conflict zones even after large scale international efforts. 4.2 DEFINITIONS CULTURE the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs; 1 1 UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity - URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 11

12 CULTURAL HERITAGE Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values. Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible or Tangible Cultural Heritage. 2 IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view. 3 MOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE Property which, on religious or secular grounds, is specifically designated by each State as being of importance for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, art or science and which belongs to the following categories: 2 ICOMOS / "What is Cultural Heritage." Culture in Development 3 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 12

13 (a) Rare collections and specimens of fauna, flora, minerals and anatomy, and objects of palaeontological interest; (b) property relating to history, including the history of science and technology and military and social history, to the life of national leaders, thinkers, scientists and artist and to events of national importance; (c) products of archaeological excavations (including regular and clandestine) or of archaeological discoveries ; (d) elements of artistic or historical monuments or archaeological sites which have been dismembered; (e) antiquities more than one hundred years old, such as inscriptions, coins and engraved seals; (f) objects of ethnological interest; (g) property of artistic interest, such as: (i) pictures, paintings and drawings produced entirely by hand on any support and in any material (excluding industrial designs and manufactured articles decorated by hand); (ii) original works of statuary art and sculpture in any material; (iii) original engravings, prints and lithographs ; (iv) original artistic assemblages and montages in any material; (h) rare manuscripts and incunabula, old books, documents and publications of special interest (historical, artistic, scientific, literary, etc.) singly or in collections ; (i) postage, revenue and similar stamps, singly or in collections; (j) archives, including sound, photographic and cinematographic archives; (k) articles of furniture more than one hundred years old and old musical instruments. 4 4 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 1970, article 1 13

14 INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties [of the 1949 Geneva Convention], even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them. The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance. 5 NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT Non-international armed conflicts, between governmental forces and non-governmental armed groups, or between such groups only. 6 LOOTING The theft, or any other forceful disposition, of movable cultural heritage for purposes such as sale or destruction. May or may not occur during conflict. TRAFFICKING The import, export or transfer of ownership of cultural property effected contrary to the 5 Art.2 of the 1949 Geneva convention,

15 provisions adopted under this Convention by the States Parties thereto HISTORY OF THE ISSUE During the Second World War, many monuments and historical centres were destroyed, especially during fighting and bombing. In addition, in occupied territories a lot of movable cultural heritage was looted from their rightful owners. Attempts to prevent any further repetition fall under the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), which was established shortly after the end of WWII in UNESCO since then, it has guided the attempts to prevent further destruction by organising international treaties and conventions. The Yugoslavian conflicts present many cases of destruction of cultural heritage. One prominent example was the Siege of Dubrovnik, which was allegedly motivated by cultural hatred towards Croats and an attempt to eliminate their cultural identity. While motivation was never firmly established, several leaders of the attack were prosecuted and sentenced by the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia for assisting and not preventing in the attack. 8 Another example is the destruction of the Sarajevo National Library in 1992, which was only recently renovated and reopened, however without its 7 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 1970, article 3 8 Communications Service of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Case Information Sheet Dubrovnik Pavel Strugar < accessed 15 April

16 thousands of historic texts. 9 Afghanistan provides another example of ideologically motivated destruction, specifically that of the Bamiyan Buddhas in 2001 by the Taliban. They were declared as idols and were demolished in a serious of explosions, which were then followed with celebrations. 10 Since then the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region experienced the most recent acute threats to their cultural heritage given the incidence of conflict. The so-called Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) led the most recent large scale destruction of cultural heritage. ISIS engaged in both ideological destruction and financially motivated looting of both immovable and movable cultural heritage. The destruction of historical monuments in Palmyra and the looting of the Mosul Museums stand as the most concrete examples. 11 These actions were not internationally prosecuted and many of the artefacts stolen are yet to be reclaimed from the black market. Figure 1: "The enhanced protection emblem displayed at the Gobustan Archaeological site in Azerbaijan.", Wikipedia 4.4 PAST ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS THE ISSUE Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict More commonly known as The Hague Convention, it is the first international convention dealing with the issue. It was organised as a result of the 1951 UNESCO General 9 Daria Sito-Sucic, Sarajevo reopens landmark city hall and library destroyed in war Reuters (Sarajevo, 9 May 2014) < accessed 15 April Islamic State destroys ancient Iraq statues in Mosul BBC (28 February 2018) < accessed 15 April 2018; Palmyra: Syrian forces enter IS-held town BBC (1 March 2018) < accessed 15 April

17 Conference, and then drafted in Since then, 127 nations have become parties to it, 12 and since its entry into force there have been two protocols deepening the protection it offers. However the subsequent protocols have not been as widely accepted by the original parties, and only 76 states are parties to the latest protocol. 13 The convention s most visible contribution is the creation of the Blue Shield which demarcates protected cultural heritage. The second protocol created the enhanced protection designation which was designated by a red stripe around the Blue Shield (see Figure 1). 14 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property This convention was adopted in 1970, and its aim, as can be gleaned from the title, is to prevent trafficking of cultural heritage. As of April 2018, there are 136 parties to the Convention. It outlines procedures for certificating legitimate trade and penalising illicit trade, and creates mechanisms for reporting to UNESCO and enlisting its assistance when necessary. 15 UNESCO Declaration Concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage While this is neither a resolution nor an international treaty, this declaration serves as a 12 URL_ID=13637&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#STATE_PARTIES 13 Second Protocol to The Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague, 26 March 2018) < URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> accessed 15 April med_conflict#/media/file:azerbaijan_gobustan_site_-_ep_sign.jpg 15 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (Paris, 14 November 1970) < URL_ID=13039&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> accessed 15 April

18 roadmap of both principles and actions that should be undertaken by all nations to help prevent the destruction of cultural heritage. It urges states to accept and ratify The Hague Convention and the UNESCO Convention on illicit trade. It was issued in 2003, a response to the increasing risk present in the MENA region. Ad Hoc Solutions Ad hoc solutions take form of UN Security Council resolutions and are usually pertinent to a given conflict. While usually recalling the above mentioned instruments, they offer an additional layer of international law to help prevent the destruction of cultural heritage. Most recently ECOSOC engaged with UNESCO to help with urban development and protection of cultural heritage during instances of peace-time. In regards to movable cultural heritage, one could look towards ECOSOC Resolution 2008/23 on the Protection against trafficking in cultural property that outlined a framework for multi-organisation cooperation, calling on all possible bodies, from UNESCO to International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL). Since then several more resolutions have been focused on trafficking especially, and protection of cultural heritage more generally. 18

19 4.5 CURRENT EVENTS AND THE ISSUE AT HAND Through examining the past examples of destruction we see that there are three main motivations for these actions. These can fall into the categories accidental, or into two subcategories of purposeful destruction: ideologically motivated and financially motivated. Accidental destruction, such as when places or objects are destroyed as casualties of war, is most frequent in large scale, international conflicts. Cultural heritage is thus mostly destroyed through air or land bombardment during military campaigns, though not always completely, leaving for the possibility to be rebuilt. Through higher training and better equipment, it is theoretically possible to eliminate this kind of unwanted destruction. Financially motivated destruction, or more often theft, of cultural heritage is a form of purposeful destruction, usually carried out through the black market. As seen with ISIS, this can provide large financial incentives to groups to raid cultural sites. As the objects are to be sold, they are usually preserved and unbroken, with opens the possibility for their recovery and restitution. Ideologically motivated destruction is currently the leading cause of the loss of cultural heritage. As the perpetrators are motivated usually by cultural or religious principles, their actions often lead to total and complete destruction of places and objects. This leads to an unrecoverable loss of cultural heritage and can therefore be considered the instance that warrants the highest degree of protection. As ideologues are prone to disregard international law and other agreements, these sights can often be only protect with physical force and require extensive enforcement mechanisms. Currently in 2018, there are 54 World Heritage Sites in danger (according to 19

20 UNESCO s World Heritage Foundation), primarily in the MENA region (see figure 2). 16 These include both natural and cultural sites of world heritage, both are threatened by armed conflict (though natural heritage sites are threatened primarily by climate change). In 2017 there were only 47 sites in danger, the increase is mostly confined to cultural heritage sites. Figure 2: World Heritage Sites in Danger, April 2018, UNESCO and WHF With the impending fall of ISIS and the slow culmination of the Syrian Civil War, there opens a possibility to restore at least some rule of law in the region. 17 The end of war, however, does not solve the issue of the destruction of cultural heritage that has occurred, and the consideration of the knock-on effects becomes a pressing issue. Firstly, the cultural loss associated with the destruction of heritage can lead to a cultural trauma that can potentially create more difficult circumstances for reconciliation to take place between the sides of a 16 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, List of World Heritage in Danger < accessed 15 April Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps BBC (28 March 2018) < accessed 15 April

21 conflict if appropriate. Secondly, there is the financial impact that is caused by the loss of cultural heritage. Many of these spots are tourist and religious destinations for domestic and foreign visitors, loss of which could lead to economic devastation in the region. In addition, the repair and maintenance of both movable and immovable cultural heritage is its own specific economic sector which is at risk of disappearing if the objects of their care disappear too. 4.6 QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER How should movable cultural heritage be safeguarded before and during conflict? Should it be evacuated or perhaps set under intensive guard? One solution to all aspects of the problem or several protocols for one total solutions. Considering the most recent attacks by ISIS in Syria and Iraq, happened even over the ratification of The Hague Convention, it is evident that there is a problem of enforcement, rather than one of legislation. How can a resolution help more easily and strictly enforce the current legislation? 4.7 AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH ICTY prosecution for the destruction of cultural heritage during the Yugoslavian conflicts Efforts to locate artefacts stolen by ISIS and their possible ramifications The various levels of protections offered by The Hague convention and their rationalisation or effective application ECOSOC Resolutions concerning movable and immovable cultural heritage 21

22 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC A EN.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y 66/SG%20report_Promotion_new_renewable_energy.pdf _EN.pdf?sequence=1 d&chapter=27&clang=_en wres_0.pdf 22

23 TOPIC B Figure 1: U.S. Committee of the Blue Shield, Blue Shield Sign, protected cultural sight < accessed 15 April 2018 Figure 2: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, World Heritage in Danger, < accessed 15 April 2018 Islamic State destroys ancient Iraq statues in Mosul BBC (28 February 2018) < accessed 15 April 2018 Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps BBC (28 March 2018) < accessed 15 April 2018 Palmyra: Syrian forces enter IS-held town BBC (1 March 2018) < accessed 15 April 2018 Behzad N and Qarizadah D, The man who helped blow up the Bamiyan Buddhas BBC (12 March 2015) < accessed 15 April 2018 Communications Service of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Case Information Sheet Dubrovnik Pavel Strugar < accessed 15 April 2018 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, (Paris, 16 November 1972) < accessed 15 April 2018 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention (The Hague, 14 May 1954) < URL_ID=13637&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#STATE_PA RTIES> accessed 15 April

24 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (Paris, 14 November 1970) < URL_ID=13039&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> accessed 15 April 2018 International Committee of the Red Cross, How is the Term Armed Conflict Defined in International Humanitarian Law?, March 2008, < accessed 15 April 2018 International Council on Monuments and Sites, International Cultural Tourism Charter, October 1999, < accessed 15 April 2018 Second Protocol to The Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague, 26 March 2018) < URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> accessed 15 April 2018 Sito-Sucic D, Sarajevo reopens landmark city hall and library destroyed in war Reuters (Sarajevo, 9 May 2014) < accessed 15 April 2018 UNESCO, Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 3 November 2001, < URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html> accessed 15 April 2018 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, List of World Heritage in Danger < accessed 15 April