LOWER SCHOOL HISTORY/ STUDY GUIDE #15 THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE

Transcription

1 2 LOWER SCHOOL HISTORY/ STUDY GUIDE #15 THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE The purpose of this course is to provide the student a si idea of the history of the period following Napoleon, when any nations declared their independence. The student is to do each step thoroughly, and in sequence. The student should cote a lesson per day. The course should take approxiately hours of study, including reviews for tests, and testing. There are 21 lessons, averaging about 1-2 hour per lesson, with exceptions. There are three tests. All essays are to be kept by the student in their workbooks. A student ay (and should) continue into the next lesson if he or she cotes a lesson early. If a lesson takes longer, it ay be spread over two or ore days. This is about education, it's not a race. NOTE ON LINKS The links provided to the fils were live when the course was updated. This does not ean that they will stay live. That said, if there are not any live links to the required aterials, they can usually be found by a si search and a little work, or the required fil can be rented inexpensively. NOTE ON WORKING WITH A GROUP OR AS AN INDIVIDUAL Just ake sure each person fully does each step. NOTE ON NUMBERING AND RECORDS When asked to write down an answer, write down at the top of your answer the nae of the course, the lesson & nuber. NOTE ON DRAWING When asked to draw, these are not art assignents. We want the student to deonstrate an understanding of a concept. Blobs of colors and shapes are fine. NOTE ON ESSAYS, CRITIQUE Essays are not English assignents. When reading an essay, look for the ideas expressed and not the punctuation, spelling, or syntax. In general, ase avoid critique of student's answers to questions. NOTE ON WORD COUNT FOR ESSAYS The suggested word counts for essays are just that suggestions. So long as the student expresses an understanding of the subject, essays ay be as long or short as the student wishes. THERE ARE THREE TESTS AND ANSWER GUIDES, FOUND AT THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT.

2 3 THE HOLY ALLIANCE LESSON # 1: 1. LOCATE: on a ap, globe or the Internet: Vienna, Austria Paris, France Gerany Spain Poland 2. UNDERSTAND THE WORDS: Duke A highly placed eber of the nobility. Ministers Peo who advise the ruler, or who are responsible for soe part of the governent. Extraordinary Most unusual; of great power. Plenipotentiary Soeone with full power to do soething. Excellency A title of respect for a king or queen, or eber of the nobility. Hangers-On Peo who stay near those who have power or wealth in the hope of getting soe of it. Labours (today spelled labors ) Efforts; work. Sweltering Suffering in a great heat. Ball A great party and dance. Waltz A type of dance. Scandal Soething that one does which causes others to be outraged and offended. Minuet A type of ancient dance.

3 4 Retireent To have stopped working, usually because one has grown too old to work, and to instead enjoy one s free tie. Eloquent Speaking or writing with great beauty and persuasiveness (the ability to convince others you are right.) Recopensed To be paid for what one has lost or had taken fro the, or for work one has done. Anointed Chosen by God. Abolished To have officially gotten rid of, or ade a thing illegal. Discarded Thrown away. Trousers Pants. Pantaloons A kind of pants. Versailles The palace of the French Kings since Louis XIV. Absurd Silly, ridiculous. Many things which are absurd are absurdities. Succession A parade of things, one after another. Settleent The solution to a proble or disagreeent. xons A tribe fro West Gerany that spread throughout Europe. Prussia A nation which no longer exists, North Gerany and uch of Poland. Contept Hatred. Potentate A inor ruler or iportant an. Usurper A person who takes over a nation by force. Legitiate Correct and real. Taxes Money paid to a governent by the peo, which the governent is then supposed to use to support the governent and the peo s needs. Ogre A kind of onster fro fairy tales.

4 5 Blunder Mistake. Exhausted Cotely worn out, very tired. Refor Change in the way things are done in a society. 3. READ: SOM, fro The Holy Alliance, THE HOLY ALLIANCE AS SOON AS NAPOLEON HAD BEEN SENT TO ST. HELENA THE RULERS WHO SO OFTEN HAD BEEN DEFEATED BY THE HATED ``CORSICAN'' MET AT VIENNA AND TRIED TO UNDO THE MANY CHANGES THAT HAD BEEN BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE FRENCH REVOLUTION THE Iperial Highnesses, the Royal Highnesses, their Graces the Dukes, the Ministers Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, together with the plain Excellencies and their ary of secretaries, servants and hangers-on, whose labors had been so rudely interrupted by the sudden return of the terrible Corsican (now sweltering under the hot sun of St. Helena) went back to their jobs. The victory was duly celebrated with dinners, garden parties and balls at which the new and very shocking ``waltz'' was danced to the great scandal of the ladies and gentleen who reebered the inuet of the old Régie. For alost a generation they had lived in retireent. At last the danger was over. They were very eloquent upon the subject of the terrible hardships which they had suffered. And they expected to be recopensed for every penny they had lost at the hands of the unspeakable Jacobins who had dared to kill their anointed king, who had abolished wigs and who had discarded the short trousers of the court of Versailles for the ragged pantaloons of the Parisian slus. You ay think it absurd that I should ention such a detail. But, if you ase, the Congress of Vienna was one long succession of such absurdities and for any onths the question of ``short trousers vs. long trousers'' interested the delegates ore than the future settleent of the xon or Spanish probles. His Majesty the King of Prussia went so far as to order a pair of short ones, that he ight give public evidence of his contept for everything revolutionary. Another Geran potentate, not to be outdone in this noble hatred for the revolution, decreed that all taxes which his subjects had paid to the French usurper should be paid a second tie to the legitiate ruler who had loved his peo fro afar while they were at the ercy of the Corsican ogre. And so on. Fro one blunder to another, until one gasps and exclais ``but why in the nae of High Heaven did not the peo object?'' Why not indeed? Because the peo were utterly exhausted, were desperate, did not care what happened or how or where or

5 6 by who they were ruled, provided there was peace. They were sick and tired of war and revolution and refor. 4. EXERCISE: Nae five reasons you believe peo would not coplain about who ruled the. 5. EXERCISE: Once a nation has known freedo, do you believe its peo would happily allow their rights to be reoved again by a king or queen? Why or why not? 50 words or ore. 6. EXERCISE: Look at these two aps. The first shows Europe under Napoleon s rule in 1812: The next ap shows Europe re-divided up by the Congress of Vienna, in 1815:

6 7 Who did the Congress of Vienna take land away fro, and why? Who did they award land to, and why? Reeber, this Congress was ade of nobles and royalty Napoleon and France took land away fro. 50 words or ore.

7 8 LESSON # 2: 1. LOCATE: on a ap, globe or the Internet: Russia Austria Vienna, Austria Prussia (Northern Gerany and Poland) Autun, France (In Burgundy) 2. UNDERSTAND THE WORDS: The Eighties the years in a century. Duchess A highly ranked European noble. Caragnole A song and dance popular during the Reign of Terror. Millenniu 1,000 years. Lackeys Peo of no iportance; slaves. Coissary - A person to who a special job is given by a higher authority; a deputy. Lodged To have placed into a building peo who will live there. Parlour (today spelled parlor ) A roo in a house used to eet peo. Faily Plate A plate with the sybol of a certain faily (their crest on it.) Suppressed Stopped or slowed down. Desirable Worth having; worth pursuing. Ere Old word eaning before. Consul A high position in the Revolutionary French governent. Efficient Capable and effective; getting what needs to be done finished in as quick and si a anner as possible. Ipressed To be forced to serve in the ilitary, against one s will.

8 9 Museus Large buildings where the art and objects valued by civilization for their beauty or history are stored, and usually can be seen by the public. Ared Cap A place where soldiers set up their tents and prepare for battle. Mayors The highest governent official in charge of a town, village or city. Alderan - A eber of the town or city legislature in any places, who create local law. Inexperienced Without uch understanding or knowledge of a subject or place or activity, because one hasn t done enough of it. Extravagant Tending to spend too uch oney in order to show off. Stage-Managed To have been the person behind the scenes to run a show of soe sort. Representative One who is an exa of a type of thing. Policean A person who keeps the peace in a local area, often by any eans. Holy Having to do with religion and God. Alliance An agreeent ade between two or ore peo or groups to work together toward a shared goal. Holy Alliance , an agreeent aong the eperors of Russia and Austria and the king of Prussia, signed on Sept. 26, intended to stop revolutions, and pretending to be interested in expanding Christianity s power. Dignitary An iportant person. Criticise (today spelled criticize ) To say or write soething which points out probles or flaws in another. Peace of the ceetery Slang for the peace of the dead. Alexander Alexander I, Czar of Russia

9 10 Metternich - Prince Kleens Wenzel Nepouk Lothar von Metternich, ( ) Austrian politician who helped for the Alliance that defeated Napoleon I. Hapsburg The ruling faily in Gerany and any parts of Europe fro the late Medieval period to the 20th century. Talleyrand - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, ( ) French politician. Erstwhile Forer; once was. Bishop A high official in the Catholic Church. Cunning Ability to lie well and think quickly. Spectre (also spelled specter ) A ghost, or ysterious figure. Gay (An old use of the word.) Happy. Lierick A type of poe, often nasty. Unbidden Not invited. Slighted To have been insulted; to have been ade little of. Heartily With passion and joy. 3. READ: SOM, fro The Holy Alliance In the eighties of the previous century they had all danced around the tree of liberty. Princes had ebraced their cooks and Duchesses had danced the Caragnole with their lackeys in the honest belief that the Millenniu of Equality and Fraternity had at last dawned upon this wicked world. Instead of the Millenniu they had been visited by the Revolutionary coissary who had lodged a dozen dirty soldiers in their parlor and had stolen the faily plate when he returned to Paris to report to his governent upon the enthusias with which the ``liberated country'' had received the Constitution, which the French peo had presented to their good neighbors. When they had heard how the last outbreak of revolutionary disorder in Paris had been suppressed by a young officer, called Bonaparte, or Buonaparte, who had turned his guns upon the ob, they gave a sigh of relief. A little less liberty, fraternity and equality seeed a very desirable thing. But ere long, the young officer called Buonaparte or Bonaparte becae one of the three consuls of the French Republic, then sole consul and finally Eperor. As he was uch ore

10 11 efficient than any ruler that had ever been seen before, his hand pressed heavily upon his poor subjects. He showed the no ercy. He ipressed their sons into his aries, he arried their daughters to his generals and he took their pictures and their statues to enrich his own useus. He turned the whole of Europe into an ared cap and killed alost an entire generation of en. Now he was gone, and the peo (except a few professional ilitary en) had but one wish. They wanted to be let alone. For awhile they had been allowed to rule theselves, to vote for ayors and alderen and judges. The syste had been a terrible failure. The new rulers had been inexperienced and extravagant. Fro sheer despair the peo turned to the representative en of the old Régie. ``You rule us,'' they said, ``as you used to do. Tell us what we owe you for taxes and leave us alone. We are busy repairing the daage of the age of liberty.'' The en who stage-anaged the faous congress certainly did their best to satisfy this longing for rest and quiet. The Holy Alliance, the ain result of the Congress, ade the policean the ost iportant dignitary of the State and held out the ost terrible punishent to those who dared criticize a single official act. Europe had peace, but it was the peace of the ceetery. The three ost iportant en at Vienna were the Eperor Alexander of Russia, Metternich, who represented the interests of the Austrian house of Habsburg, and Talleyrand, the erstwhile bishop of Autun, who had anaged to live through the different changes in the French governent by the sheer force of his cunning and his intelligence and who now traveled to the Austrian capital to save for his country whatever could be saved fro the Napoleonic ruin. Like the gay young an of the lierick, who never knew when he was slighted, this unbidden guest cae to the party and ate just as heartily as if he had been really invited. Indeed, before long, he was sitting at the head of the table entertaining everybody with his ausing stories and gaining the copany's good will by the char of his anner. 4. EXERCISE: How ight the peo feel, expecting liberty and equality after the French Revolution, to find that the governent could take all their rights away, and even house soldiers in their house? (This right of governent was one of the reasons the Aericans fought their revolution against England.) 25 words or ore. (Reeber, the peo just fought a revolution to free theselves fro royalty and nobles who took everything they had.)

11 12 5. EXERCISE: The countries best represented in the Holy Alliance were Austria, Russia and France. Look at the two aps above, showing Europe and Russia before and after the Vienna Congress. How well would you say the representatives of these three nations did for their countries, based on the change in the ap fro before to after the Congress? 50 words or ore, and use the aps to prove your ideas. 6. EXERCISE: Iagine that you were Talleyrand, representing France to the Holy Alliance. It was your country that caused all the trouble the past 20 years or so. Your country killed a large nuber of the young en of Europe and Russia. No one has invited you to the Congress. What would you do or say to win over the other nations and their representatives? At least three ideas.

12 13 LESSON # 3: 1. LOCATE: on a ap, globe or the Internet: Poland xony (A historical area in northern Gerany) Austria Russia England Prussia (Northern Gerany and Poland) Metternich-Winneburg (An area in Austria) Strassburg (Alcase, France) Turkey The Criea (A region and peninsula of southern Ukraine on the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. India 2. UNDERSTAND THE WORDS: Allies Those who have agreed to work together toward a goal. Hostile Not friendly; unfriendly. Annex To officially attach or add soething to your possessions Doinate To be the biggest and strongest in an area and be able to order others to do as you ase, without resistance. Play sides against each other To be the third party in an arguent of soe sort, and lie to the other two, telling the stories and lies about each other until they are fighting with each other instead of you. Bidding As one wishes or orders. Louis XVIII ( ) King of France ( ), except when Napoleon returned in Pleaded Begged. Legitiate True and rightful. Obligingly Tending to do favors for others.

13 14 Yielded To give up or surrender. Triuvirate A group of three. Prie Minister The person who runs a governent under a king or queen. Grand Seigneur A person of high position. Iensely Hugely, of great size. Multitudes Many peo. The Marseilles The beloved French song of the French Revolution. Jacobin A nicknae for the French revolutionaries, also called Jacques. Incopetent Not very good at what they do; not effective. Tasks Jobs. Enthusias Exciteent. Fit Able. Masses Large nubers of peo. Grooed To have one s hair well cared for. Dashing Very handsoe. Traps A not-nice nae for hoeless or poor peo. Senseless Without reason; aking no sense. Diploats Official representatives of a nation. Innuerable So any they can t be counted. Contented Pleased or happy with the way things are. Order of things How things are. Stability When things tend to stay exactly as they are. Advocate To argue in favor of an idea or person.

14 15 Noralcy The way things are norally. Sincere Truly eaning what one says. Persuasion The ability to convince others to agree with you. Lynched Hanged by the neck until dead, often by a ob and without trial. Steadfast Trustworthy, not changing; holding one s position. Preferred To have liked or desired one thing better than other things. Record A all-tie high (or low) of soething, that has never been accoplished before. Criean War ( ) was fought between Iperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdo, and the Ottoan Epire. (The United Kingdo was England and all of the nations it ruled in its epire at that tie, including India and uch of Africa. The Ottoan (or Turkish) Epire was a vast epire ruled by Islaic Turkey, including southwest Asia, northeast Africa, and southeast Europe. (You ll study this later.) 3. READ: fro The Holy Alliance Before he had been in Vienna twenty-four hours he knew that the allies were divided into two hostile caps. On the one side were Russia, who wanted to take Poland, and Prussia, who wanted to annex xony; and on the other side were Austria and England, who were trying to prevent this grab because it was against their own interest that either Prussia or Russia should be able to doinate Europe. Talleyrand played the two sides against each other with great skill and it was due to his efforts that the French peo were not ade to suffer for the ten years of oppression which Europe had endured at the hands of the Iperial officials. He argued that the French peo had been given no choice in the atter. Napoleon had forced the to act at his bidding. But Napoleon was gone and Louis XVIII was on the throne. ``Give hi a chance,'' Talleyrand aded. And the Allies, glad to see a legitiate king upon the throne of a revolutionary country, obligingly yielded and the Bourbons were given their chance, of which they ade such use that they were driven out after fifteen years. The second an of the triuvirate of Vienna was Metternich, the Austrian prie inister, the leader of the foreign policy of the house of Habsburg. Wenzel Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg, was exactly what the nae suggests. He was a Grand Seigneur, a very handsoe gentlean with very fine anners, iensely

15 16 rich, and very able, but the product of a society which lived a thousand iles away fro the sweating ultitudes who worked and slaved in the cities and on the fars. As a young an, Metternich had been studying at the University of Strassburg when the French Revolution broke out. Strassburg, the city which gave birth to the Marseillaise, had been a center of Jacobin activities. Metternich reebered that his asant social life had been sadly interrupted, that a lot of incopetent citizens had suddenly been called forth to perfor tasks for which they were not fit, that the ob had celebrated the dawn of the new liberty by the urder of perfectly innocent persons. He had failed to see the honest enthusias of the asses, the ray of hope in the eyes of woen and children who carried bread and water to the ragged troops of the Convention, arching through the city on their way to the front and a glorious death for the French Fatherland. The whole thing had filled the young Austrian with disgust. It was uncivilized. If there were any fighting to be done it ust be done by dashing young en in lovely unifors, charging across the green fields on well-grooed horses. But to turn an entire country into an evil-selling ared cap where traps were overnight prooted to be generals, that was both wicked and senseless. ``See what cae of all your fine ideas,'' he would say to the French diploats who he et at a quiet little dinner given by one of the innuerable Austrian grand-dukes. ``You wanted liberty, equality and fraternity and you got Napoleon. How uch better it would have been if you had been contented with the existing order of things.'' And he would explain his syste of ``stability.'' He would advocate a return to the noralcy of the good old days before the war, when everybody was happy and nobody talked nonsense about ``everybody being as good as everybody else.'' In this attitude he was entirely sincere and as he was an able an of great strength of will and a treendous power of persuasion, he was one of the ost dangerous eneies of the Revolutionary ideas. He did not die until the year 1859, and he therefore lived long enough to see the cote failure of all his policies when they were swept aside by the revolution of the year He then found hiself the ost hated an of Europe and ore than once ran the risk of being lynched by angry crowds of outraged citizens. But until the very last, he reained steadfast in his belief that he had done the right thing. He had always been convinced that peo preferred peace to liberty and he had tried to give the what was best for the. And in all fairness, it ought to be said that his efforts to establish universal peace were fairly successful. The great powers did not fly at each other's throat for alost forty years, indeed not until the Criean war between Russia and England, France and Italy and Turkey, in the year That eans a record for the European continent.

16 17 4. EXERCISE: Most of the wars and arguents between nations between the end of Napoleon s tie and the 20th century ( ) was about land. Nations fought over the right to control areas of land and the peo living on the. Nations sent their diploats to Congresses, like the Vienna Congress, to argue their right to control certain lands. Look at these aps, the first of Europe in 1812, the second of Europe in 1815 (after the Vienna Congress), the third of Europe in 1850, the fourth in Europe in 1871, and the fifth in Europe For now, just look at the aps. Then, answer the questions after the aps. 1812: Warsaw later becae Poland, later. Bavaria, Prussia, Hanover, xony and other areas near these nations later becae Gerany.

17 1850: 18

18 : (Deutchland if Gerany; Rossiya is Russia; Espana is Spain; Turkiye is Turkey; Sverige is Sweden; Nederland is the Netherlands or Holland; Ostereich-Ungarn is the kingdo of Austria-Hungary; Schweiz is Switzerland; Belgique is Belgiu

19 20 Answer each of the following questions about certain countries, based on what you see on these five aps: - What happened to Poland (Warsaw) between ? Does it show up again between ? Who has control of that area during these years? - What does Prussia becoe by 1871? What does it do to the sall countries nearby? - How does France change after Napoleon s defeat and the Vienna Congress, in What happens to the French Epire? How uch of their lands were they able to keep? Do they keep ost of these lands all the way to 1900? - What happens to Russia during the Vienna Congress? Did it grow or shrink? At which point was Russia at its largest? - Where did Ireland go by 1900? - What happened to Austria-Hungary after the Vienna Congress of 1815? When was it at its largest? -Which large nations or Epires are right next to each other, which would ake the want to fight over land? (Answers can be found at the end of the course.)