STUDIES OF THE AMERICAS

Transcription

1 STUDIES OF THE AMERICAS edited by Maxine Molyneux Institute of the Americas University College London Titles in this series include cross-disciplinary and comparative research on the United States, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada, particularly in the areas of politics, economics, history, anthropology, sociology, development, gender, social policy, and the environment. The series publishes edited collections, which allow exploration of a topic from several different disciplinary angles by eminent scholars, and booklength studies, which provide a deeper focus on a single topic. Titles in this series published by Palgrave Macmillan: Cuba s Military : Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times By Hal Klepak The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America Edited by Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell Latin America: A New Interpretation By Laurence Whitehead Appropriation as Practice: Art and Identity in Argentina By Arnd Schneider America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism Edited by Gary L. McDowell and Johnathan O Neill Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives Edited by Jens R. Hentschke When Was Latin America Modern? Edited by Nicola Miller and Stephen Hart Debating Cuban Exceptionalism Edited by Bert Hoffman and Laurence Whitehead Caribbean Land and Development Revisited Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic Edited by Nancy Priscilla Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca, and David H. Treece Democratization, Development, and Legality: Chile, By Julio Faundez The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life, By Iv án Jaksi ć The Role of Mexico s Plural in Latin American Literary and Political Culture: From Tlatelolco to the Philanthropic Ogre By John King Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico Edited by Matthew Butler Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine the Future, By Nicola Miller The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W. Bush By Andrew Wroe The Political Economy of Hemispheric Integration: Responding to Globalization in the Americas Edited by Diego S ánchez-ancochea and Kenneth C. Shadlen

2 Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: Perceptions, Policies, Legacies Edited by Cheryl Hudson and Gareth Davies Wellbeing and Development in Peru: Local and Universal Views Confronted Edited by James Copestake The Federal Nation: Perspectives on American Federalism Edited by Iwan W. Morgan and Philip J. Davies Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, By Steven High Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts Visual Synergies in Fiction and Documentary Film from Latin America Edited by Miriam Haddu and Joanna Page Cuban Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution, and Goals By John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman Governance after Neoliberalism in Latin America Edited by Jean Grugel and Pía Riggirozzi Modern Poetics and Hemispheric American Cultural Studies By Justin Read Youth Violence in Latin America: Gangs and Juvenile Justice in Perspective Edited by Gareth A. Jones and Dennis Rodgers The Origins of Mercosur By Gian Luca Gardini Belize s Independence and Decolonization in Latin America: Guatemala, Britain, and the UN By Assad Shoman Post-Colonial Trinidad: An Ethnographic Journal By Colin Clarke and Gillian Clarke The Nitrate King: A Biography of Colonel John Thomas North By William Edmundson Negotiating the Free Trade Area of the Americas By Zuleika Arashiro History and Language in the Andes Edited by Paul Heggarty and Adrian J. Pearce Cross-Border Migration among Latin Americans: European Perspectives and Beyond Edited by Cathy McIlwaine Native American Adoption, Captivity, and Slavery in Changing Contexts Edited by Max Carocci and Stephanie Pratt Struggle for Power in Post-Independence Colombia and Venezuela By Matthew Brown Taxation and Society in Twentieth-Century Argentina By José Antonio Sánchez Rom á n Mexico s Struggle for Public Security: Organized Crime and State Responses Edited by George Philip and Susana Berruecos Raúl Castro and Cuba: A Military Story By Hal Klepak New Political Spaces in Latin American Natural Resource Governance Edited by Håvard Haarstad Politics and Power in Haiti Edited by Kate Quinn and Paul Sutton Citizenship and Political Violence in Peru: An Andean Town, 1870s 1970s By Fiona Wilson

3 Citizenship and Political Violence in Peru An Andean Town, 1870s 1970s Fiona Wilson

4 CITIZENSHIP AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN PERU Copyright Fiona Wilson, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: May

5 To my son

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7 Contents List of Tables and Map Acknowledgments ix xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 The Provincial Council in Action: Chapter 3 Local Democracy and the Radical Challenge: Chapter 4 Adolfo Vienrich, Tarma s Radical Intellectual: Chapter 5 The Politics of Folklore: Chapter 6 Indigenismo and the Second Radical Wave: Chapter 7 The Promise of APRA: Chapter 8 Teachers Defy the State: Chapter 9 Citizenship in Retrospect 191 Notes 195 Bibliography 207 Index 217

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9 Tables and Map Tables 3.1 Members of Tarma s Provincial Council: Municipal electors, Tarma: Map 1.1 Tarma province with boundaries of

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11 Acknowledgments When W I first went to Tarma in 1973 to do fieldwork research for a doctoral project on changing market relations, I landed in the midst of Peru s agrarian reform. It was a transformative time when all sorts of energies were being released. I was invited to last suppers on haciendas prior to their expropriation as well as to visit hesitant new cooperatives. The old families of the town were packing up and moving to Lima for good, while newcomers were finding their way there from the districts. I listened to angry students in the nearby university of Huancayo and watched political theatre in rural communities where the evil trader got his comeuppance and fresh-faced youth looked to the future with hope. There were several reasons why this was not the best time for researching market relations and why looking more closely at the town s past seemed a better prospect. Most fortunately, my supervisor, Clifford T. Smith, agreed and, as I came to realize, was even more enthusiastic about the new project than the old. The first copy of the newspaper La Aurora de Tarma a I picked up in Tarma s municipal library was dated May 6, Reporting how the workers of the town had celebrated May Day with processions and rousing speeches, it had begun with a quotation from anarchist Piotr Kropotkin, in turn quoting Marx: Workers of all countries united! This was unexpected, especially given the simplified version of Andean history I had assumed at the time. This began my obsession with discovering the town s radical past. I found there were other valuable documents in the town complementing its lively, though sadly incomplete, newspapers. My very grateful thanks go to Juan Manuel Le ó n, then working for Tarma s municipality who introduced me to the Municipal Archive. With support from successive mayors, he ensured the volumes and ledgers were taken from a leaky storeroom to his office in the main municipal building for safekeeping and where they could be consulted by all. This material

12 xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS would become the foundation of my 1970s research. During that time, I owe particular debts of gratitude to the Carpena and Cantella families, and the people of Tama who shared their memories with me and who appear (with their own names) in the text. I did not return to Tarma until 1994, a very different time. There was still a military base in operation, caches of arms were being found, suspects picked up for interrogation, and evil spirits still walked in wild places. This time, my research formed part of a joint program enquiring into Livelihood, organization, and identity in situations of instability, funded by the Danish Research Council for Development Research. A group from Roskilde University and the Centre for Development Research in Copenhagen began to work on post-conflict in the Peruvian Andes, Central America, and South Africa. Armed with a very different conceptual framework and inspired by my young colleagues, Henrik Ronsbo, Finn Stepputat, and Ninna Nyberg Sorensen, I focused my new research on schoolteachers as local intellectuals and political activists. I am grateful to the many teachers of Tarma province who were willing to spend time reflecting on their professional lives and experiences with me. This was a delicate period politically, and I have changed the names of teachers quoted in the book. Without fully appreciating the time and effort involved, I decided to gather my thoughts and bring material from the two fieldwork experiences into a single book. Though my research had taken place at different historical moments and employed different methodologies, both spoke to issues surrounding citizenship, local institutions, and political violence. I could not have done this without the support, encouragement, and forbearance of colleagues and friends. In Peru, I especially want to thank Carlos Iv án Degregori, Enrique Mayer, Marí a Scurrah, Martin Scurrah, Carlos Contreras, Javier Monroe, Ram ó n Pajuelo, Magrith Mena, Mart í n Malaga, and Rosa María Pazos. In the United Kingdom, at a strategic moment, Paulo Drinot read a first draft and through his thoughtful commentary I found the threads linking disparate chapters. Then Tristan Platt s enthusiastic reading of a later version helped me clarify the arguments and go the extra mile. Ben Jones, Henrik Ronsbo, Finn Stepputat, Christian Lund, Patricia Oliart, Joanna Crow, and Peter Leys have all read parts of the work and given valuable advice. I was able to try out ideas and refine my thinking through discussions with members of the Citizenship Development Research Center and Governance Team based at the Institute of Development Studies, at the University of Sussex, United Kingdom, and with colleagues and students at

13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii International Development Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark. I am grateful to them all. Thanks, too, to Kim Mogensen of Roskilde University for drawing the map. Finally, to Maxine Molyneux, editor of the Studies of the Americas series, my deep gratitude for her support and belief that the book would finally get done. I dedicate this book to Peter Leys, my son, who shares my fascination with Peru.