FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM. Relationship between Forest and Livelihoods

Transcription

1 SECTION CHAPTER B4 FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM TOPIC-1 Relationship between Forest and Livelihoods WORKSHEET-1 Ans. 1 : Fuel, fodder and fruit. Ans. 2 : Lading. Ans. 3 : Wooden planks laid across railway tracks to hold the tracks in position. Ans. 4 : Chhattisgarh. Ans. 5 : Shifting cultivation is a practice in which parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains, and the crop is harvested by October-November. Such plots are cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back. It is on this basis that it is shifted from one place to another. (3) Ans. 6 : Value Points : about 25,500 km of track had been laid. the length of the tracks had increased to over 7,65,000 km. supply the required quantities of timber. contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) (3) Ans. 7 : After the passing of the Forest Act, all the everyday practices of the villagers like cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal. People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. Women who collected fuel wood were especially worried. It was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them. (5) Ans. 8 : Value Points : (a) Commercial forestry became important during the British rule. By the early nineteenth century oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of shortage of timber supply for the Navy. (b) How could English ships be built without a regular supply of strong and durable timber? How could imperial power be protected and maintained without ships? (c) Because of the factors given above, before 1856 the commercial forestry was considered important in India. By the 1820s, search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India. (d) These parties gave them green signal for commercial forestry in India. Within a decade trees were being felled on a massive scale and large quantities of timber were being exported from India. (e) The spread of railway from the 1850s created a new demand. In India, the colonial government felt that railways were essential for effective internal administration, for colonial trade, for the quick movement of imperial troops. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (5) Ans. 1 : From the 1860s. Ans. 2 : Jhum, Podu, Kumri. Ans. 3 : Milpa. Ans. 4 : 9.3%. S O L U T I O N S WORKSHEET-2 P-1

2 Ans. 5 : Under the colonial rule, the process of deforestation became more systematic and extensive. (i) As the population increased and demand of foodgrains went up, the peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation, by clearing forests and making new land. (ii) The British directly encouraged the production of cash crops like jute, sugarcane, cotton, etc. This also increased the need for more areas of cleared forests. (iii) The colonial rulers thought that forests were unproductive. Moreover, with the disappearance of oak forests in England there was a demand for timber for the Royal Navy as well as sleepers for railway compartments. Cutting trees were required for tracks of railway lines as well as to solve the problem of scarcity of timber. (1 3= 3) Ans. 6 : Forests give us a mixture of things to satisfy our different needs fuel, fodder, leaves, trees suitable for building ships or railways, trees that can provide hard wood. Forest products like roots, fruits, tubers, herbs are used for medicinal purposes, wood for agricultural implements like yokes, ploughs etc. Forests provide shelter to animals and birds. They also add moisture to atmosphere. Rainfall is trapped in forest lands. (3) Ans. 7 : Shifting agriculture is a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America. In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains, and the crop is harvested by October - November. Colonial impacts on shifting agriculture : (i) Europeans regarded this practice harmful for the forests. They felt that the forest burnt would destroy timber and the danger of the flames would spread and burn valuable timber. (ii) Shifting cultivation made it harder for the government to calculate taxes, so British government decided to ban shifting cultivation. (iii) As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in forest. (iv) Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions. (Any three) (2 + 3 = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) Ans. 8 : The lives of the villagers were affected by the forest acts in the following ways : (i) The villagers were deprived of the customary practices like hunting, cutting, grazing their cattle and collecting fruits, etc. (ii) One of the major impact was on the practice of shifting cultivation or Swidden agriculture. (iii) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. (iv) Women who collected fuel wood were especially worried. (v) It was common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them. (5) P-2 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

3 TOPIC-2 Changes in Forest Societies Under Colonialism WORKSHEET-3 Ans. 1 : Because grazing land was fertile and could be used for agriculture. Ans. 2 : Shifting cultivation is a practice in which parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains, and the crop is harvested by October-November. Ans. 3 : (i) Because grazing land was fertile and could be used for agriculture. (ii) Because it did not give revenue or agriculture produce. (Any one) Ans. 4 : Railways. Ans. 5 : (a) Shifting agriculture or Swidden agriculture is a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America. It has many local names such as lading in South-East Asia, milpa in Central America, chitemene or tavy in Africa, chena in Sril Lanka, dhya, Penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri in India. (b) It was regarded as harmful by the British for the forests. They felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber. When the forest was burnt there was the danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber. (3) Ans. 6 : (a) Scientific forestry was taught at the Imperial Forest Research Institute. In this system, natural forests which had a variety of trees were cut down and, instead, one type of tree was planted. (b) Appointed forest officials managed these forests. They planned and assessed how much of the planted area had to be cut down and how much had to be replanted. 1½ + 1½ = 3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) Ans. 7 : Dietrich Brandis was appointed as the First Inspector General of Forests in India. He set up the Indian Forest Service in Three main features of scientific forestry are as follows : (i) Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. (ii) One type of trees were planted in straight rows. (iii) Forest officials surveyed the forests and made working plans for forest management every year. ( = 5) Ans. 8 : (a) The Kalangs were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755, when the Mataram Kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise, it would be difficult to harvest teak or build palaces. (b) The Dutch imposed rents on lands being cultivated in the forests. They exempted some villages from these rents on condition that they will provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This is known as the Blandongdiensten system. (2½ + 2½ = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) WORKSHEET-4 Ans. 1 : Forest having trees suitable for building ships and railways. Ans. 2 : Dehradun. Ans. 3 : In Ans. 4 : Reserved forest. Ans. 5 : Refer to Ans. 7 in Worksheet 3 (3) Ans. 6 : (i) British needed forest wood in order to build ships and railways. (ii) For the development of plantation. (iii) They wanted more income from forest. (1 3 = 3) S O L U T I O N S P-3

4 Ans. 7 : (i) Since 1980s governments across Asia and Africa have begun to see that scientific forestry has resulted in many conflicts. (ii) Conservation of forests rather than collecting timber had become a more important goal. (iii) To meet this goal, the government has recognised that the people who live near forests must be involved. (iv) In many cases, across India dense forests have survived only because villagers protected them as sacred groves. (v) Some villagers have been patrolling their own forests. (5) Ans. 8 : Causes : (i) The colonial government proposed to reserve two-third of the forest in (ii) Stopped shifting cultivation. (iii) Hunting and collection of forest products were stopped. (iv) People were displaced without any notice or compensation. (v) Villagers suffered due to increased land rent, demand for free labour and goods by colonial officials. (Any three) Consequences : (i) Work on reservation was temporarily suspended. (ii) The area to be reserved was reduced to roughly half of that planned before (3 + 2 = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) WORKSHEET-5 Ans. 1 : Baigas. Ans. 2 : Because forests did not yield revenue to enhance income of the state. Ans. 3 : A German expert and the first Inspector General of Forests in India. Ans. 4 : A system in which old trees are cut and new ones are planted by the forest department. Ans. 5 : Forest Act was enacted in It was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in Act, divided the forests into three categories : reserved, protected and village forests. (1 3 = 3) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) Ans. 6 : (i) The Dutch first imposed rent on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from paying these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. (ii) Later instead of rent exemption, forest villagers were given small wages but their right to cultivate forest land was restricted. (1½ + 1½ = 3) Ans. 7 : (i) Setting up of Indian Forest Service in (ii) Scientific forestry taught at IFRI Dehradun. (iii) Removal of a variety of trees from an area which were replaced by one type of trees planted in straight rows. (iv) Made working plan for forest management. (v) Fixed plan about cutting portions of plantations and replanting. (Any five) (5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) Ans. 8 : The nature of Forest Acts : (i) The first Forest Act was enacted in 1865 and was later amended in 1878 and respectively in (ii) The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories-reserved, protected and village forests. (iii) The villagers wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy different needs of fuel, fodder and leaves. The forest department on the other hand wanted trees which were suitable for buildings ships or railways. P-4 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

5 The Forest Acts greatly affected the lives of the people : (i) Villagers could not take anything from the reserved forests even for their own use. (ii) The Forest Acts caused great hardship for villagers across the country. All their daily activities such as cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting, and fishing became illegal. (iii) People were now forced to steal and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of forest guards who openly took bribes from them. (Any two) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (3 + 2 = 5) S O L U T I O N S P-5

6 TOPIC-3 Case Studies of Pastoral Groups of Bastar and Indonesia WORKSHEET-6 Ans. 1 : Southernmost part of Chhattisgarh. Ans. 2 : Dutch. Ans. 3 : Java. Ans. 4 : Java. Ans. 5 : Similarities of Colonial Forest Management in Bastar and Java : (i) In both of these countries, colonial rulers exploited the local resources for the raw material. (ii) In Bastar, the colonials stopped shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce. Similarly, in Java, many restrictions were imposed on the access of forests, grazing of cattle and transportation of wood. (iii) Heavy taxes or fines were imposed in both the countries. (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : (i) The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. (ii) They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. (iii) Without their expertise, it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 7 : The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise, it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. When the Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the eighteenth century, they tried to make the Kalangs work under them. In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the uprising was suppressed. (2½ + 2½ = 5 ) Ans. 8 : Features of the life of the people of Bastar : (i) Bastar is a district of the state of Chhattisgarh in Central India. (ii) Different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurvas, Bhalras, etc. (iii) They speak different languages but share common customs and beliefs. (iv) They believe that each village is given its land by the earth and in return, they look after the earth by making offerings during the festivals. (v) In addition to the earth, they pay respect to the spirits of river, forest and mountain. (vi) Since each village knows its boundaries, they look after their natural resources within the boundary. (vii) If they want to take some wood from another village, they pay a small fee called Devsari in exchange. (viii) Some villages protect their forests by keeping watchmen and each house contributes grains to pay them. (ix) They meet once a year to discuss issues of concern, including forest. (Any five) (1 5 = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) WORKSHEET-7 Ans. 1 : Skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. Ans. 2 : First imposition of rent on land and then exemption. Ans. 3 : State ownership of the forest. P-6 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

7 Ans. 4 : Ans. 5 : The First and Second World War had a major impact on forests : (i) In India, working plans were abandoned at this time and the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. (ii) In Java just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed Scorched Earth policy, destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands. (iii) The Japanese then exploited the forests recklessly for their own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests. (iv) Many villagers used this opportunity to expand cultivation in the forest. (v) After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian forest service to get this land back. (vi) As in India people s need for agricultural land has brought them into conflict with the forest department s desire to control the land and exclude people from it. (Any three) (3) Ans. 6 : The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise, it would have been difficult to harvest teak and for the kings to build their palaces. When the Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the eighteenth century, they tried to make the Kalangs work under them. In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the uprising was suppressed. (3) Ans. 7 : Features of Dutch Scientific Forestry in Java : (i) In the 19th century, when it became important to control territory in Java and not just people, the Dutch enacted forest laws in Java restricting village s access to forests. (ii) Now wood could only be taken for specified purposes like making boats or houses. (iii) Villagers were punished for grazing cattles in young stands, transporting wood without a permit, or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle. (iv) They imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents on a condition that they would provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. (v) According to the law, a lot of restrictions were imposed. (vi) Later on, forest villagers were given small ways. Ans. 8 : Fears of the people : (i) With the stopping of shifting cultivation along with hunting and collection of forest produce made the people of Bastar got worried. (ii) Some villages were allowed to stay in the reserved forests if they worked free for the forest department. Later on they were known as forest villages. (iii) People of other villages were displaced. (iv) Villagers were suffering from increased land rents. (v) Reservations proved to be the last straw. (Any five) (1 5 = 5) FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-8 Note : Students should do this activity themselves. S O L U T I O N S P-7

8 SECTION CHAPTER B5 PASTORALISTS IN THE MODERN WORLD TOPIC-1 Pastoralism As a Way of Life WORKSHEET-9 Ans. 1 : Pastoral Nomads are those who move from place to place with their cattle. Ans. 2 : Group of many people who came together for journey. Ans. 3 : (a) Kurumas (b) Kurubas (c) Gollas (Any two) (½ + ½) Ans. 4 : (a) Do not overuse land. (b) Allow pastures to recover. (c) Do not overexploit forests. (Any one) Ans. 5 : Value Points : How long to stay in one area. How to find food and water for their herds. How to assess the timing of their movement. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011) (1 3 = 3) Ans. 6 : Pastoral Nomads are those groups who earn their livelihood by subsistence farming and cattle rearing. (i) They move from place to place with their cattle in search of pastures farming and cattle rearing. (ii) Their movement is seasonal and is guided by the need of their flock. (iii) They raise cattle, camels, goats, sheep, etc. (iv) They sell milk, meat, animal skin and wool. (v) Some also earn through trade and transport. (vi) Others combine pastoral activity with agriculture. (Any four) (1 + 4 = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) P-8 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

9 TOPIC-2 Different Forms of Pastoralism WORKSHEET-10 Ans. 1 : Alternate monsoon and dry seasons. Ans. 2 : Himachal Pradesh. Ans. 3 : Fertile plains. Ans. 4 : Kenya. Ans. 5 : (a) The life of these groups was sustained by a careful consideration of a host of factors. (b) They have to judge the weather to understand how long, the herds could stay in one area. (c) They have to know where they could find water and pasture. (d) They need to calculate the timing of their movement. (e) They need to strike a relationship with farmers on the way to ensure that they could move through different territories and the herds could graze in harvested fields and manure the soil. (Anythree) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (3) Ans. 6 : The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir, the Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh, the Gujjar cattle herders of Garhwal and Kumaon, the Bhotiyas, the Sherpas and Kinnauris move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds governed by the cycle of seasonal movements. (2) They adjust their movements to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When pastures are exhausted or unstable in one place they move their herds to new areas. (3) Ans. 7 : They expect equal treatment and access to reservation in government jobs. They expect to be allowed customary rights on land, on canal water, forest products, etc. (a) Subsistence farming allows the land to recover its fertility and is suitable in arid zones. (b) Thus, they do not overexploit the land or use any chemicals or ground water for cultivation. (c) They do not overuse the soil as they do not dig too deep nor do they cultivate for commercial use. (d) Allow pastures to recover. (e) Do not overexploit forests. (f) Their cattle provide manure to the field of farmers. (g) They live in harmony with nature. (h) Their livelihood practices help in maintain ecological balance. (i) Many communities worship and protect flora and fauna. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) = 5 Ans. 8 : Banjaras were well known group of graziers. They were to be found in the villages of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. (i) They used to move long distances for selling their products and to bring back necessary item for their use. (ii) They sold plough cattle and other goods to villagers in exchange for grain and foods. (iii) Their livelihood depends on their movement to right areas where they could find the sources of their livelihood. ( = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) S O L U T I O N S P-9

10 WORKSHEET-11 Ans. 1 : Recovery of pasture. Ans. 2 : Rajasthan. Ans. 3 : Maharashtra. Ans. 4 : (i) They stay in the Central Plateau during monsoons. (ii) After the monsoons are over they move towards Konkan area. (Any one) Ans. 5 : Value Points : (a) The Gujjar Bakarwals moved from one place to another between the summer and winter pasture land with their goats and sheep. (b) They move with their herd and flock in the Himalayas in search of new pastures. (c) When the pasture in one place is exhausted and the mountains are covered with snow they move to the low hills of the Shivalik range where the grass is green and the weather tolerable for the herd. (d) When the snow melts and the mountains are lush green they return for the rich grass for their herd. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (3) Ans. 6 : Gujjar Bakarwals were the herders of goats and sheep living in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Their herds moved out of this area between summer and winter and travelled in groups of Kafilas. (i) They earned their livelihood by selling milk, ghee, and other products or their herds. (ii) Women went to the markets and sold home-made products like pots filled with buttermilk, honey, etc. while the men took the cattle to graze. (3) Ans. 7 : Seasonal movement of Gaddi Shepherds of the Himachal Pradesh : (i) They spent their winter in the low hills of Shiwalik range grazing their flocks in scrub forests. (ii) By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti. (iii) When the snow melted and the high passes were clear many of them moved onto higher mountain meadows. (iv) By September, they began their return movement. (v) On the way, they stopped once again in the village of Lahul and Spiti reaping the summer crop and sowing their winter crop. (5 1 = 5 ) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) Ans. 8 : (i) Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep. They established and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds. (ii) In winter : They lived in mountains covered with snow, called the Shiwalik range. (iii) In summer : They began northern march for the grazing grounds in the valleys of Kashmir. They used to go in groups known as Kafila. (iv) Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh have a similar cyclic movement. They too spend the winters in Shiwaliks and grazing in scrub forest. (v) By April they move north and spend summer in Lahul and Spiti. With the melting of snow many move to high ground. (5) WORKSHEET-12 Ans. 1 : Sheep and goats. Ans. 2 : Maru. Ans. 3 : Pastoral communities of the Himalayas. Ans. 4 : Jammu and Kashmir. Ans. 5 : (i) The Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra. (ii) Most of them were shepherds and some were blanket weavers or buffalo herders. (iii) During monsoon they stayed in central plateau of Maharashtra. (iv) In October, they harvested bajra. (Any three) (3) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) P-10 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

11 Ans. 6 : (i) Raikas lived in the desert of Rajasthan. (ii) The rainfall in the region was meagre and uncertain. On cultivated land, harvest fluctuated every year. Over vast stretches, no crop could be grown. So, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. (iii) During the monsoon, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages, where pasture was available. (iv) By October, when these grazing grounds were dry and exhausted, they moved out in search of other pastures and water, and returned again during the next monsoon. (Any three) (3) Ans. 7 : (i) Dhangars are the pastoral communities of Maharashtra. During monsoons, they stayed in the central plateau. (ii) Most of them were shepherds, blanket weavers and buffalo herders. (iii) By October, they harvested their bajra and started on their move to West. (iv) They reached the Konkan which was a flourishing track. (v) With the onset of monsoon, they returned back to their dry plateaus. (5) Ans. 8 : Value Points : Gujjar Bakarwals of J & K Gaddi shepherds of H.P. Dhangares of Maharashtra Gallas, Karumas and Kurubas of Karnataka and A.P. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (5) S O L U T I O N S P-11

12 TOPIC-3 Changes in Pastoral Life Due to Colonial Rule WORKSHEET-13 Ans. 1 : No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests. Ans. 2 : The British officials. Ans. 3 : The Criminal Tribes Act. Ans. 4 : Craftsmen, traders and pastoralists. Ans. 5 : (a) Forest Acts were enacted to protect and preserve forests for timber which was of commercial importance. These Acts changed the life of pastoralists. (b) They were now prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle. (c) They were issued permits which monitored their entry into and exit from forests. They could not stay in the forests as much as they liked because the permit specified the number of days and hours they could spend in the forests. The permit ruled their lives. (3) Ans. 6 : (a) The British colonial government in East Africa encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. (b) Pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields. (c) In pre-colonial times, the Massai pastoralists had dominated their agricultural neighbours economically and politically. (d) Pastoralists could not enter, hunt animals or graze their herds in these areas. (e) By the end of colonial rule the situation had reversed. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 3 Ans. 7 : Criminal Tribes Act and its effects on people : (i) The Britishers were suspicious of nomadic people. They wanted the rural people to live in villages, in fixed places with fixed rights on particular fields. (ii) They felt that such a population would be easy to identify and control. (iii) Nomadic people were considered to be criminal. Therefore, in 1871, the Criminal Tribes Act was passed. (iv) By this Act, many communities of traders, craftsmen and pastoralists were stated to be criminals by nature and birth. These communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements. They were not allowed to move without a permit. A continuous watch on them was kept by the village police. (4 1¼ = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013, 2012) Ans. 8 : Main provisions of Forest Laws : (i) Pastoralists now were prevented from entering many forests that has earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle. (ii) Even in the areas where they were allowed to enter, their movements were now restricted. Permit had to be taken in advance. (iii) Timing of their entry and exit was specified. (iv) Many pastoralists had to move away because of extensive restrictions. (Any three) Main provisions of Criminal Tribes Act : (i) In 1871, the colonial government in India passed Criminal Tribes Act. According to this, many communities of craftsman, traders, pastoralists were classified as criminal tribes. (ii) They were stated to be criminal by nature and by birth. These communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements. The village police kept continuous watch on them. (3 + 2 = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013, 2012) P-12 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

13 TOPIC-4 Pastoralism in Africa WORKSHEET-14 Ans. 1 : Elders and warriors. Ans. 2 : They had regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land. Ans. 3 : In East Africa. Ans. 4 : Bedouin, Somali. Ans. 5 : Value Points : The British colonial government in East Africa encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation. Pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields. Pastoralists could not enter, hunt animals or graze their herds in these areas. By the end of the colonial rule, the situation had reversed. (Any three) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) (3) Ans. 6 : (i) The Maasai and other pastoral groups were forced to live within the confines of special reserves. (ii) They were not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. (iii) The pastoralists were also not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. (iv) Those found guilty of disobeying the rules were strictly punished. (v) Prohibited from participating in any form of trade. (Any three)(3) Ans. 7 : (a) The continuous loss of their grazing lands. (b) Maasai land was divided between British Kenya and German Tanganyika (c) The Maasai were confined to an arid zone. (d) Pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields. (e) Grazing land was turned into game reserves like the Maasai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania. (f) Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves for hunting or grazing. (g) Grazing within a small area meant deterioration of the quality of pastures and malnutrition and death of herds. (h) They were not allowed to move out from the reserves with their stock without special permits. (i) This adversely affected both their pastoral and trading activities. (Any five) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 5 Ans. 8 : Value Points : Maasai Society : Elders and Warriors. Elders : Ruling Group / Warriors : protection of tribe Changes : Pasture lands turned into colonial Confined to arid zone Deprived of all forms of trade (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 2½ + 2½ = 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-15 Note : Students should do this activity themselves. S O L U T I O N S P-13

14 SECTION CHAPTER B6 PEASANTS AND FARMERS TOPIC-1 Histories of the Emergence of Different Forms of Farming and Peasant Societies WORKSHEET-16 Ans. 1 : They started growing turnip and clover. Ans. 2 : Captain Swing. Ans. 3 : Because they feared the shortage of labour. Ans. 4 : Over-population and subsequent fall of agricultural prices. Ans. 5 : Ø The coming of enclosures meant changes in the lives of poor because when fences came up, the enclosed land became the exclusive property of one landowner. The poor could no longer collect their firewood from the forests, or graze their cattle on the common. Ø They could no longer collect apples and berries, or hunt animals for meat. Ø They could not gather the stalks that lay on the fields after the crops were harvested. In the places, where enclosures happened on an extensive-scale; the poor were displaced from the land. Ø They found that their customary rights were gradually disappearing. Ø Deprived of their rights; and driven off the land, they tramped in search of work. But nowhere could the poor find secure jobs.enclosures. Ø Laborers were being paid low wages and employed only during harvest time. Their work became insecure, employment uncertain and income unstable. (Any three) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (3) Ans. 6 : (a) Till the middle of the eighteenth century the Enclosure Movement proceeded very slowly. The early enclosures were usually created by individual landlords. (b) They were not supported by the state or the Church. After the mid-eighteenth century, however, the Enclosure Movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever between 1750 and (c) 6 million acres of land was enclosed. The British Parliament no longer watched this progress from a distance. It passed 4,000 Acts legalising these Enclosures. (3) Ans. 7 : The early enclosures were usually created by individual landlords. They were not supported by the state or the church. After the mid-eighteenth century, however, the enclosure movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. Between 1750 and 1850, 6 million acres of land was enclosed. The British Parliament no longer watched this process from a distance. It passed 4,000 acts legalizing these enclosures. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (5) Ans. 8 : In the beginning of the 18th century, in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords. Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. At the beginning of each year, at a public meeting, each villager was allocated a number of strips to cultivate. Usually, these strips were of varying quality and often located in different places, not next to each other. The effort was to ensure that everyone had a mix of good and bad land. (5) WORKSHEET-17 Ans. 1 : Before 16th century. Ans. 2 : Piece of land enclosed from all sides. P-14 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

15 Ans. 3 : Because they were deprived of common lands. Ans. 4 : Indigo and opium. Ans. 5 : The poor farmers felt the threshing machines would replace people, would deprive them of their livelihood and render them jobless. Captain Swing was a mythical name used in threatening letters, written by workmen against the use of threshing machines by rich farmers. (3) Ans. 6 : The sixteenth century enclosures were prompted by sheep farming. The late 18 th century enclosure movement was for more and more grain production. (i) Between 1750 and 1900, the English population expanded rapidly from 7 million in 1750 to 21 million in 1850 and 30 million in This meant an increased demand for foodgrains to feed the population. (ii) Britain was fast industrialising. There was mass migration of people from villages to towns to work in factories. To survive they had to buy foodgrains in the market. As the urban population multiplied, the market for foodgrains expanded and foodgrain prices rose. Thus, farmers were Encouraged to grow more and more crops. Hence, the enclosure Movement. (iii) By the close of the 18 th century, France was at war with England. This disrupted trade and the import of foodgrains from Europe. Prices of foodgrains soared encouraging landowners to enclose lands and enlarge the area under grain cultivation. (iv) As profits multiplied the landowners pressurised the Parliament to pass the Enclosure Acts. (Any three) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011) (3) Ans. 7 : (i) Rich farmers wanted to expand wool production to earn profits. (ii) They wanted to have compact blocks to allow improved breeding. (iii) Common land was divided and enclosed and hedges were built to separate their property. (iv) They drove the villagers who had small cottages on the commons and prevented the poor from entering the closed fields. (v) They were supported by the State or the Church. (5) Ans. 8 : The people of England started enclosing the land in the late eighteenth century due to the following reasons : (i) From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population expanded rapidly which increased demand for foodgrains. (ii) Due to industrialisation, urban population grew and the market for foodgrain increased. (iii) Due to Anglo-French war by the end of 18th century, trade and import of foodgrain from Europe disrupted which encouraged land owners to enclose lands in England. (i) Unlike the sixteenth century, enclosures promoted sheep farming and the land being enclosed in the late eighteenth century was for grain production. (ii) The new enclosure was happening in a different context. It became a sign of a changing time. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) (3 + 2 = 5) S O L U T I O N S P-15

16 TOPIC-2 Case Study-USA Agricultural Revolution WORKSHEET-18 Ans. 1 : US President Woodrow Wilson said it. Ans. 2 : This mechanical reaper could cut in one day as much as five men could cut with cradles and 16 men with sickles. Ans. 3 : Terrifying dust storms. Ans. 4 : Cyrus McCormick. Ans. 5 : (i) The new machines allowed these big farmers to rapidly clear large tracks, break up the soil, remove the grass and prepare the ground for cultivation. (ii) The work could be done quickly and with a minimal number of hands. (iii) It saved the time of the farmers. (iv) It reduced the dependency on workers. (v) It increased the production of crops. (vi) Now, it was easy to plough the Prairies with the help of modern ploughs. (Any three) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) (3) Ans. 6 : White Americans moved westwards and established control up to the west coast. The entire landscape was divided into different agricultural belts. The local tribes were displaced. Now, America seemed to be the land of promise. (3) Ans. 7 : Western expansion of the settlers in the USA had far reaching impacts : (i) Impact on native people : After the American war of independence with White Americans began to move Westward. They started clearing the native from their land. (ii) Impact on the natural resources : The white settlers started exploiting the natural resources. They slashed and burnt forests, pulled up the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation and built log cabins in the forest clearings. (iii) Production of wheat increased : From the late 19th century, there was a dramatic expansion of wheat production in USA. in 1910, about 45 million acres of land in USA was under the wheat cultivation which increased to 74 million acres in (iv) New technology : The dramatic expansion was possible only because of the new technology. Farmers were using modern machine to turn the soil. The use of machines allowed the farmers to finish up the work within a short span of time. Impact on the poor for the poor, farmers, machines brought misery : Mechanization had reduced the need for labour and most of the farmers, lost their jobs. (v) Dust bowl tragedy : The extensive use of Prairies was responsible for the Dust Bowl Tragedy. The cultivation of wheat had exposed the soil to wind, resulting in the Dust Bowl. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (5) Ans. 8 : The expansion of wheat agriculture in the great plains created many problems : (i) In the 1930s, terrifying dust storms began to blow over the Southern plains. Black Blizzards rolled in very often 7,000 to 8,000 feet high, rising like monstrous waves of muddy water. They came day after day and year after year throughout the 1930s. (ii) Cattle were suffocated to death, their lungs were chocked with dust and mud sand, buried fences, covered fields, and coated the surface of rivers till the fish died. (iii) Dead bodies of birds and animals were strewn all over the landscape. (iv) Tractors and machines that had ploughed the earth and harvested the wheat in the 1920s were now clogged with dust and got damaged beyond repair. 4 1¼ = 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) P-16 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

17 WORKSHEET-19 Ans. 1 : The entire ploughed landscape was stripped of all grass. Ans. 2 : The USA. Ans. 3 : 7,000 to 8,000 feet. Ans. 4 : The causes for dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA are as follows : (i) The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was becoming bigger. (ii) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from wheat growing regions to the eastern coast for export. (iii) During the First World War, the world market boomed. The dramatic expansion was made possible by the coming of new technology. (3) Ans. 5 : (i) The new machines allowed big farmers to rapidly clear large tracks. (ii) The machines helped in breaking up the soil, removing the grass and preparing the ground for cultivation. (iii) The work could be done quickly and with a minimum number of hands. (iv) With power-driven machinery, four men could plough, seed and harvest 2,000 to 4,000 acres of wheat in a season. (v) With one mechanical repair, 500 acres of wheat could be harvested in two weeks. (5) Ans. 6 : The circumstances the US farmers got encouraged to produce more and more wheat were : (i) From the late 19th century, the wheat production in the USA underwent a dramatic expansion. The Urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. As a result demand for wheat rose higher. The rising demand resulted into high price of wheat. This encouraged farmers to grow more and more wheat. (ii) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from wheat growing regions to the coast for export. (iii) During the First World War, the world market boomed. Russian supplier of wheat were cut-off and the USA had to feed the entire Europe. (iv) The farmers responded vigorously to the need of the time. They began producing more and more wheat. (4 1¼ = 5) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) S O L U T I O N S P-17

18 TOPIC-3 Agricultural Revolution in England Ans. 1 : The Portuguese. Ans. 2 : Indigo. Ans. 3 : System of advances. Ans. 4 : Travelling traders. WORKSHEET-20 Ans. 5 : The cause of conflict between the British government and the Indian farmers and local traders was the unremunerative price of opium given to the cultivator. The British bought opium at a very cheap price and sold it at a high price to opium agents in China. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (3) Ans. 6 : They were made to produce opium through a system of advances : (i) In rural Bengal and Bihar the poor peasants had not enough to survive. They could neither pay rent to the landlords nor could they buy food and clothing. (ii) From 1780s the village headmen started giving them advance money to produce opium.cultivators accepted the loans to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loans at the later stage. Thus, the loans tied the peasants both the headmen and the government. (iii) By taking loan through the government opium agent the cultivator was forced to grow opium and hand over the product to the agent. (iv) The cultivator could neither grow any other crop, nor could sell his product to anyone but to the government agent. (v) He had to accept the low price offered for the product. (Any three) 3 Ans. 7 : Causes of unwillingness : (i) Planting opium in their best land could adversely affect the production of pulses. (ii) Landless cultivators could have to pay rent and lease for which they were to take loans from the money-lenders at very high rates. (iii) Cultivation of opium was a difficult process as it required constant nurturing. (iv) The price paid by the British government was very low. (v) The cultivators had to spend long hours for growing opium. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (5) Ans. 8 : (i) In the 1930s, terrifying dust storm began to blow over the southern plains of America. (ii) They were referred as Black Blizzards and destroyed the southern plain beyond repair. (iii) The reasons in early 1930s were years of persistent drought. The rain failed year after year and the temperature soared. The wind blew with a ferrocious speed. (iv) Ordinary dust storm became black blizzard only because the entire landscape had been ploughed over and stripped of all grass that held it together. (v) As the wheat cultivation expanded, the greedy farmers mercilessly uprooted all vegetation and tractors had turned the soil over breaking them into dust. The whole region there became a dust town. (5) WORKSHEET-21 Ans. 1 : Mississippi Valley. Ans. 2 : Tea and Silk. Ans. 3 : Opium price was not reduced because : (i) To earn more profit. (ii) The difference between the buying and selling price was government s revenue. P-18 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

19 Impact : (i) Angry peasant began agitating and refused to take advances. (ii) They gave up opium cultivation and started growing sugarcane, potatoes, etc. (iii) They started selling their crops to private traders at higher price. (Any two) (1 + 2 = 3) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) Ans. 4 : (i) England at that time produced nothing that could be easily sold in China. (ii) The Confucian rulers of China and the Manchus, were suspicious of all foreign merchants. They feared that the merchants would meddle in local politics and disrupt their authority. (iii) British could buy tea only by paying silver coins or bullion. This meant an outflow of treasure from England, a prospect that created widespread anxiety (3) Ans. 5 : (i) The Chinese were aware of the danger of opium addiction and the emperor had forbidden its production and sale except for medicinal purpose. (ii) But western merchants in the mid eighteenth century began an illegal trade in opium. (iii) It was unloaded in a number of sea ports of south eastern China and carried by local agents to the interiors. That s why ruler of China was anxious regarding trade of opium by Western merchants. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) (3) Ans. 6 : (i) The history of opium production in India was linked up with the story of British trade with China. (ii) They searched for a commodity they could sell in China, something they could persuade the Chinese to buy. Opium was such a commodity. (iii) They made a determined effort to produce opium in the lands of Bengal. (iv) As the market for opium expanded in China, larger volumes of opium flowed out of Bengal ports. (v) Supply had to be increased to feed this booming export trade. But this was not easy. Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advance. (5) Ans. 7 : (i) For poor farmers and agriculture labourers machines brought misery. Since mechanisations reduced the need for labourers, many of them lost their jobs. (ii) Many farmers bought machines hoping that wheat prices would remain high and profit would flow. By late 19th century when the boom ended, they faced troubles. (iii) Those who borrowed money from the bank, could not pay back the loan, got bankrupt, deserted their farms and looked for employment elsewhere. (5) FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET-22 Note : Students should do this activity themselves. S O L U T I O N S P-19

20 SECTION CHAPTER B7 HISTORY AND SPORT - THE STORY OF CRICKET TOPIC-1 Development of Cricket in England WORKSHEET-23 Ans. 1 : The world s first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in 1760s. Ans. 2 : A match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. Ans. 3 : Name of the city Chennai Name of the ground Chepauk Ans. 4 : The Adelaide Oval ground located in Australia. Ans. 5 : During the 1760s and 1770s, it became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This change gave bowlers the options of length, deception through the air, plus increased pace. It also opened new possibilities for spin and swing. In response, batsmen had to master timing and shot selection. One immediate result was the replacement of the curved bat with the straight one. All of these raised the premium on skill and reduced the influence of rough ground and brute force. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) (3) Ans. 6 : The provisions are as follows : (i) The principles were to choose two umpires from among the gentlemen present, who would absolutely decide all disputes. (ii) The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. (iii) The ball must be between 5 and 6 ounce and the two sets of stumps apart. (3) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2012) Ans. 7 : The organisation of cricket reflected the nature of society in England : (i) Ans. 8 : (i) The rich who could afford to play cricket for pleasure called amateurs. (ii) Amateurs were called Gentlemen. (iii) The poor who played for living were called professionals. (iv) The professionals were described as players. (v) Most professionals worked as minors or in other forms of working class employment. (5) Cricket s most important tools are all made of natural and pre-industrial materials. (ii) The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and balls. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork. (iii) Even today, both bat and ball are hand-made and are not industrially manufactured. (iv) The material of the bat changed slightly over time. Once it was cut of a single piece of wood. Now it consists of two pieces, the blade which is made out of the wood of the willow tree and the handle which is made out of cane that became available as European colonialists and trading companies established themselves in Asia. (v) But in the matter of protective equipments, cricket has been influenced by changing in Technology. The invention of vulcanised rubber led to the introduction of pads in 1848 and protective gloves soon afterwards and the modern game would be unimaginable without helmets made out of metal and synthetic lightweight materials. (5) P-20 S O C I A L S C I E N C E IX T E R M 2

21 TOPIC-2 The Spread of Cricket WORKSHEET-24 Ans. 1 : The first non-white club established in the West Indies towards the end of the nineteenth century. Ans. 2 : Cricket in colonial India was organised on the principle of race and religion. Ans. 3 : The name of the first Indian club was the Calcutta Cricket Club and it was established in Ans. 4 : (a) A scheduled tour of MCC in 1930 was cancelled due to Gandhi s Dandi March and the Civil Disobedience. Ans. 5 : (i) (b) The first Indian team toured England in Due to World War II in 1939, various tournaments were affected. By now Congress and Muslim League had taken opposite stands. Communal feelings had crept into sports. (c) In 1940, a Pentangular tournament was played in Brabourne stadium, Bombay. Seats were allotted on communal basis, 2000 to Hindus, 1250 each to Muslim and Parsis. (3) The distinguished editor of the Bombay chronicle and political leaders like Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular Tournament because it was a communal based division of team. (ii) He felt that this type of communal division of the team may hinder the national struggle of India. (iii) This type of cricket organized on the principle of a race and religion could aggravate the communal divide he perceived and their efforts to unite India would have failed. (3) Ans. 6 : Cricket s connection with a rural past can be seen in the length of a Test match. Originally, cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution. (3) Ans. 7 : The teams that played colonial India s greatest and most famous first-class cricket tournament did not represent regions, as teams in today s Ranji Trophy currently do, but religious communities. The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular, because it was played by four teams : the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. It later became the Pentangular when a fifth team was added, namely, the Rest, which comprised all the communities left over, such as the Indian Christians. By the late 1930s and early 1940s, journalists, cricketers and political leaders had begun to criticize the racial and communal foundations of the Pentangular tournament. A rival first-class tournament on regional lines, the National Cricket Championship (later named the Ranji Trophy), was established but not until Independence did it properly replace the Pentangular. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) (5) Ans. 8 : Mahatma Gandhi believed that sport was essential for creating a balance between the body and the mind. He often emphasised that games like Cricket and Hockey were imported into India by the British and were replacing traditional games. Games such as cricket, hockey, football and tennis were for the privileged, he believed. They showed a colonial mindset and were a less effective education than the simple exercise of those who worked on the land. He viewed these games as colonial games which should not take their roots in Indian soil. (5) WORKSHEET-25 Ans. 1 : Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and Wadias funded and sponsored Parsi clubs. Ans. 2 : The Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. Ans. 3 : Vijay Hazare. S O L U T I O N S P-21