Between State and Nation

Transcription

1 Between State and Nation

2 Between State and Nation Diaspora Politics and Kin-State Nationalism in Hungary Myra A. Waterbury Palgrave macmillan

3 between state and nation Copyright Myra A. Waterbury, Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. First published in 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN D O I / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Waterbury, Myra A. Between state and nation : diaspora politics and kin-state nationalism in Hungary / Myra A. Waterbury. p. cm. 1. Nationalism Hungary. 2. Hungarians Europe, Eastern Politics and government. 3. Hungary Politics and government Transnationalism Case studies. I. Title. DB919.W dc A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company First edition: December 2010

4 To Elias, with love.

5 Contents List of Tables Acknowledgments Acronyms and Abbreviations ix xi xv 1 Introduction: Why and How Kin-States Engage Populations Abroad 1 2 Kin-State Nationalism and Governing Legitimacy 25 3 Kin-State Nationalism, Diaspora Politics, and Political Competition 53 4 Kin-State Engagement and European Integration 89 5 The Politics of Diaspora Policy Reform: From Dual Citizenship to Economic Development Conclusion: Kin-State Nationalism and Diaspora Politics in Eastern Europe 143 Notes 169 Selected Bibliography 203 Index 215

6 List of Tables 2.1 Nationalities in Hungary before and after Trianon Ethnic Hungarian population in four surrounding countries Attitudes toward Hungarians beyond the border Attitudes toward diaspora policy and border revision, May Hungarian state budget devoted to diaspora support programs, Attitudes toward Status Law and diaspora support policy, April Attitudes toward Status Law and Orbán-Nastase agreement, January Hungarian state funding for diaspora support programs,

7 Acknowledgments As with any project of this scope, there are many more people to thank than can be given credit here. This book would not exist without support and feedback from mentors, friends, and colleagues at crucial points in its development. As a graduate student at the New School for Social Research, I was fortunate to have rich intellectual and personal relationships with my academic mentors and committee members. I thank Aristide Zolberg for his crucial role in shaping my academic interests and approach to studying politics. It has been a great privilege to work with him, for him, and to get to know him on a personal level. I can only aspire to the depth of analysis, the breadth of knowledge, and the transcendence of disciplinary boundaries that he embodies. Mala Htun made me a better writer and a better political scientist. She taught me to be bold in my claims, yet conscious of their implications. Andrew Arato always made himself available to talk with me about Hungarian politics when Budapest seemed very far away. Special appreciation goes to Zsuzsa Csergő for her invaluable support and friendship throughout this process. She cheerfully read many drafts of the manuscript over the years and used her critical eye to both challenge and expand how I thought about my case and my analytical framework. Zsuzsa has also been a great advisor and mentor during my academic career, and I thank her for taking me under her wing. I owe thanks to my graduate school colleagues Fred Cocozzelli and Irina Liczek, and the attendees of the 2005 Junior Scholars Training Seminar of the East European Studies Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for their questions, comments, and suggestions in the early stages of this project. My colleagues in the Political Science Department at Ohio University gave me the space, support, and camaraderie I needed to finish the book while teaching and adjusting to the demands of a new job. I particularly thank Patricia Weitsman, Andrew Ross, Jim Mosher,

8 xii Acknowledgments Maria Fanis, Taka Suzuki, and Hector Perla for their astute comments on various parts of the manuscript. Also at Ohio University, Gabriela Plocka provided valuable research assistance in the final stages of preparing the manuscript. Panel discussions, workshops, and conversations with Irina Culic, Stephen Saideman, Fiona Adamson, Rainer Bauböck, Francesco Ragazzi, Maria Koinova, Stephen Deets, Sherrill Stroschein, and Stefan Wolff helped shape and sharpen my arguments. Anonymous reviewers of this manuscript and earlier articles offered helpful suggestions for revision. The arguments I developed in two previously published articles Internal Exclusion, External Inclusion: Diaspora Politics and Party- Building Strategies in Post-Communist Hungary, East European Politics and Societies 19, no. 4 (Summer 2006): , and Uncertain Norms, Unintended Consequences: The Effects of European Union Integration on Kin-state Politics in Eastern Europe, Ethnopolitics 7, 2/3 (June 2008): can be found in somewhat updated form in chapters 3 and 4. Portions of these two articles appear in both chapters. My research in Hungary was made possible by the generous logistical, financial, and intellectual support of a number of organizations and individuals. A David L. Boren Graduate Fellowship from the National Security Education Program funded my advanced language training and fieldwork in Hungary from I am indebted to Attila Pók and the Europa Institute in Budapest for hosting me in a comfortable and stimulating environment as a visiting scholar there in The Ohio University International Travel Fund and support from the Political Science Department made possible a follow-up research trip in While in Budapest, many individuals generously took the time to share their thoughts and research with me, deepening my understanding of Hungarian politics and giving me access to contacts and information I would never have found otherwise. Special thanks goes to Zoltán Kántor, Judit Tóth, Antal Örkény, András Bozóki, Endre Sik, Tamás Papp, Gábor Halmai, Attila Melegh, Erika Törzsök, Michael Stewart, Zsolt Enyedi, and the employees of the Hungarian Parliamentary Library and Information Center. I thank Katalin Budai, for assistance in untangling me from various linguistic snares and transcribing interviews, and Carol Rounds of Columbia University, for making me believe that Hungarian was actually a learnable language. My final, and perhaps most important, debt of gratitude goes to those who were a constant source of emotional support throughout this process. Shelley Hurt has been a tremendous friend throughout the years. Her intellectual rigor, generosity of spirit, and willingness to read

9 Acknowledgments xiii multiple drafts of my work helped me through innumerable roadblocks and crises of faith. Rebekah Klein-Pejšová was, as always, an inspiration, both personally and intellectually. Jami Taylor and Michelle Frasher provided friendship, sympathy, and much-needed fun and distraction in the final years of writing. I am forever grateful to my mother, Diana, for unconditionally supporting me in every way possible through this journey, and thank my father, Daniel, for feeding my curiosity and encouraging my intellectual pursuits. Finally, with love and gratitude I thank my husband, Elias Martinez, and dedicate this book to him. He deserves that and so much more for keeping me sane and staying by my side every step of the way.

10 Acronyms and Abbreviations CEFTA Central European Free Trade Area EMNT Erdély Magyar Nemzeti Tanács Hungarian National Council of Transylvania EP European Parliament EU European Union Fidesz Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége Federation of Young Democrats FKGP Független Kisgazdapárt Independent Smallholders Party HTMH Határon Túli Magyarok Hivatala Government Office of Hungarian Minorities Abroad HTMSZF Határon Túli Magyar Szervezetek Fóruma Forum of External Hungarian Organizations HUF Hungarian Forint HVIM Hatvannégy Vármegye Ifjúsági Mozgalom 64 Counties Youth Movement HZDS Hnutie za demokratické Slovensko Movement for a Democratic Slovakia Jobbik Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom Movement for a Better Hungary KDNP Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt Christian Democratic People s Party KMKF Kárpát-medencei Képviselők Fóruma Forum of Representatives of the Carpathian Basin KMKSZ Kárpátaljai Magyar Kulturális Szövetség Ukrainian Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia MÁÉRT Magyar Állandó Értekezlet Hungarian Standing Conference MDF Magyar Demokrata Fórum Hungarian Democratic Forum

11 xvi Acronyms and Abbreviations MIÉP MKDM MKP MPP MPSZ MSZMP MSZP MVSZ NATO NIT OMH OSCE REF RMDSZ SNS SZDSZ SZNT TESZK VMDK Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja Hungarian Truth and Life Party Magyar Kereszténydemokrata Mozgalom Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement Magyar Koalíció Pártja Hungarian Coalition Party Magyar Polgári Párt Hungarian Civic Party Magyar Polgári Szövetség Hungarian Civic Union Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt Hungarian Socialist Workers Party Magyar Szocialista Párt Hungarian Socialist Party Magyarok Világszövetsége World Federation of Hungarians North Atlantic Treaty Organization Népies Irodalmi Társaság Popular Literary Association Országos Menekültügyi Hivatal National Refugee Affairs Office Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Regionális Egyeztető Fórum Regional Coordinating Forum Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania Slovenská národná strana Slovak National Party Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége Alliance of Free Democrats Szekler Nemzeti Tanács Szekler National Council Társadalmi Egyesületek Szövetsége Központjának Central Office of the Alliance of Social Associations Vajdasági Magyarok Demokratikus Közössége Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians