Note on the Security Component of the 2004 CDI. Michael O Hanlon Adriana Lins de Albuquerque The Brookings Institution April 2004

Transcription

1 Note on the Security Component of the 24 CDI Michael O Hanlon Adriana Lins de Albuquerque The Brookings Institution April 24 1

2 Table of Contents Note on the Security Component of the 24 CDI... 3 Security Component Ranking... 7 Security Component Results -- Breakdown year s: Financial contributions to UN PKO year s: Defense budgets year s: GDP ($) year s: Active Forces Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to UN PKO Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to non-un missions

3 Note on the Security Component of the 24 CDI A Word on Methodology The essence of these rankings for security-related contributions to development is as follows. Naturally, money paid to the United Nations for regular peacekeeping assessments is included. So are estimated costs for deploying troops to UN-conducted peacekeeping missions that exceed the reimbursements provided by the UN for such costs. So are similar costs incurred in missions authorized by the UN and serving a specific peacekeeping purpose. These are the marginal (that is, the additional) costs of deploying troops that have already been trained, equipped, and paid through normal national military budgets to specific overseas deployments. Finally, we include an estimate of these normal national costs for training, equipping, and paying troops to the extent that those troops might be used in peacekeeping, stabilization, or other humanitarian missions. No country to our knowledge maintains specific forces simply to have them available for such missions, without any other purpose. Thus it is difficult to compute costs in this category. The best way to determine how many troops in a country's armed forces are potentially available for such peacekeeping or stabilization missions is to examine what has actually happened in the recent past. By examining a sufficiently long period of time, one can begin to get a sense of how many of its own troops a country might consider in some general sense to be potentially available for peacekeeping, stabilization, or humanitarian purposes. The maximum number of troops deployed abroad over a given time frame gives a sense of the number that can said to be trained, equipped, paid, and otherwise maintained in a country's force structure partly for the possible purpose of carrying out such missions. For example, Australia and New Zealand deployed large forces to East Timor in 1999/2. A number of NATO countries have deployed significant numbers of troops to Balkans peace operations since the mid-late 199s. The United States deployed considerable numbers of forces for that latter purpose itself, but even moreso devoted a large number of personnel to the NATO air war to protect the Kosovar Albanian people from Serb aggression in This latter case is somewhat controversial, perhaps, since we are counting forces devoted to a wartime operation as a humanitarian-related security expenditure in a developmentrelated cost index. But NATO's purpose in Kosovo, while partly strategic, was principally focused on restoring Kosovar Albanians to their homes. Few viewed Serbia as a general threat to the continent's stability, so the purpose of this mission was not to check a threat that if left unaddressed could grow with time, but to prevent Slobodan Milosevic and his minions from slaughtering another small oppressed minority population of the former Yugoslavia. Hence we count efforts towards winning that war in this index. We do not count the role of the United States or any other country in post-saddam Iraq (or for that matter postwar Korea). That mission is blessed by the UN and serves a humanitarian purpose in trying to help the Iraqi people achieve a stable government and prosperous economy. But few can doubt that the peacekeeping mission was an inevitable 3

4 consequence of the US-led invasion, given how the post-saddam period has unfolded in Iraq, and that the invasion was itself undertaken principally for strategic purposes. This is not to criticize the invasion; some who have worked on this index supported it while others opposed it. But we are generally unified in the view that US-led action in Iraq, while aiming to achieving substantial humanitarian benefits for the Iraqi people, was not principally motivated by that consideration. Hence it is not considered germane to this exercise focused on development indicators, and the contributions of various countries to the mission, however worthy, are not included in the security index. Methods Used The direct cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to United Nations peacekeeping operations is measured as the annual cost of deploying personnel to such missions during the time period The number of personnel contributed per year is measured as the monthly personnel contribution that each DAC country deploys to U.N. peacekeeping missions. The number of personnel contributed yearly between is then multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $9,/person/month. The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) is measured as the annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the time period The number of personnel ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the period This is since the peak annual amount of personnel each country contributed to U.N. peacekeeping operations is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to U.N. peacekeeping operations when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of each DAC country s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations constitute, and then multiply this fraction with the defense budget of the country in question over the period The annual financial contribution to United Nations is measured as the annual amount of financial contributions made to the United Nations for peacekeeping operations by each DAC country over the period 1998 and 22. There is no equivalent manner of measuring financial contributions to non-united Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, and hence no column for this category in this cumulative table of financial estimates of contributions to peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions. Annual direct cost of personnel contributions to non-united Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions is measured as the annual cost of deploying personnel (total civilian police, observer and troops) to international but non-united Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian 4

5 interventions over the period Peacekeeping missions and humanitarian interventions included are; Peace Monitoring Group in Bougainville (Bougainville) Multinational Force and Observers, (MFO), Egypt. SFOR, Bosnia KFOR, Kosovo ISAF, Afghanistan AFOR, Albania Northern Watch, Iraq INTERFET, East Timor Kosovo air war Deliberate Forge, NATO air operation in support of SFOR operations Joint Guardian, NATO contingency operation in Kosovo French intervention in Cote d Ivoire British intervention in Sierra Leone The number of personnel contributed by each country to each mission yearly between 1998 and 22 is multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $1,/person/month. The reason this estimate differs from the direct cost of personnel contributions to United Nations peace keeping operations ($9,/person/month) is because the U.N. reimburses each personnel with $1,/month. Questions and Answers about the Security Component Q: How did you decide what missions to include? A: We have included all un conducted missions motivated principally by humanitarian goals, as well as un-blessed missions of similar type run by organizations such as NATO, and in the case of the Kosovo air campaign, a humanitarian-motivated mission blessed only by NATO (not the un, but the world's largest security organization of democracies). Q: By looking at only humanitarian missions you have chosen intent as a selection criterion. Why do you believe that is the right selection criteria? A: The main reason we focus on military missions primarily motivated by humanitarianism is that otherwise the index would be dominated by the costs of the iraq war and aftermath which, however worthy they may have been and however many humanitarian benefits they have undoubtedly produced, were not motivated principally by development concerns and would not have been conducted--especially not on the scale observed for that purpose. Q: Why did you use $1, as the cost of deployed troop/month? A: Past U.S. military operations in the last decade have cost at least $1, per deployed troop per month, in marginal or additional costs (not counting pay, normal training and 5

6 equipment costs, etc.). We thus take this figure as a good estimate for all western countries for all operations, in the interest of simplicity, since most countries do not provide data of the quality or detail provided by the pentagon for theus role in various operations. Q: What is the difference between direct and indirect cost of contributing personnel to missions, and how do you avoid double counting? A: We assume that whatever (maximum) fraction of a country's total military personnel were deployed at some point for a humanitarian mission, that same fraction of the country's defense budget should be viewed as being spent each year to prepare for possible humanitarian missions. One could argue that such an estimate is too high, since the same forces could perform other missions. Similarly, one could argue it is too low, since to surge and sustain a force of a given size requires that one have backup forces to provide a rotation base. We find this approach therefore reasonable and simple. The marginal costs of a mission, in other words the costs we estimate at$1, per deployed troop per month, are the equivalent of a supplemental appropriation cost. The fraction of the peacetime budget devoted to manning and training and equipping forces that may be used in humanitarian missions is distinct from these supplemental costs. Thus there is no double counting. Q: What aspects where not included in your study? A: We do not include, at present at least, certain matters such as how much of a country's defense budget is devoted to protecting sea lanes that thus aid in the cause of global trade and development because we have not yet found a good way to estimate this contribution. No navies are maintained primarily for this purpose, and even when they defend sealanes it is principally for more strategic purposes, so it is difficult to determine a fair share of the defense budget to allocate for this purpose. 6

7 Security Component Ranking Rank Country Percentage of GDP 1. Australia.36% 2. UK.29% 3. New Zealand.25% 4. Norway.23% 5. Finland.1992% 6. Netherlands.1989% 7. US.17% 8. Portugal.167% 9. Greece.15% 1. Ireland.147% 11. France.13% 12. Italy.126% 13. Sweden.114% 14. Denmark.113% 15. Germany.111% 16. Belgium.143% 17. Austria.17% 18. Canada.9% 19. Spain.78% 2. Switzerland.75% 21. Japan.113% 7

8 Security Component Results -- Breakdown Country Financial estimate of contributions to international peacekeeping and humanitarian intervention missions United Nations Peace Keeping Operations (PKO) Non United Nations PKO and humanitarian interventions Annual Annual indirect cost Annual Annual Annual indirect direct cost of of personnel financial direct cost of cost of personnel contributions ii contributions iii personnel personnel contributions i contributions iv contributions v Australia $11,34, $235,375,73 $28,6,344 $276,312, $751,692,47 $1,393,284,5 Total Average annual GDP % of GDP $385bn..362% Austria $7,92, $31,768,443 17,282,538 $59,568, Belgium $1,62, $ 1,175,239 $2,45,311 $136,771, Canada $36,396, $49,47,629 $2,45,311 $221,527, Denmark $13,176, $16,933,162 $13,253,589 $115,29, $24,16,135 $22,817,12 $21.4bn.17% $1,761,24 $26,777,79 $25bn..143% $3,41,39 $628,254,33 $686.2bn.92% $132,76, $191,412,75 $169.6bn.1129% Finland $59,58, $4,48,178 $9,739,24 $76,8, $66,395,98 France $56,88, $58,966,74 $147,191,67 $74,177, $828,925,41 $252,131,4 $126.6bn.1992% $1,832,68,8 $1.3744tr..133% Germany $41,94, $39,182,761 $18,44,7 $762,237, $1,139,74, $2,163,467,8 $1.9456tr..111% Greece $3,132, $774,446 $8,81,628 $125,65, Ireland $68,148, $49,983,548 $4,799,777 $13,488, Italy $22,464, $21,541,957 $95,874,174 $79,151, Japan $15,12, $98,232,494 $359,796,16 Netherlands $22,248, $42,999,955 $3,939,17 $276,733, $41,443,33 $179,36,38 $118.8bn.152% $13,828,386 $15,247,71 $12.18bn.147% $594,477,73 $1,443,58,9 $1.1468tr..126% $473,4,65 $4.191tr..113% $387,598,48 $76,518,61 $382.4bn..1989% New Zealand $41,688, $57,381,211 $4,256,58 $11,88, $14,783,85 $129,989,7 $52.7bn.247% Norway $2,736, $77,463,41 $11,524,285 $122,82, Portugal $7,416, $33,953,442 $7,912,11 $49,699, Spain $14,796, $7,618,543 $46,697,966 $269,125, Sweden $17,172, $2,668,372 $19,311,289 $81,912, $136,979,39 $369,55,9 $159.4bn.232% $2,426,536 $182,46,99 $19.4bn.167% $117,741,11 $455,978,62 $587.4bn.78% $124,994,44 $264,58,1 $231.92bn..114% Switzerland $3,348, $32,911,3 $11,34, $142,319,14 $189,918,44 $253.6bn..75% UK $59,94, $117,916,8 $12,983,8 $83,87, US $73,872, $178,51,47 $544,86,58 $1,953,16, $3,7,621,4 $4,137,33,6 $1.45tr..294% $13,726,415, $16,476,764, $9.716tr..1698% 8

9 i The direct cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to United Nations peacekeeping operations is measured as the annual cost of deploying personnel to such missions during the time period The number of personnel contributed per year is measured as the monthly personnel contribution that each DAC country deploys to U.N. peacekeeping missions. The number of personnel contributed yearly between 1998 to 22 is then multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $9,/person/month. ii The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) is measured as the annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the time period The number of personnel ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the period This is since the peak annual amount of personnel each country contributed to U.N. peacekeeping operations is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to U.N. peacekeeping operations when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of each DAC country s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations constitute, and then multiply this fraction with the defense budget of the country in question over the period iii The annual financial contribution to United Nations is measured as the annual amount of financial contributions made to the United Nations for peacekeeping operations by each DAC country over the period 1998 and 22. There is no equivalent manner of measuring financial contributions to non-united Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, and hence no column for this category in this cumulative table of financial estimates of contributions to peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions. iv Annual direct cost of personnel contributions to non-united Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions is measured as the annual cost of deploying personnel (total civilian police, observer and troops) to international but non-united Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions over the period Peacekeeping missions and humanitarian interventions included are; Peace Monitoring Group in Bougainville (Bougainville) Multinational Force and Observers, (MFO), Egypt. SFOR, Bosnia KFOR, Kosovo ISAF, Afghanistan AFOR, Albania Northern Watch, Iraq INTERFET, East Timor Kosovo air war Deliberate Forge, NATO air operation in support of SFOR operations Joint Guardian, NATO contingency operation in Kosovo French intervention in Cote d Ivoire British intervention in Sierra Leone The number of personnel contributed by each country to each mission yearly between 1998 and 22 is multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $1,/person/month. The reason this estimate differs from the direct cost of personnel contributions to United Nations peace keeping operations ($9,/person/month) is because the U.N. reimburses each personnel with $1,/month. Not all missions took place during all the 12 months of each year they are listed in the detailed year-by-year matrix for non-united Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions. Personnel contributions to each mission are thus calculated separately depending on the duration of the mission. The duration of each 9

10 mission that did not take place on a year-long basis can be found in the detailed year-by-year matrix for non-united Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions. The total cost of deployments for all missions during each year is then added in order to assess the overall cost of deployments during the period This total is then divided by the number of years in the period studied (5) in order to get the annual cost of personnel contributions to non- United Nations peacekeeping operation and humanitarian interventions. v The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to non-united Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions is measured as the annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to such missions during the time period The number of personnel ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to the specific non-united Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions mentioned above (end note iv) during the period This is since the peak annual amount of personnel each country contributed to these missions is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to similar missions when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of each DAC country s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel contributions to of non-united Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions constitute, and then multiply this fraction with the defense budget of the country in question over the period

11 5-year s: Financial contributions to UN PKO Country Annual Australia 13,22,391 12,89,3 31,633,217 48,882,48 37,194,72 $28,6,344 Austria 8,371,495 7,675,597 2,92,59 28,625,678 21,647,49 $17,282,538 Belgium 9,81,35 8,996,64 23,548,329 34,111,33 25,785,24 $2,45,311 Canada 25,313,27 22,492,79 58,333,162 77,797,45 58,845,88 $48,556,22 Denmark 6,172,234 5,638,432 14,759,458 22,521,25 17,176,618 $13,253,589 Finland 4,849,717 4,423,446 11,58,963 15,839,96 12,2,116 $9,739,24 France 71,86,83 64,795, ,158,46 246,713, ,24,656 $147,191,67 Germany 86,392,4 79,986,582 21,152, ,736, ,527,196 $18,44,7 Greece 2,526,783 2,79,2 7,444,98 15,87,948 11,856,499 $8,81,628 Ireland 1,996,757 1,827,129 4,778,413 8,743,224 6,653,36 $4,799,777 Italy 48,36,962 44,39, ,971,3 154,8,8 116,648,49 $95,874,174 Japan 163,27, ,629,69 437,434, ,864,62 443,24,79 $359,796,16 Netherlands 14,52,133 13,33,646 34,811,714 52,334,27 39,726,332 $3,939,17 New 1,986,26 1,83,798 4,714,421 7,235,85 5,54,62 $4,256,58 Zealand Norway 5,417,447 4,974,249 13,12,631 19,47,566 14,746,53 $11,524,285 Portugal 2,9,919 3,359,96 9,159,847 13,915,218 1,224,165 $7,912,11 Spain 23,17,855 21,116,154 55,266,873 76,386,44 57,72,96 $46,697,966 Sweden 9,868,414 8,85,657 23,29,623 31,191,431 23,616,321 $19,311,289 Switzerland UK US 55,63,973 5,448, ,61,386 29,815,84 157,49,63 $12,983,8 284,5,53 257,612,89 667,322,13 875,429,83 639,167,51 $544,86,58 Source: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, New York. 11

12 5-year s: Defense budgets Country Yearly Australia 7bn 7.2bn 7.1bn 6.8bn 7.6bn. 7.14bn. Austria 1.835bn 1.664bn 1.497bn 1.513bn 1.7bn bn. Belgium 2.879bn 2.457bn 2.42bn 2.142bn 2.7bn bn. Canada 6.448bn bn 7.456bn 7.292bn 7.6bn bn. Denmark 2.76bn 2.552bn bn. 2.26bn 2.4bn 2.451bn. Finland 1.929bn bn bn bn 1.7bn bn. France bn bn bn bn 29.5bn bn. Germany 27.52bn bn bn bn 24.9bn. 24.8bn. Greece 4.37bn 3.426bn 3.195bn 3.217bn 3.5bn bn. Ireland.811bn.745bn.711bn.763bn.724bn..758bn. Italy 18.21bn bn 15.74bn bn 19.4bn bn. Japan 37.6bn 43.2bn 45.6bn 4.3bn 42.6bn bn. Netherlands 7.248bn 6.535bn 6.47bn 5.372bn 6.6bn bn. New.86bn.824bn.84bn.678bn.697bn.7726bn. Zealand Norway 3.422bn. 3.33bn. 2.82bn bn 3.8bn bn. Portugal 1.617bn bn bn. 1.6bn 1.3bn bn. Spain 6.123bn bn bn bn 8.4bn bn. Sweden 4.885bn bn. 4.45bn bn. 4.5bn bn. Switzerland 3.7bn bn 2.893bn. 2.62bn. 3.3bn bn. UK 38.9bn bn 33.89bn bn. 38.4bn bn US bn bn bn bn bn bn Source: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2, 2/21, 22/23, Institute for Strategic Studies, London 12

13 5-year s: GDP ($) Country Annual Australia 39bn. 399bn. 38bn. 358bn. 398bn. 385bn. Austria 212bn 198bn. 194bn. 189bn. 214bn. 21.4bn Belgium 25bn 237bn 238bn. 227bn. 298bn. 25bn. Canada 64bn 644bn 75bn. 7bn. 778bn bn Denmark 174bn 166bn. 162bn. 161bn. 185bn bn Finland 124bn. 123bn. 12bn. 124bn. 142bn bn France 1.4tr 1.4tr 1.3tr 1.3tr tr tr. Germany 2.1tr 1.9tr. 1.8tr. 1.8tr tr tr. Greece 121bn. 17.4bn. 113bn. 114bn. 135bn bn Ireland 78bn 87bn. 97.9bn. 129bn 119bn bn Italy 1.2tr 1.1tr 1.1tr. 1.1tr tr tr. Japan 3.8tr. 4.3tr. 4.7tr. 4.1tr. 4.55tr tr. Netherlands 372bn 375bn. 347bn. 384bn. $434* 382.4bn. New 58bn. 51bn. 53bn. 47.5bn. 54bn. 52.7bn Zealand Norway 146bn 15bn. 162bn. 164bn. 175bn bn Portugal 15bn. 14bn. 14bn. 111bn. 123bn. 19.4bn Spain 553bn. 569bn. 568bn. 588bn. 659bn bn Sweden 227bn 23bn bn 29bn. 255bn bn. Switzerland 265bn 246bn. 245bn. 247bn. 265bn bn. UK 1.3tr 1.4tr. 1.4tr. 1.4tr tr. 1.45tr. US 8.5tr 9.2tr. 9.9tr. 1.2tr. 1.78tr tr. Sources: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2, 2/21, 22/23, Institute for Strategic Studies, London, CIA World Fact Book << 13

14 5-year s: Active Forces Country Yearly Australia ,964 Austria ,14 Belgium ,676 Canada ,88 Denmark ,462 Finland ,84 France ,934 Germany ,34 Greece ,22 Ireland ,76 Italy ,33 Japan ,6 Netherlands ,12 New ,25 Zealand Norway ,98 Portugal ,3 Spain ,58 Sweden ,34 Switzerland ,522 UK ,534 US ,384,12 Source: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2, 2/21, 22/23, Institute for Strategic Studies, London. 14

15 Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to UN PKO Country Numbers used Calculations Australia personnel 938 $13,22,391 $12,89,3 $31,633,217 $48,882,48 Contrib s: $37,194, ,964 defense budget: $7.14bn. (938*$9,*12) $11,34, 1746/52,964 ) ($7.14bn) $235,375,73 financial contribution to UN PKOs: $28,6,344 Austria 736 $8,371, $8,371, $2,92, $28,625, $21,647,49 personnel contribution /month: ,14 defense budget $1.6418bn. (649*$9,*12) $7,92, 738/38,14 ($1.6418bn.) $31,768,443 financial contribution to UN PKOs: $17,421,717 15

16 Country 1998 Belgium 11 $9,81, Numbers used Calculations personnel contributions /month: $8,996,64 $23,548,329 $34,111,33 Contrib s: $25,785, ,676 defense budget $2.516bn. irect cost: (15*$9,*12) $1,62, 19/ 4,676) ($2.516bn) $ 1,175,239 financial contributions to UN PKOs: $2,45,311 Canada 29 $25,313,27 contrib s 326 $22,492,79 4 $58,333, $77,797, Contrib s: $58,845,88 personnel contributions/month: ,88 (337*$9,*12) $36,396, 4/ 57,88 ($7.1584bn.) $49,47,629 defense budget: $7.1584bn. financial contribution to UN PKOs: $48,556,224 16

17 Country 1998 Denmark 121 $6,172, Numbers used Calculations personnel contributions/month: 122 contrib s $5,638,432 $14,759,458 $22,521,25 Contrib s: $17,176, ,462 defense budget $2.451bn. (122*$9,*12) $13,176, 169/ 24,462) ($2.451bn) $16,933,162@ financial contribution to UN PKOs: $13,253,589 Finland 779 $4,849, $4,423, $11,58, $15,839,96 76 Contrib s: $12,2,116 personnel ,84 defense budget $1.6516bn. (551*$9,*12) $59,58, 779/31,84) ($1.6516bn) $4,48,178@ financial contribution to UN PKOs: $9,739,24 17

18 Country 1998 France 626 $71,86, Numbers used Calculations personnel $64,795,683 $169,158,5 $246,713,85 $184,24, ,934 defense budget $ bn. (526*$9,*12) $56,88, 626/3,934) ($ bn) $58,966,74@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $147,191,67 Germany 19 $86,392,4 253 $86,392,4 47 $21,152,43 57 $295,736, $223,527,2 personnel ,34 defense budget $24.8bn. (388*$9,*12) $41,94, 518/318,34) ($24.8bn) $39,182,761@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $18,44,7 18

19 Country 1998 Greece 23 $2,526, Numbers used Calculations personnel $2,79,2 $7,444,98 $15,87,948 Contrib s: $11,856, ,22 defense budget $3.475bn. (29*$9,*12) $3,132, 37/166,22 ) ($3.475bn.) $774,446@ financial contribution to UN PKOs: $8,81,628 Ireland 74 $1,996, $1,827, $4,778, $8,743, $6,653,36 personnel ,476 defense budget $.758bn. (631*$9,*12) $68,148, 764/ 11,476 ) ($.758bn.) $49,983,548@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $4,799,777 19

20 Country 1998 Italy 94 $48,36, Numbers Used Calculations personnel $44,39,588 $115,971,3 $154,8,8 $116,648, ,33 defense budget $16.881bn. (28*$9,*12) $22,464, 322/252,33 ) ($16.881bn) $21,541,957@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $95,874,174 Japan 41 $163,27,92 32 $162,629,7 3 $437,434,42 3 $592,864,6 561 $443,24,79 personnel ,6 defense budget $41.86bn. (139*$9,*12) $15,12, 561/239,6 ) ($41.86bn.) $98,232,494@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $359,796,16 2

21 Country 1998 Nether- lands 128 $14,52, Numbers used Calculations personnel $13,33,646 $34,811,714 $52,334,27 Contrib s: $39,726, ,12 defense budget $6.364bn. (26*$9,*12) $22,248, 359/53,12 ) ($6.364bn) $42,999,955@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $3,939,17 New Zealand 12 $1,986,26 18 $1,83, $4,714, $7,235, $5,54,62 personnel active army 9,25 (386*$9,*12) $41,688, indirect cost 687/ 9,25) ($.7726bn) $57,381,211@ defense budget $.7726bn. financial contributions to UN PKOs: $4,256,58 21

22 Country 1998 Norway 669 $5,417, Numbers used Calculations personnel $4,974,249 $13,12,631 $19,47,566 Contrib s: $14,746, ,98 defense budget $3.2398bn. (192*$9,*12) $2,736, 669/27,98) ($3.2398bn) $77,463,41@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $11,524,285 Portugal 239 $2,9, $3,359, $9,159, $13,915, $1,224,165 personnel ,3 defense budget: $1.4232bn. (652*$9,*12) $7,416, 1122/47,3) ($1.4232bn.) $33,953,442@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $7,912,11 22

23 Country 1998 Spain 65 $23,17, Numbers used Calculations personnel $21,116,154 $55,266,873 $76,386,44 $57,72, ,58 defense budget $7.718bn. (137*$9,*12) $14,796, 187/173,58) ($7.718bn) $7,618,543@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $46,697,966 Sweden 21 $9,868, $8,85, $23,29, $31,191, $23,616,321 personnel ,34 defense budget: $4.4624bn. (159*$9,*12) $17,172, 21/45,34) ($4.4624bn.) $2,668,372@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $19,311,289 23

24 Country 1998 Switzer- land Numbers used Calculations personnel Contrib s: 37 3,522 (31*$9,*12) $3,348, 37/3,522) ($3.1328bn.) $32,911,3@ defense budget $3.1328bn. financial contributions to UN PKOs: U.K 428 $55,63, $5,448, $131,61, $29,815, Contrib s: $157,49,63 personnel ,534 defense budget $ bn (555*$9,*12) $59,94, 697/211,534) ($ bn) 117,916,8@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $12,983,8 24

25 Country 1998 USA 61 $284,5, Countries used Calculations personnel $257,612,89 $667,322,13 $875,429,83 $639,167, active forces: 1,384,12 defense budget: $ bn (684*$9,*12) $73,872, 841/1,384,12) ($ bn) $178,51,47@ financial contributions to UN PKOs: $544,86,58 25

26 Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to non-un missions Country Numbers used Calculations Australia Person. 1(Bougainville (MFO) Person. 149(Bougainville) 26 (MFO) Person. 35 (Bougainville) 25 (MFO) 5576 Total: ,12, Person. 15(Bougainville) 26 (MFO) 54(Interfet) Total: ,12, Person. 15(Bougainville) 26 (MFO) 54(Interfet) Total: ,12, Total: ,, Total: 6 6 7,2, 52,964 defense budget: 7.14bn. Annual 15,12,+ 669,12,+ 669,12,+ 21,,+ 7,2,+ 1,381,56,/5 276,312, Annual (5576/52,964) (7.14bn.) 751,692,47 Austria Person. 2 (SFOR) Total: ,, Person. 2 (SFOR) 216 (4z Kosovo) Total: (2,5*1,) 24,,+ 5,4, 78,, Person. 56 (SFOR) 48 (KFOR) Total: ,32, Person. 56 (SFOR) 48 (KFOR) Total: ,32, Person. 2 (SFOR) 498 (KFOR) 6 (ISAF) Total: ,2, 56 38,14 defense budget bn. Annual 24,,+ 78,,+ 64,32,+ 64,32,+ 67,2, 297,84,/5 59,568, Annual 56/38,14 (1.6418bn.) 24,16,135 26

27 Country Numbers used Calculations Belgium Person. 55 (SFOR) 1,629 Total ,, Person. 55 (SFOR) 1,79 (2z Kosovo) Total 1, ,79 (2.5*1,) 66,, 26,975, 92,975, Person. 55 (SFOR) 9 (KFOR) 4 (Del.Forge) Total 1,454 1, ,48, Person. 45 (SFOR) 11 (KFOR) Total 1,46 1,46 12*1,) 175,2, Person. 45 (SFOR) 11 (KFOR) Total 1,46 1,46 175,2, 4,676 defense budget 2.516bn. Annual 66,,+ 92,975,+ 174,48,+ 175,2,+ 175,2, 683,855,/5 136,771, Annual 1,629/4,676 (2.516bn.) 1,761,24 Canada Person. 96 (SFOR) 28 (MFO) Total ,56, Person. 1,38 (SFOR) 28 (MFOR), 971(18z Kosovo) Total 2,379 1, (2,5 *1,) 168,96,+ 24,275, 193,235, Person. 1,35 (SFOR), 8 (KFOR), (MFO) Total 2,176 2,176@ 261,12,@ Person. 1,2 (SFOR), 8 (KFOR) (MFO) Total 2,27 2,27 243,24, Person. 1,6 (SFOR), 8 (KFOR), 29 (MFO) Total 2,429 2, ,48, 2,429 57,88 defense budget: bn. Annual 118,56,+ 193,235,+ 261,12,+ 243,24,+ 291,48, 1,17,635,/5 221,527, Annual 2,429/57,88 (7.1584bn.) 3,41,39 27

28 Country Numbers used Calculations Denmark Person. 6 (SFOR) 1,325 Total ,, Person. 63 (SFOR), 324 (6z Kosovo) Total (2,5*1,) 75,6,+ 5,85, 81,45, Person. 425 (SFOR), 9 (KFOR) Total 1,325 1, ,, Person. 345 (SFOR), 9 (KFOR) Total 1,245 1, ,4, Person. 365 (SFOR), 54 (KFOR), 5(ISAF) Total ,6, 24,462 defense budget: $2.451bn. Annual 72,,+ 81,45,+ 159,,+ 149,4,+ 114,6, 576,45,/5 115,29, Annual 1,325/24,462 ($2.451bn.) $132,76, Finland Person. Person. Person. 48 (SFOR), 8 (KFOR) Total 1,28 1,28 153,6, Person. 12 (SFOR), 8 (KFOR) Total , Person. 2 (SFOR). 8 (KFOR), 5 (ISAF) Total ,4, ,84 defense budget bn. Annual 153,6,+ 11.4,+ 14,4, 368,4,/5 73,68, Annual 1,28/31,84 (1.6516bn.) 66,395,98 28

29 Country Numbers used Calculations France Person. 3,3 (SFOR), 17 (MFO) 8,8 Total 3,317 3, ,4, Person. Contrib s: 3, (SFOR), 17 (MFO), 445 (75z Kosovo) Total 7,62 3, (2.5*1,) 362,4,+ 11,125, 463,165, Person. 3,2 (SFOR), 5,8 (KFOR), 17 (MFO) Total 8,297 8, ,64, Person. 2,2 (SFOR), 5,1 (KFOR), 17 (MFO) Total 7,317 7, ,4, Person. 2,2 (SFOR), 5,2 (KFOR) 4 (ISAF) 1, (Cote d Ivoire) Total 8,8 7,8 + 1 (3*1,) 936,,+ 3,, 966,, active army: 3,934 defense budget bn. Annual 398,4,+ 463,165,+ 995,64,+ 878,4,+ 966,,+ 3,7,885,/5 74,177, Annual 8,8/3,934 ( bn.) 828,925,41 Germany Person. 2,6 (SFOR), 81 (MF) Total 2,681 2, ,72, Person. 2,738 (SFOR), 4,4 (J Guardian) 7,929 (147z Kosovo) Total 15,67 2, ,4 (6*1,)+ 7,929 (2,5 *1,) 328,56,+ 264,,+ 198,225, 79,785, Person (SFOR), 53 (KFOR) Total 7,669 7,669 92,28, Person. 21 (SFOR), 51 (KFOR) Total 7,2 7,2 864,, Person. 19 (SFOR), 46 (KFOR), 112 (ISAF) Total 7,62 7,62 914,4, 15,67 31,834 defense budget 24.8bn. Annual 321,72,+ 79,785,+ 92,28,+ 864,,+ 914,4,+ 3,811,185,/5 762,237, Annual 15,67/31,834 (24.8bn.) 1,139,74, 29

30 Country Numbers used Calculations Greece Person. 25 (SFOR) 1,98 Total: 25 Direct cost 25 3,, Person. 25 (SFOR) 593 (11z Kosovo) Total (2.5*1,) 3,,+ 14,825, 44,825, Person. 25 (SFOR), 43 (KFOR) Total ,6, Person. 25 (SFOR), 1,7 (KFOR) Total 1,95 1,95 234,, Person. 25 (SFOR), 1,7 (KFOR), (ISAF) Total 1,98 1,98 237,6, 166,22 defense budget 3.475bn. Annual 3,,+ 44,825,+ 81,6,+ 234,,+ 237,6, 628,25,/5 125,65, Annual 1,98/166,22 (3.475bn.) 41,443,33 Ireland Person. Person. Contrib. s: 5 (SFOR) 5 6,, Person. 5 (SFOR), 14 (KFOR) Total ,48, Person. 5 (SFOR), 14 (KFOR) Total ,48, Person. 5 (SFOR), 14 (KFOR), 5 (ISAF) Total ,48, 24 11,76 defense budget.758bn. Annual 6,,+ 18,48,+ 18,48,+ 24,48, 67,44,/5 13,488, Annual 24/11,76 (.758bn.) $13,828,386 3

31 Country Numbers used Calculations Italy Person. 2,5 (SFOR) 8,886 Japan 2,5 3,, Person. Person. 2,531 (AFOR) 2,313 (SFOR), 77 (MFO), 1,16 (JGuardian), 2,85 (52z Kosovo) Total 8,886 2,531 (5 *1,)+ 2,39 + 1,16 (6 *1,)+ 2,85 (2.5 *1,) 126,55,+ 286,8,+ 69,6,+ 7,125, 553,75, Person. Person. 1,64 (SFOR), 6,4 (KFOR), 77 (MFO) Total 8,117 8, ,4, Person. Person. 1,5 (SFOR), 5,36 (KFOR), 77 (MFO) Total 6,937 6, ,44, Person. Person. 1,6 (SFOR), 5,36 (KFOR) 35 (ISAF), 75 (MFO) Total 7,385 7, ,2, Person. 252,33 defense budget bn. 239,6 Annual 3,,+ 553,75,+ 974,4,+ 832,44,+ 886,2, 3,545,755,/5 79,151, Annual 8,886/252,33 (16.881bn.) 594,477,73 defense budget 41.86bn. In 31

32 Country Numbers used Calculations Nether- Person. lands 1,375 (SFOR) 3,236 New Zealand 1, ,, Person. 22 (SFOR) 25 (MFO) 13(Bougainville Total 177 Direct cost ,24, Person. 375 (SFOR) 1,22 (KFOR), 4 (JGuardian), 1,241 (23z Kosovo) Total 3,236 1, (6 *1,) (2.5 *1,) 191,4,+ 24,,+ 31,25, 246,425, Person. 27(SFOR) 26 (MFO) 3(Bougainville) Total ,96, Person. 1,267 (SFOR), 1,45 (KFOR), 155 (DelForge) Total 2,872 2, ,64, Person. 27(SFOR) 26 (MFO) 31(Bougainville) Total ,8, Person. 1,1 (SFOR), 1,45 (KFOR), 8 (DelForge) Total 2,63 2,63 315,6, Person. 27(SFOR) 26 (MFO) 9 (Bougainville) Total ,64, Person. 1, (SFOR), 1,45 (KFOR), 15 (ISAF) Total 2,6 2,6 312,, Person. 15(Bougainville) 12 (ISAF) 26 (SFOR) 26 (MFO) Total ,48, 53,12 defense budget 6.364bn. 177 active army 9,25 defense budget.7726bn. Annual 165,,+ 246,425,+ 344,64,+ 315,6,+ 312,,+ 1,383,665,/5 276,733, Annual 3,236/53,12 (6.364bn.) 387,598,48 Annual 21,24,+ 9,96,+ 1,8,+ 8,64,+ 9,48, 59,4,/5 11,88, Annual 177/9,25 (.7726bn.) 14,783,85 32

33 Country Numbers used Calculations Norway Person. 7 (SFOR), 4 (MFO) 1,33 Total ,48, Person. 7 (SFOR), 5 (MFO), 1 (JGuardian), 378 (7z Kosovo) Total 1, (6 *1,) 378 (2.5 *1,) 84,6,+ 6,,+ 9,45, 1,5, Person. 125 (SFOR), 12 (KFOR), 5 (MFO) Total 1,33 1,33 159,6, Person. 125 (SFOR), 98 (KFOR), 5 (MFO) Total 1,11 1,11 133,2, Person. 125 (SFOR), 98 (KFOR), (ISAF), 4 (MFO) Total 1,139 1, ,68, 27,98 defense budget bn. Annual 84,48,+ 1,5,+ 159,6,+ 133,2,+ 136,68, 614,1,/5 122,82, Annual 1,183/27,98 (3.2398bn.) 136,979,39 Portugal Person. Person. 431 (8z Kosovo) 431 (2.5*1,) 1,775, Person. 335 (SFOR), 34 (KFOR) Total ,, Person. 33 (SFOR), 313 (KFOR) Total ,16, Person. 33 (SFOR) 313 (KFOR), 2 (ISAF) Total ,56, ,3 defense budget: bn. Annual 1,775,+ 81,,+ 77,16,+ 79,56, 248,495,/5 49,699, Annual 675/47,3 (1.4232bn.) 2,426,536 33

34 Country Numbers used Calculations Spain Person. 1,6 (SFOR) 2,89 1,6 192,, Person. 1,6 (SFOR), 593(11z Kosovo) Total 2,193 1, (2,5*1,) 192,,+ 14,825, 26,825, Person. 16 (SFOR), 9 (KFOR) Total 2,5 2,5 3,, Person. 12 (SFOR) 13(KFOR) Total 2,5 2,5 3,, Person. 12 (SFOR) 134 (KFOR) 35 (ISAF) Total 2,89 2,89 346,8, 173,58 defense budget 7.718bn. Annual 192,,+ 26,825,+ 3,,+ 3,,+ 346,8, 1,345,625,/5 269,125, Annual 2,89/173,58 (7.718bn.) 117,741,11 Sweden Person , Person. 511 (SFOR) ,32, Person. 51 (SFOR), 76 (KFOR) Total 1,27 1,27 152,4, Person. 42 (SFOR), 751 (KFOR) Total ,16, Person. 42 (SFOR), 751 (KFOR), 45 (ISAF) Total ,56, 1,27 45,34 defense budget: bn. Annual 12,+ 61,32,+ 152,4,+ 95,16,+ 1,56, 49,56,/5 81,912, Annual 1,27/45,34 (4.4624bn.) 124,994,44 34

35 Country Numbers used Calculations Switzer- Person. Person. Person. Person. Person. land 18 (2z Kosovo) 13 (KFOR) 16 (KFOR) 16 (KFOR) 16 U.K Person. 5,25 (SFOR), 16 (NWatch) Total 5,41 5,41 649,2, 18 (2.5*1,) 2,7, Person. 13 (AFOR), 4,5 (SFOR), 9,6 (JGuardian), 16 (N.Watch), 3,398 (63z Kosovo) Total 17,778@ 13@ (5*1,)+ 4,5@ + 9,6@ (6*1,)+ 3398@ (2.5*1,) 6,5,@+ 54,,@+ 576,,@+ 84,95,@ 1,27,45,@ 13 15,6, Person. 2,7 (SFOR), 3,5 (KFOR), 35 (DelForge), 16 (NWatch) 4,5 (Sierra Leone) Total 11,21 6, ,5 (1.5*1,)+ 85,2,+ 67,5, 872,7, 16 19,2, Person. 2,6 (SFOR), 3,9 (KFOR), 35 (DelForge), 185(NWatch) Total 7,35 7,35 844,2, 16 19,2, Person. 1,7 (SFOR), 2,2 (KFOR), 4 (ISAF), 35 (DelForge), 19 (NWatch) Total 4,84 4,84 58,8, 3,522 defense budget bn. 17, ,534 defense budget bn Annual 2,7,+ 15,6,+ 19,2,+ 19,2, 56,7,/5 11,34, Annual 16/3,522 (3.1328bn.) 142,319,14 Annual 649,2,+ 1,27,45,+ 872,7,+ 844,2,+ 58,8, 4,154,35,/5 83,87, Annual 17,778/211,534 ( bn) 3,7,621,4 35

36 Country Numbers used Calculations USA Person. 12,81 (SFOR), 917 (MFO), 1,422 (NWatch) Person. 12,35 (SFOR) 918 (MFO) 1,4 (NWatch), Person. 8,59 (SFOR), 5,95 (KFOR), 918 (MFO), Person. 7,18 (SFOR), 5,74 (KFOR), 86 (MFO), Person. 2,35 (SFOR), 5,36 (KFOR), 1,4 (NWatch) 64,668 5,(Kosovo) 1,4 (NWatch) 1,4 (NWatch) Total 15,149 15,149 1,817,88, Total 64,668 14, , (2,5*1,) 1,76,16,+ 1,25,, 3,1,16, Total 16,858 16,858 2,22,96, Total 15,18 15,18 1,821,6, Total 9,11 9,11 1,93,2, 1,384,12 defense budget: bn Annual 1,817,88,+ 3,1,16,+ 2,22,96,+ 1,821,6,+ 1,93,2, 9,765,8,/5 1,953,16, Annual 64,668/1,384,12 ( bn) 13,726,415, Source: All personnel contribution numbers are from The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2, 2/21, 22/23, Institute for Strategic Studies, London. Note 1: Duration for all missions during one year is assumed to be 12 months, with the exception of the following missions: Kosovo air war: 2.5 months AFOR: 5 months Joint Guardian: 6 months British intervention in Sierra Leone: 1.5 months French intervention in Cote d Ivoire: 3 months Note 2: Assumed that the ratio of personnel to airplanes ready to be deployed during the Kosovo air war is 5,/927. This ratio is based on how many personnel was represented by the 927 airplanes the United States had ready to be deployed, which is the most reliable ratio of personnel to airplanes among the states involved in this NATO operation. The constant z will be used in calculations to illustrate this ratio. 36