Index. John Higley, John Nieuwenhuysen and Stine Neerup Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/22/ :10:11PM via free access

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1 Index 1.5 generation, Australia visa programme, Australia 6, 38 41, 42, 84, 85 7, 147 8, abuses of 86 7, visa programme, Australia 7 9/11, effects of 66, 69, 71, 114, 116 Aboriginal Australians 108, 121 accommodation and food sector, US 134 5, 136 acculturation 93 4, administrative changes, US 70, admissionists, US 25 9, 31 Advanced Passenger Processing system 75 Afghan immigrants 37, 76, 79, 148, 158, 185 African immigrants 50, 147, 150, 151, age effects on employment, US 24 Agricultural Job Opportunities, Benefits and Security Act (AgJobs), US 72, 167 agricultural sector 15, 20, 42, 133, 134 5, 136, AgriProcessors 28 9 air arrivals, Australia 38, 75 American Farm Bureau 166 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL CIO) 31 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) 17, 18 ancestry, unemployment effects by 150 anti-discrimination models 95 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1988), US 65 anti-immigration laws, US 10, 58, anti-immigration sentiments Australia 106 7, US 13, 26, 67 9 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), US 65 Arizona economic problems employment illegal immigration legislation 10, 58, 67, 68, 69, 170, 172 arts, entertainment and recreation sector, US 134 5, 136 Asian Americans 153, 154 Asian immigrants 107, 113, 147, 151, 155, 156, 162 Assisted Migration Agreement, Australia Italy 118 asylum seekers, Australia 8 9, 36 7, 53, 75 80, 176, see also boat people Australian Population portfolio 184 Australian-born workers, unemployment big Australia policy 176, black US-born workers 62 3, , 131 6, , 153 boat people, Australia 8 9, 14, 37, 38, 75 80, 157 8, border control, Australia compliance policy changes quality control 83 9 physical control border control, US 4, 10, 25 6, 27, 30, 59 60, 66, Border Patrol, US 9, Border Protection, Antiterrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act (2005), US 25 6 Border Security (TV drama) 74 Brazilian migrants 153 British immigrants 3, 86, 148,

2 220 Immigration and the financial crisis Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), US 22, 23 Bush, George W. 26, 27 8, 166 business associations, Australia 8 California employment illegal immigration Proposition , 67, 162 Cambodian migrants 76 Canada, labour market 43 Canadian immigrants 46, 47, 48, 148, 151, 155, 156, 160 career development 45 category jumping, Australia 44 Chamber of Commerce, US 30 China, Australian migrants 46 Chinese Exclusion Acts 57 Chinese immigrants 19, 41, 42, 86, 151, 164, 168 Christmas Island detention centre 78, 80 Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), US 66, 165, 166 citizenship test, Australia classic assimilation 93 4, 95 Commonwealth Ombudsman 82, 83 compliance arrangements, Australia Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act (CIRA), US 26, 164 Comprehensive Immigration Reform for America s Security and Prosperity Act (CIR ASAP) 30 Congressional polarization, US 70 Congressional reform efforts, US 25 7 construction sector Australia 51, 86, 149, 179, 187 US 17, 18, 20 21, 59, 61, 133, 134 5, 136 country of birth, unemployment rates by criminal aliens, US 171, 172 criminal legislation, US 65 Cronulla riots, Australia 113, , 116, 147 cross generational incorporation, US Cuban immigrants 19, 23 cultural change 68 9 cultural competences 112 cultural retention/affirmation 120 cultural support 95 6 cyclical sectors/occupations, US 127, 133, 136, 139 data matching, Australia 82 3 demand-driven immigration Australia 7, 14, 38, 41, 88 9, US Democratic Party, US 70 71, demographic challenges, Australia 54, , Department of Homeland Security (DHS), US 6, 9 10, 28 30, 60, 66, 70, 160 Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC), Australia 38 9, 177, 184, 186 Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (DIMA), Australia 75 Department of Labor, US 14 15, 165, Employment and Training Administration (DOL-ETA) deportable crimes, US 65 deportations Australia 82 US 28 9, 64, 125 detention policy, Australia 76 7, 78 9, 83, dispersion 12 Dob-in Line, Australia 82 Dutch immigrants 41, 151 E-Verify system 9, 30, 70 East Timor solution 79, 158 economic context Australia 35 6, US 17 20, 20 21, 59 64, 125, economic impact of foreign-born workers, US 23 4 economic incorporation, Mexican immigrants 97 9, education export industry, Australia 7 8, 10 12, 186 7

3 Index 221 education sector, US educational profiles Australia 148 US 19, 24, 98 9, 126, 127, , 132, 136, El Salvadorean migrants 19, 63 emigration, Australia 42 4 Employ American Workers Act (EAWA) 164, 165, 166 employee verification system, US 25, 27, 28 9, 30, 66 employer-sponsored migration, Australia employment Australia 49 51, 115 US 18, 20, 21, 61 3, 97 8 see also unemployment employment outcomes, US discussion economic context 125 geographic mobility and state effects research methodology research results theoretical background Endgame plan, US 65, 69 enforcement Australia US 25 9, 30, 64 6, 67 8, 70, 71, see also border control enforcement policy reforms 6 10 English-speaking countries of origin 49, 50 environmental challenges, Australia 181, 184, Essential Worker Immigration Coalition, US 18 Estrada v. Rhode Island 170 ethnic disadvantage 94 ethnic endogamy 111 ethnic identity Europe anti-immigration sentiments 157 Australian migrants 45 6, 47, 48 labour markets 43, 44, 45 6 European immigrants 3, 93, 107, 148, 151, 152, 155, 156 Evans, Chris 36, 78, 88 9, 152 family admissions Australia 36 7, 52, 53, 148, , 156 7, 180 US 164 family support, Italian immigrants Federal Reserve Act, US 164 feminization of migration 147 Filipino immigrants 19, 96, 151, 164, 168 finance and insurance sector, US 134 5, 136 first generation employment effects, Australia , 152 Fix, M. 44 Florida, employment foreign-born naturalized workers, US , 131 6, foreign-born non-citizens, US , 131 6, foreign-born residents and workers, US gender division of labour, Australia 149 gendered unemployment, Australia 152, 154, 155, 156 geographic area/mobility, US 127 8, , state effects Georgia, employment German immigrants 41, 151 Gillard, Julia 8 9, 79, 158, 185 globalization and immigration, Australia Greek immigrants 151 gross domestic product (GDP) 1, 2, 5, 17, 22, 23 Guatamalian immigrants 28 9 H-visa programmes, US 30, 31, 160, certification process Hamilton, Lee 16 health sector Australia 41, 50 51, 86, 147, 149, 179 US 23, 134 5, 136 Higley, J. 1 2 Hispanic workers, US , 131 6,

4 222 Immigration and the financial crisis Honduras, remittances 63 Hong Kong, Australian migrants 46 housing market, US 18, 21, 59, 61, 64, 171 housing sector, US humanitarian migrant status, Australia 36 7, 52, 113, 149, 150, 156 7, 189 illegal immigrants 8 10 Australia 37, 38, numbers of 24, 59 60, 63 US 14 15, 21, 25 31, 64 7, 69 70, see also asylum seekers Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), US 65 6 Illinois, employment immigrant flow dynamics 5 6 immigrant numbers, US immigration (1990s 2008) 1 2 Immigration Act (1990), Australia 159 Immigration Acts, US 58, 65, 165 Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE), US 29, 66, 70 Office of Detention and Removal 65 Immigration and Nationality Act, US 166 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), US 66, 70 Immigration and Technical Corrections Act (1994), US 65 Immigration Department, Australia 80 Cash Economy Working Group 82 3 Safeguards System 81 2 immigration experts, role of 71 immigration policy, Australia development process drivers for/adjustment of policy changes 6 10 policy dilemmas immigration policy, US future direction of outlook for reform 24 9 policy changes 6 10 policy dilemmas statutory changes immigration pressures, US Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), US 27, 70, 72 Special Agricultural Worker programme 167 Immigration Restriction Act (1901), Australia 107 income levels, US 62 3, 97, 98, 99, 102 incorporation, Australia definitions, statistics and studies Italian immigrants Lebanese immigrants incorporation, US concepts and models of 93 6 Mexican immigrants Indian immigrants 19, 86, 151, 164, 168 Indian students 11, 42, 85, 152, Indochinese immigrants 8 9 Indonesia, people smuggling 77, industrial structure, US 127, , 132, industrial mix, US 133 6, information services sector, US 134 5, 136, 165 infrastructure provision, Australia 14, 179, 181, 182, 184, institutional support 95 6 Intergenerational Reports (IGRs), Australia 181, internal migration 12 US 20 21, 24, , Internal Security Act (1950), US 58 international students Australia 42, 53, 84 5, 88, 152, 180, 184, 186 7, 189 internment, Italian immigrants 118 investment benefits, US 24 Iranian immigrants 76 Iraqi immigrants 76, 158 Irish immigrants 151 Italian immigrants 151 incorporation of 105, 109, 111, , Japan 41, 153 job creation benefits, US 24 job losses, US

5 Index 223 Kennedy, Edward 26, 27 Khoo, S.-E Kyl, Jon 26, 27 Labour Condition Applications (LCAs), US labour force challenges, Australia labour force participant rate (LFP), US 62 labour market competition 13, 14, 86 labour market developments, US labour market dynamics 5 6 Australia US labour market interactions, US 23 4 labour market projections Australia 53 6 US 22 3 labour market segmentation, US 126 labour shortages, Australia 14, 54, 86, 147 8, 179, language ability of Italian immigrants 120 and identity 112 employment effects requirements 85 Las Vegas, economic conditions Latino immigrants Australia 147, 148, 151, 155, 156 US 21, 59 72, 162 law enforcement officers, US 170 Lebanese immigrants 150, 151 incorporation in Australia 105, 111, , legalization, US 25 7, 30 31, 67, liberal conservative coalitions, US Lines in the sand (Noble) linguistic acculturation local immigration policy, US long-term departures and arrivals, Australia 43 4, 47 9 long-term migrants, Australia Los Angeles, Mexican incorporation low-skilled migrants, US 69, 126 low-wage industries, US 20 McCarran-Walter Act (1952), US 58 Maltese immigrants 151 manufacturing sector Australia 41, 50 51, 86, 149 US 17, 133, Mares, Peter 7 8 Markus, Andrew 13 Mass Immigration Reduction Act, US 163 Massachusetts, employment media responses, Australia 181 Melbourne, unemployment 150 Mexican immigrants 5 6, 19, 64, 66, 128, 160, 164, 168 incorporation in Los Angeles numbers of 59 61, 92 Mexico economy 5, 6 remittances 6, 63 return immigration Middle Eastern immigrants 50, , 148, , 154 6, 158 Migration Act, Australia 82, 83 Migration Occupations in Demand List (MODL), Australia 7, 84 5, 148, 152, 180 mining sector, Australia 179, 187 mixed-marriages 107 8, 111 multiculturalism 95, 111, 112, 116, , 122 multiple identities 110 Muslim immigrants , 148, 158 as security threat 107, 108, 157 unemployment , National Governors Association, US 169 National Security Act (1939), Australia 118 national security threats Australia 108, 118 US 69, 71 Nations of Immigrants (Higley et al.) 1 2 Neerup, S. 1 2 New Jersey, employment New South Wales 41, 187 New York State, employment New Zealand immigrants 37, 39, 52, 84, 148, 149, 151, 189

6 224 Immigration and the financial crisis Nieuwenhuysen, J. 1 2 no-match strategy, US 28 Noble, G non-english-speaking countries of origin 49, 50 North American Free Trade Agreement 160 North-East Asian immigrants 46, 47, 48, 155, 156 Obama, Barack 9, 10, 29, 31, 166 offshore processing, Australia 78 9, 186 Oklahoma, population 12 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries 2, 6, 45, 51 2, 53, 148, 153 Orrenius, P.M. 127, 128, 132, 136, 138, 139, 141 othering 112, 116, 121 overstayers, Australia 80 83, 185 Pacific Island migrants 148, 150, 151, 155, 156 Pacific solution 77, 79, 186 party systems 4 permanent arrivals and departures, Australia 45 6, 53 permanent emigration, Australia 42, 52 permanent immigration Australia 7 8, 36 7, 42, 85 6, 147, , , 189 US 161, 164, 165 6, permanent labor (PERM) certification, US Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, US 65, 169 physical border control, Australia points systems, Australia 61, 68, 156 Polish immigrants 151, 152 political contexts 3 4 political processes, Australia politics of immigration Australia 147, US population sustainability, Australia 8, 176, , poverty, US 126, primary labour market, US 124 5, 126 prison population, Arizona 171 professional services sector, US 134 5, 136 public administration sector, US 133, 134 5, 136 public fear 68 9, 74, 116, 117, public opinion 13 Australia 14, 106 7, 119, 157 8, US 10, 58, 66 9, quality control, Australia 83 9 Queensland 41, 47, 150 racial attacks, Australia 11, 85, 152, racial profiling 10 racial riots, Australia , 116 racialization 93 racism, Australia 14, 106 8, 118 recession-proof industries, US 126, 133, 136, 139 refugees see asylum seekers religion, effects of , 150, 152 see also Muslims remittances Australia 55 US 5 6, 63, 101 Republican Party, US 70 71, 162, 163 residential integration, US , resources and energy sector, US restrictionists, US 25 9 restrictive immigration, US 58, 164 6, retail trade sector, US return migration Australia 43, 44 9, 52 US 60 61, 66 Rich, Frank 68 9 risk-profile alert system, Australia 81 2 Rudd, Kevin 8, 77 9, 158, 181 Scanlon Social Cohesion Surveys (SSCs) 182 3

7 Index 225 sea port arrivals, Australia second generation employment effects, Australia , 152 second generation incorporation, Australia secondary labour market, US 124 5, 126 sectoral employment Australia 41 2, 50 51, 86, 147, 148 9, 179, 187 US 17 18, 20 21, 23, 59, 61, 133 6, 165, Secure Communities programme, US 10 segmented assimilation 94 6, 121 segregation, Italian immigrants selective assimilation 95, 121 semi-skilled immigrants, Australia 51 service sector Australia 41 2, 50 51, 86, 149 US 18, 20 21, 23, services provision, Australia settlement policy, Australia settler loss, Australia 48 9 SIEV X tragedy (2001) 77 Singapore, Australian migrants 46 skilled immigration, Australia 6 7, 36 7, 46 7, 50 51, 83 9, 147 8, 149, 152, Skills in Demand list, Australia 53, 152 Skills Occupation List (SOL), Australia 180 social cohesion 13 Australian challenges social inclusion/exclusion 12 Australia , 121, US social provision Australia US 18, 20, 65, 162, 169, Social Security Administration (SSA), US 28 social status, Italian immigrants 119 societal contexts 3 4 socioeconomic background, Lebanese immigrants 115 South Korean migrants 19 South-East Asian migrants 46, 47, 48, 155, 156 spatial incorporation, Mexican immigrants Sri Lankan migrants 37, 79, 185 State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP), US 171 state effects of mobility, US state immigration policy, US status quo, US 25, 162 statutory changes, US structural differentiation theory 96 Sudanese immigrants 156 Sydney Lebanese community unemployment 150 symbolic ethnicity Tampa affair (2001) 76 7, 116 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, US 172 temporary emigration, Australia 42 temporary immigration Australia 52, 84, 85 8, 89, 147 8, 149, 156 7, US 11 12, 27, 30, 31, 161, temporary protection visas (TPVs), Australia 76, 77, Texas employment illegal immigration population 12 third-country migration Tichenor, D.J. 57 8, 68, 69 70, 71 Trans-Tasman Agreement 37, 56 transport and warehousing sector, US Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), US 164 UK 44, 46 unemployment Australia 36, 49 51, 115, 147, , 182 US 5, 16, 17 18, 19 20, 22, 61 3, 125, 153 see also job losses, US unemployment insurance (UI), US 18 unemployment projections, Australia United Nations Convention on Refugees 79, 158, 186

8 226 Immigration and the financial crisis unskilled migrants, Australia 51, 148 US-born workers 19 20, 62 job impacts protection of US Mexican border 9 10, 25 6, 71 Victoria 11, 41, 187 Vietnamese immigrants 19, 76, 150, 151 Virginia, employment visa processing Australia 81 2 US visible difference, notion of 106 8, 116 vocational courses, Australia 84 5 vocational qualifications, recognition of 7 8, 49 wage levels, US 20, 23 4, 126 7, 141 wage requirements, US visas 167 Washington DC, population 12 Western Australia 41, 147, 150 White Australia policy 107, 113, 117, 118 white US-born workers , 131 6, wholesale trade sector, US work-site raids, US 9, 28 9 worker exploitation, Australia 86 7, 88, 89 Working Holiday Maker (WHM) programme, Australia 41 2, 44, 53, 55, 84, 87 8, 189 youth unemployment, Australia 154, 155, 156 Z-1 visas, US 27 Zavodny, M. 127, 128, 132, 136, 138, 139, 141