Alaskan Population Growth and Movements,

Transcription

1 ISEGR RESEARCH NOTE April 1975 Alaskan Population Growth and Movements, DANIEL A. ~ElVER SUSAN R. FISON 8J &4 S4A ::.4 2 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND GOVERNMENT RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA Fairbanks, Alaska

2 ) 1-i:) J 5:> ) Atf s lf lf e..~ Institute Research Notes are informal presentations of research data by institute staff or associates. The Research Notes format allows authors to present findings that may be of interest to scholars, industries, agencies, communities, or other groups in Alaska. Daniel A. Seiver is an assistant professor of population economics at the Institute of Social, Economic and Government Research at the University of Alaska. He holds a Ph.D. in economics from Yale University. Before joining the institute, he performed post doctoral research at Yale University's Economic Growth Center. Susan R. Fison is a senior research assistant at the institute and a graduate student in anthropology. This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation as a part of the Man in the Arctic Program. The Man in the Arctic Program is a long-range research effort intended to develop a basic understanding of the forces of changes in Alaska and to apply this understanding in dealing with the critical problems of social and economic development. The authors wish to express their appreciation to institute economists David. T. Kresge and George W. Rogers for their critical comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Any remaining errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. Victor Fischer, Director of the Institute Ronald Crowe, Editor

3 ~LASKAN POPULATION GROWTH AND MOVEMENTS, ~ By Daniel A.~iver Susan R. Fison

4 This discussion of Alaska's population uses the following demographic accounting indentity: (1) L':.P where L':.P B D MJ Mo (B - D) + (MI - M 0 ) change in a region's population in a time interval number of births in a region in the same interval number of deaths in a region in the same interval migration into the region in the same interval migration out of the region in the same interval. The excess of births over deaths is often referred to as "natural increase," and the difference between in-migration and out-migration is referred to as "net migration." Both natural increase and net migration have contributed substantially to Alaska's growth since statehood, although their relative importance may change in the future. These two factors are discussed below, both at the regional and state level, with distinctions made between the white and nonwhite population, and civilian and military population. Growth and change of the Alaska Native population is treated separately.

5 INTRODUCTION The growth and distribution of Alaska's population both reflects and causes economic trends in the state. Any forecast of the future of the Alaskan economy, or analysis of its recent growth, must take present and future population growth and distribution into account. The sections below review recent trends and changes in Alaska's population. NATURAL INCREASE Alaska has had, and continues to have, a crude rate of natural increase ([births-deaths] /total population X 1000) greater than any other state in the United States. This reflects both the highest crude birth rate (births/total population X 1000) and the lowest crude death rate (deaths/total population X 1000) in the United States.! Trends and differentials in these measures are discussed below. Fertility \"' The state's crude birth rate (CBR) declined from 33.2 in 1960 to 25.2 in 1970 (see Table 1). Comparable figures for the U.S. are 23.7 and Since 1970, the U.S. CBR has declined to 15.0, while the Alaskan CBR has declined to about Crude birth rates vary greatly within Alaska by region and race, and these differentials have changed dramatically in the period. For the state as a whole, fertility4 of both whites and nonwhites declined in the most recent decade, but the white-nonwhite differential decreased markedly as a result of a more rapid decline in the nonwhite CBR. Alaskan.Natives form the bulk of the nonwhite population, and Native fertility declined sharply in the period, as is noted below. The ratio of the nonwhite CBR to the white CBR for all Alaska declined from 1.57 in 1960 to 1.41 in This decline masks underlying regional changes. Unfortunately, regional birth rates are not reliable, and thus the differentials and trends in regional and racial fertility must be measured by fertility ratios, also known as child-woman ratios (CWR). This fertility ratio is simply the number of children aged 0 to 4 years in a region per thousand women aged 15 to 49 years. This ratio is essentially an "average" birth rate over a five-year period, controlling for the fact that birth rates are strongly influenced by the fraction of the total population that is female and fertile. 5 These fertility ratios by region and race appear in Tables 2 through 8. They show that nonwhite fertility in 1970 was higher than white fertility in all regions, although the ratio declined in all regions except Fairbanks 1 All members of the population do not have equal probabilities of giving birth or dying. The distribution of individuals by age, sex, and marital status, for example, will influence these crude rates. 2u.s. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, "Summary Report, Final Natality Statistics, 1971," Monthly Vital Statistics Report, June 7, 1974, p. 6. 3u.s. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, "Births, Marriages, Divorces, and Deaths for 1973," Monthly Vital Statistics Report, February 28, 1974, pp. 1 and 4. 4 As reflected by crude birth rates. Age-specific measures might alter the magnitudes but not the directions of change. 5cwR's, which actually measure "effective fertility," are distorted by infant mortality, which is higher for nonwhites than whites. Even with equal fertility, nonwhite CWR's would be 3 percent (1966) lower because of higher infant mortality. Fertility also varies greatly within the age group. Thus differences in crude CWR's may reflect differences in the distribution of women within the age group. As noted in the tables, the CWR's reported are standardized to control for this age distribution effect. 3

6 and Anchorage, where it was already close to 1.0. The 1970 ratios of nonwhite-to-white fertility varied from 1.67 in the Northwest to 1.05 in Fairbanks, a substantial reduction in range from the 1960's ratios of 1.86 (Northwest and Interior) to.963 (Anchorage.)6 White fertility in 1970 varied by region also, conforming to the standard rural-urban differentials long noted in the United States. 7 Anchorage and Fairbanks, the urban areas of the state, showed the largest percentage decline in white fertility (Fairbanks) and the lowest 1970 white CWR (Anchorage.) The nonwhite ratios are also lower in the urban regions of Anchorage and Fairbanks than in the rural Northwestern and Southwestern regions. The sharpest decline is in the Interior region, focus of delivery of family planning services in the mid-1960's.8 Most nonwhites in Alaska are Eskimos, Aleuts, and Indians. Fertility declines among these groups are in large part responsible for the declining nonwhite-white fertility ratio in the last decade. With caveats to be noted below, Figure 1 presents the trend in the Native crude birth rate (and crude death rate) from The two most notable features of the trend are the overall decline of the birth rate in and the temporary acceleration of the downward trend of This accelerated decline coincides with the introduction of modern birth control technology to many Native villages.9 The decline between 1960 and 1964 may reflect attempts by the Native population to reduce fertility without modern means. The 1970 bulge is mostly due to an increase in births (which rose 13 percent between 1969 and 1970) and partly due to substitution of a census count of population (1970) into a series of population estimates ( ).10 Either the population estimates did not allow for Native out-migration (see below) or the census underenumerated Natives, or both. In any case, re-estimation of the time series of population would reduce the size of the 1970 bulge only slightly. Regional variation in Native fertility in the period is well documented by Rogers.ll His estimates show declines in all regions of Alaska, but with the Southcentral region (including Anchorage) showing a persistently higher birth rate than any of the other regions.12 It is possible that this reflects the overallocation of births in the region to residents of the region, or underenumeration of residents.13 6Part of this variation may reflect differing proportions of Natives in the nonwhite population of regions. In particular, the Anchorage region has a substantial number of blacks in the nonwhite population, black fertility rates are closer to white than Native, and there was substantial migration of Natives to the Anchorage area. This accounts for the 1960 ratios below unity in 1960 and rising above unity in Clyde V. Kiser, Group Differences in Urban Fertility (Baltimore, 1942). SM. H. Dixon, Comparison of Communications Patterns Relating to Fertility Control in Four Health Care Systems in Interior Alaska, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1974, pp Ibid. 10 There is empirical evidence that some Eskimo and Aleut women discontinued use of ''the pill" in following adverse publicity in the national news media. In a number of cases, other contraceptive methods were not substituted. See Harlan D. Alpern, "Contraception and Abortion Among Aleuts and Eskimos in Alaska: A Demographic Studv," Journal of Reproductive Medicine, Vol. 7, No.5, 1971, pp llaeorge W. Rogers, "Alaskan Native Population Trends and Vital Statistics, ," ISEGR Research Note, November Rogers, Ibid., pp Tables 7 and 8 suggest Anchorage and Fairbanks have higher white fertility than any other regions, according to crude birth rates, while the standardized fertility ratios suggest the opposite. Given that women may go to "the city" to have a baby, a possible explanation is misallocation by residence. More likely, however, are variations In the age-sex distributions of the regional populations, which affect crude birth rates but not standardized fertility ratios. The nonwhite ratios overstate the differences between the urban and rural areas, since Alaska's Negroes are concentrated in Anchorage and Fairbanks, and have fertility similar to whites. 4

7 Mortality Alaska's crude death rate (CDR), the lowest in the United States, does not imply that Alaska has the healthiest or longest-lived population in the United States. The crude death rate reflects the abnormal age distribution in Alaska- a concentration of population in ages 15 to 34 where death rates are very low. Nonetheless, it can be seen in Table 1 that Alaska's CDR declined by 14.3 percent in the 1960's, with the nonwhite rate declining faster than the white, although it remained substantially above the white. Racial and regional comparisons of crude death rates are risky, considering the impact on such comparisons of the age structure. It is possible, however, to estimate, for 1960 and 1970, death rates by color for a variety of age groups, which can then be compared to the U.S. rates for the same age-color groups.14 Figure 2 shows the change between 1960 and 1970 in the ratio of the estimated death rates for Alaskan age-color groups to identical U.S. age-color groups.l5 Alaskan death rates fell relative to the U.S. in some age~color groups, particularly the young and middle-aged populations, probably reflecting improved health care delivery systems. However, there is a puzzling rise in the Alaskan relative death rate for ages 15 to 34; in fact, the U.S. rate for the category rose absolutely in the sixties, with the Alaskan rate rising much faster. The only explanation is an increase in deaths from nonnatural causes such as motor vehicle accidents and homicides. It is impossible to determine if there were regional differentials in this unfortunate trend. The death rate of the Native population is graphed in Figure 1. The trend is clearly downward, but at a moderate rate. The gap between the birth rate and the death rate has thus narrowed considerably, resulting in a slower rate of natural increase among the Natives. Summary Summarizing the major trends and differentials in vital rates in Alaska, , we note: Generally declining fertility among all groups and all regions of the state, with nonwhite fertility (particularly Native) declining faster, but still staying at a higher level than white. Persistent fertility differentials by region with the urbanized regions of Anchorage and Fairbanks having lower fertility than the rural Northwest and Southwest. Mortality declines in most regions and in some age-color groups for the state (with the notable exception of the 15 to 34-year-olds). Slowing rates of natural increase, as birth rates fall faster than death rates, for Natives and whites, and for all regions of Alaska. MIGRATION Migration within Alaska and interstate migration between Alaska and the "lower forty-eight" are important components of population growth and change. Referring back to 14 The unpublished raw 1970 data for Alaska and 1969 data for the U.S. were kindly made available to us by Michael J. Zugzda, U.S. Vital Statistics Division. 15 The U.S. rates are in fact 1969 rates; these rates change very slowly from year to year. 5

8 J , ' ' ' ' "'-"" BIRTH RATE \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ' ',--, ' I ' ' I ' ', I " 'I zo~ l.t TOTAL WHITE,... _ NONWHITE I Under I yr. yrs. AGE GROUPS Figure 1. Alaskan Native Birth and Death Rates, Figure 2. Ratios of Alaska-to-U.S. Death Rates by Age and Sex

9 our population equation, we can see that if one subtracts population growth due to natural increase (birth-deaths) from total population growth, the remainder (either positive or negative) represents net migration to or from a region. In-migration to a region accounts for a rate of population growth greater than the rate of natural increase. Out-migration from a region, conversely, accounts for a rate of growth slower than the rate of natural increase.. Military In past decades, military migration to Alaska was an important component of both net migration and total population increase. Table 1 shows that in the nineteen-sixties, however, military population actually declined (reflecting net out-migration) while the civilian population was swelled by net in~migration. The decreasing proportion of military population to total population and the decreasing importance of military migration flows in total migration reflect the declining role of the military in the Alaskan economy. The actual size of the military population, however, is still substantial; thus, a discussion of Alaska's military population precedes a general discussion of migration. Table 1 documents the declining importance of the military population: while total population grew from 226,167 to 300,382, military population declined absolutely. It declined further after 1970 to an estimated 26,500 in 1973, while civilian population rose to 300, The military is still very unevenly spread over Alaska, with substantial numbers in Anchorage and Fairbanks, and a sizeable number in Southwest Alaska relative to total Southwest population. In spite of declining importance in total numbers, military in-migration and out-migration are important components of total migration, because the military population "turns over" at a more rapid rate than the civilian population. Of the 31,425 individuals enumerated in Alaska in the armed forces in 1970, 24,501 (78.0 percent) had resided in other states of the U.S. in 1965, and only 5.0 percent (1,563) had definitely resided in Alaska in 1965; the remainder were either abroad in 1965 or moved without reporting their 1965 residence.l7 Of the 33,017 individuals in the armed forces in Alaska in 1965, only 2,252 (6.8 percent) were still in the state in These measures-understate total in- and out-migration since there were no doubt many armed forces personnel arriving in Alaska after 1965 and departing before Nonetheless the data indicate almost a complete turnover of the military population in a five-year period. Civilian Civilian net migration to Alaska during overwhelmed the military out-migration in the period. Estimates of civilian migration by color appear in Table 1, showing an actual out-migration of nonwhites more than offset by white net in-migration. The estimate of net nonwhite out-migration is computed as a residual from equation (1). State-of-birth by state-of-residence data for the U.S. and Alaska, 1960 and 1970, show a substantial ( 4,000-5,000 persons) net migration by nonwhites to the "lower forty-eight. " u.s. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Number 520, July u.s. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Mobility for States and the Nation," 1970 Census of Population, Subject Reports, PC(2}-2B, Table Jbid.,Table u.s. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "State of Birth," 1960 Census of Population, Subject Reports, PC(2)-2A, Tables 21 and 22; and "State of Birth," 1970 Census of Population, Subject Reports, PC(2)-2A, Tables

10 Net civilian migration to Alaska in the period was much less important as a source of population growth than was natural increase. For the white population, however, net migration still accounted for over a third of civilian population increase. For nonwhites, a more rapid rate of natural increase was offset partly by net out-migration. The preponderant role of natural increase in population growth was already being reversed in the period, based on preliminary data from the Census Bureau.20 Net civilian migration in the period totalled 16,000, just equal to net civilian natural increase. The amount of net migration represents the difference between two much larger streams of in-migration and out-migration. Although the civilian population does not "turn-over" in five years as does the armed forces population, civilian migration rates are still high. In the United States, 4 7 percent of the population changed residence in the quinquennium, while 69.8 percent (highest in the U.S.) of Alaskans changed residence. In the United States, 25.4 percent of the population were living in states other than states of birth, while in Alaska 59.3 percent (second highest in U.S.) of the resident population was born in another state.21 Migration to and from.alaska, and within Alaska, varies greatly by age, color, and sex. Tables 9 through 11 show the mobility status of Alaskan residents in 1970 by age and sex for the total white and nonwhite non-negro (essentially Native) population. These data represent mobility patterns over the years as reported by the U.S. Census.22 Striking differences in mobility abound by age, sex, and color. Of particular interest are the differences in mobility between whites and Natives. Among whites, only 23.2 percent of all moves were within a county (census division), while 47.0 percent of Native moves were within a county. Relative percentages of interstate moves tell the same story: 8.1 percent for Natives, 47.5 percent for whites. Overall, whites are more mobile than Natives, and the stylized picture of whites migrating between Alaska and the "lower forty-eight" while Natives move within the state, is supported by these data. Age and sex differentials are also pronounced. One commonly finds that young adults are more likely to migrate than are other age groups. Tables 9 through 11 show this pattern with moving percentages peaking in the 20-to-29-year age groups. The higher female peak may reflect a higher propensity of young women to migrate; in the "total" and "white" cases, this higher female figure must be partly caused by military wives being counted while their husbands were subtracted from the male totals. A portion of the 20-to-29-year age group peak may also represent education-induced migration. Shorter-distance moves (intracounty and interstate) predominate among the older age groups, suggesting the deterrent effect of distance is stronger on these groups. Migration has an obvious impact on rates of regional population growth. The influence of both intrastate and interstate migration by regions is shown in Tables 2 through 8, which contain estimates of net migration by region by color for The nonwhite population has been migrating in substantial numbers from the Northwestern, Southwestern, and Southeastern regions, with Anchorage the lone region showing net nonwhite in-migration. It is probably true that the net migration to Anchorage is 20u.s.D.C., Current Population Reports, July U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "General Social and Economic Characteristics," 1970 Census of Population, U.S. Summary, PC(1)-C1, Table 143 and PC(2)-2A, p.6. 22u.s. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Detailed Characteristics," 1970 Census of Population, Alaska; PC(1)-D3, Table 145. Tabulations of residence in 1970 for 1965 clearly understate the amount of mobility: many individuals will move several times in a five-year period. While mobility status of a population roughly measures the quantity and distribution of interstate migration to Alaska, it conveys no information abo:ut migration from Alaska to other states. 8

11 understated, since Anchorage births are overstated, as noted above. Considering the deterrent effect of distance on migration, Native migration to the U.S. Pacific region or Canada is probably a sizeable portion of Southeast's out-migration. Fairbanks no doubt had net in-migration over the period, with overstatement of births accounting for the small negative estimate. This apparent trend of "urbanization" of the Native population may have an impact on Native life as far-~eaching as was initial contact with whites. The white population is also becoming more urbanized. Table 6 shows that Anchorage's civilian white population grew almost as rapidly from migration as from natural increase, without correcting for the overstatement of births to Anchorage residents. Given census data on interstate migration to Alaska, it is quite likely that a large portion of white migration to Anchorage is from the "lower forty-eight." The Southcentral region surrounding Anchorage has also grown rapidly because of migration. Fairbanks data, on the other hand, show a puzzling out-migration by whites in.contrast to Southcentral in-migration.23 Migration flows in the sixties have dramatically altered the distribution of Alaska's white and nonwhite population, with urbanization heavily weighted toward the Anchorage-Southcentral regions. Summary We can summarize the major points of the migration discussion as follows: Alaskan population growth during was not primarily the result of net migration to the state, although gross migration flows were much larger than the net figure. Alaskan mobility is particularly skewed by color, with the Native population migrating internally and the white population moving interstate. Young adults have been the most mobile, as is true elsewhere. The pattern of intrastate and interstate migration during has markedly changed the regional distribution of population, with both nonwhites and whites concentrating in the Anchorage-Southcentral urbanized regions. This pattern of growth and mobility took place during a continued declme of the highly mobile armed forces population. 2 3 The latest population estimates for Alaskan Census divisions suggest this out-migration continued in the period. See U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Number 531, October

12 } Table 1 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN ALASKA STATEWIDE ALL RACES WHITE NONWHITE Population 226, ,382a +74, , , , % +35.6% 51,621 63, , % 1-' 0 Military Personnel Civilian Population 32,680 31,425-1,255 29,889 28,209-1, % -5.6% 193, , , , , , % +44.2% 2,791 3, % 48,830 60, , % Births Birth Rate (per 1000) Fertility Ratio 7,518 7, ,072 5,133 5, , % % % % 2,385 2, , % % Deaths Death Rate (per 1000) -1,265-1,431-13, , % % , % Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase (%) 6,253 6, ,763 4,309 4, , % % 1,944 1, , % Net Migration +16, ,405-5,953 Net Civilian Migration +17, ,085-6,378 a uncorrected Census Count. Sources: U.S. Census of Population 1960 and 1970, State of Alaska; General Population Characteristics, Detailed Characteristics, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services; Alaskan Births by Race and Election District, Alaskan Deaths by Race and Election District ( ).

13 Table 2 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN ALASKA NORTHWESTERN REGION ALL RACES WHITE NONWHITE Population 11,784 12,846a +1,062 2,289 2, % -9.6% 9,495 10,777 +1, % 1-' 1-' Military Personnel Civilian Population % -52.1% 11,037 12,482 +1,445 1,646 1, % +7.0% % 9,391 10,721 +1, % Births Birth Rate (per 1000) Standardized Fertility Ratiob , % % 1, % % , % 1, % Deaths Death Rate (per 1000) % % % Natural Increase. Rate of Natural Increase(%) , % % , % Net Migration -2, ,643 Net Civilian Migration -1, ,595 auncorrected Census Count. bstandardized by the Statewide number of under five offspring per woman in five-year age groups.

14 j Table 3 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN ALASKA SOUTHWESTERN REGION ALL RACES WHITE NONWHITE Population 21,001 26,491 a +5,490 6,381 8,719 +2, % +36.6% 14,620 17,772 +3, % ~!:>:) Military Personnel Civilian Population 3,300 4,647 +1,347 3,087 4,275 +1, % +38.5%. 17,701 21,844 +4,143 3,294 4,444 +1, % +34.9% % 14,407 17,400 +2, % Births Birth Rate (per 1000) Standardized Fertility Ratiob , , % % % % , % 1, % Deaths Death Rate (per 1000) , % % , % Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase (%) , % % , % Net Migration ,562-1,892 Net Civilian Migration -1, ,051 auncorrected Census Count. bstandardized by the Statewide number of under five offspring per woman in five-year age groups.

15 Table 4 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN ALASKA SOUTHEASTERN REGION

16 j Table 5 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN ALASKA SOUTHCENTRAL MINUS ANCHORAGE ALL RACES WHITE NONWHITE :- l Population 26,018 37,459a +11,441 22,158 32, , % +46.3% 3,860 5, ' % 1-' *"" Military Personnel Civilian Population 2,907 2, ,768 1, % -29.2% 23,111 35, ,238 19,390 30, , % +57.1% % 3,721 4,883 +1, % Births Birth Rate (per 1000) Standardized Fertility Ratiob , , % % % % , % % Deaths Death Rate (per 1000) , , % % Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase(%) , , % % , % Net Migration +6,198 +6, Net Civilian Migration +6,995 +7, auncorrected Census Count. bstandardized by the Statewide nu~ber of under five offspring per woman in five-year age groups.

17 Table 6 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN ALASKA ANCHORAGE ALL RACES WHITE NONWHITE Population 82, ,542a +41,709 76, , , % +47.5% 6,258 11,577 +5, % f--.1 Ol Military Personnel Civilian Population 14,276 12,884-1,392 13,134 11,591-1, % -11.7% 68, , , , , , % +59.8% 1,142 1, % 5,116 10,284 +5, % Births Birth Rate (per 1000) Standardized Fertility Ratiob 2,934 3, ,247 2,592 2, , % % % % , % % Deaths Death Rate (per 1000) , , % % Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase (%) 2,631 2,797 24,695 2,314 2,361 21, % % , % Net Migration +17, ,044 +1,970 Net Civilian Migration +18, ,587 +1,819 a uncorrected Census Count. bstandardized by the Statewide number of under five offspring per woman in five-year age groups.

18 Table 7 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN ALASKA INTERIOR MINUS FAIRBANKS ALL RACES WHITE NONWHITE Population 5,716 6,436a , % +24,3% 3,272 3, % 1-' 0") Military Personnel Civilian Population % -21.4% 4,820 5, ,628 2, % +47.2% % 3,192 3, % Births Birth Rate (per 1000) Standardized Fertility Ratiob , % % 1, % % , % 1, % Deaths Death Rate (per 1000) % % % Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase(%) ; % % % Net Migration Net Civilian Migration auncorrected Census Count. bstandardized by the Statewide number of under five offspring per woman in five-year age groups.

19 Table 8 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE IN AlASKA 1950,70 FAIRBANKS All RACES WHITE NONWHITE Population 43,412 50,043a +6,631 39,345 44,351 +5, % +12.7% 4,067 5,692 +1,625 :+-40.0% 1-"" " Military Personnel Civilian Population 9,946 9, ,869 8, % -1.4% 33,466 40,212 +6,746 30,476 35,607 +5, % +16,8% 1,077 1, % 2,990 4,605 +1, % Births Birth Rate {per 1000) Standardized Fertility Ratiob 1,457 1, , 120 1,262 1, , % % % % , % % Deaths Death Rate {per 1000) , , % % % Natural Increase Rate of Natural Increase (%) 1,263 1, ,334 1,096 1,087 +9, % % , % Net Migration -4,703-4, Net Civilian Migration -4,588-4, a uncorrected Census Count. bstandardized by the Statewide number of under five offspring per woman in five-year age groups.

20 j Table 9 RESIDENCE IN 1965 OF ALASKA'S TOTAL POPULATION FIVE YEARS OLD AND OVER BY SEX AND AGE 'I Total Nonmovers Moved, Residence Popuiation Same House Total Movers: I ntracou nty Intrastate Interstate Abroad Not Reported Age Groups By Age as in 1965 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percen1 MALES,* 5 Years old and over 115,511 37,188 78, , , , , , ,858 5,158 13, , , , , ,348 5,773 11, , , , , ,763 4,519 7, , , , ,530 1,495 6, , , ,016 1,261 8, , , , ,854 1,840 7, , , ,554 2,195 5, , , ,398 2,958 5, , , ,541 3,096 4, , , years and over 17,709 8,893 8, , , , , FEMALES, 5 Years old and over 121,668 34,513 87, , , , , , ,417 4,927 13, , , , , ,288 5,498 10, , , , , ,603 4,252 8, , , , , ,438 1,445 11, , , , ,591 1,281 11, , , , ,446 1,945 8, , , ,048 2,367 6, , , ,861 3,027 4, , , ,768 2,645 4, , , years and over 14,208 7,126 7, , , , *Less males 15 years old and over in Armed Forces in Sources: U.S. Census, 1970: Alaska, Detailed Characteristics; Mobility for States and the Nation (Special Report).

21 Table 10 RESIDENCE IN 1965 OF ALASKA'S WHITE POPULATION FIVE YEARS OLD AND OVER BY SEX AND AGE Total Non movers Moved, Residence Population Same House Total Movers: I ntracounty Intrastate Interstate Abroad Not Reported Age Groups By Age as in 1965 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent MALES,* 5 Years old and over 90,686 24,166 66, , , , , , ,005 2,761 11, , , , ,083 3, , , , ,890 2,914 5, , , , , , ' 1, , , , , , , ,184 1,072 6, , , ' ,247 1,524 4, , , c.o ,074 2,237 4, , , ,333 2,370 3, , , years and over 14,070 6,634 7, , , , , FEMALES, 5 Years old and over 95,512 22,286 73, , , , , , ,726 2,863 10, , i 5, , ,011 3,151 8, , , , ,377 2,586 6, , , , , , , , , , , , ,515 1,228 7, , , , ,388 1,606 5, , , , ,446 2,245 4, , , , , , , Years and over 11,115 5,158 5, , , ' 1.0 1, *Less males 15 years old and over in Armed Forces in 1970.

22 j Table 11 RESIDENCE IN 1965 OF ALASKA'S NONWHITE, NONNEGRO POPULATION FIVE YEARS OLD AND OVER BY SEX AND AGE Total Non movers Moved, Residence Population Same House Total Movers: lntracounty Intrastate Interstate Abroad Not Reported Age Groups By Age as in 1965 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent MALES,* 5 Years old and olier; 23,117 12,636 10, , , , ,370 2,371 1, ' 3,951 2,375 1, ,719 1,573 1, , , , , !:...:> , , , years and over 3,345 2,111 1, FEMALES, 5 Years old and over 23,017 11,706 11, , , ,088 1,976 2, ,883 2,261 1, ,989 1,625 1, , , , , , , years and over 2,903 1,879 1, *Less males 15 years old and over in Armed Forces in