Japan s International Cooperation

Transcription

1 s International Cooperation For the future of the world and the planet is carrying out cooperation through funding and technology in order to contribute to economic and social development and improved welfare in developing. The number of recipient and regions has grown to about 16. CONTENTS Global Issues There are 1.1 billion people in the world living on US$1. or less per day...2 Partnership Why does provide assistance?...4 Performance provides assistance to about 16 and regions...6 Case Studies s international cooperation (case examples)...8 Case 1: Transmission of s knowledge and technology Case 2: Collaboration with private companies Case 3: Actors in s international cooperation (1) Case 4: Actors in s international cooperation (2) Topics s assistance shown on currencies and stamps of foreign..12 Ministry of Foreign Affairs

2 lobal Issues There are 1.1 billion people in the w are where people are suffering from hunger and poverty, and are unable to get enough food and potable water or cannot receive sufficient education and medical care. People living in these account for over 8% of the world s population (approximately 6.6 billion people). We constantly have food, water, and clothing around us, and we walk to school or commute by car to work on paved roads. We take these for granted. Nevertheless, viewing this from a global perspective, this way of living is by no means normal. In fact, around 15 of the approximately 19 in the world are still developing which have fallen behind in industrial and technological development. In these, there are many people who have to live on only around 1 to 2 yen per day % 53.4% Over 99% Adult literacy rate (Age 15 and above / ) Least developed Source: UNDP Human Development Report 27 For example, in Bangladesh... In Bangladesh in southwest Asia, 48% of men and 7% of women are illiterate. The proportion of illiterate adults is even higher in rural areas, and is a major impediment to work, especially for women Population not using an improved water source 21% 41% Least developed % (24) Source: UNDP Human Development Report 27 For example, in Mali... Mali in Africa, which is mostly covered by desert, is faced with chronic water shortages. Over half of the people in the country are using unsanitary water, and as a result, many people are suffering from illnesses of the stomach, eyes, skin, and so forth. Under-five mortality rate people (Per 1, people / 25) 153 people Least developed 4 people Source: UNDP Human Development Report 27 For example, in Cambodia... In Cambodia, a civil war continued for 3 years, and as a result there is a shortage of hospitals and doctors. There is thus a high mortality rate for children, and approximately one in 1 children dies by the age of five. 2

3 orld living on US$1. or less per day Countries particularly behind in development* * These are called least developed, and there are 5 such. (The map is a sketch and does not reflect the precise current status of national borders and so forth.) Secondary enrollment rate Probability at birth of surviving to age (Proportion of school-age children / 25) 53% 27% Least developed 1% (Males / 2-25) 62.6% 44.3% 86.1% Least developed 1 7.3% 49.9% (Females / 2-25) 93.1% Least developed Source: UNDP Human Development Report 27 Source: UNDP Human Development Report 27 Source: UNDP Human Development Report 27 For example, in Guatemala... In Guatemala in Latin America, only three in 1 children are able to advance to junior high school. The situation is even more severe in rural areas, which have fallen behind in the development of transportation, and there are students who enter junior high school but quit along the way because of transportation difficulties. For example, in Zambia... In Sub-Saharan Africa, where there are many persons infected with AIDS, there is a high rate of adult mortality, and the probability that a male will live to age 65 is only 37.8%. The average life expectancy is only 39 years in Zambia, where there are said to be several tens of thousands of children who have lost their parents due to AIDS. 3

4 artnership Why does provide Affluent offer a helping hand to needy. does not provide assistance for only this reason. focuses on the various issues which are troubling developing in order to protect the future of the planet and world peace and to support the future of itself. Total amount of imports US$579.3 billion Rice and developing mutually support each other, as one of the most economically and industrially developed in the world, maintains a stable way of life by exporting various products and technologies overseas. Nevertheless, covers its needs by importing from developing a large amount of its raw materials such as oil and wood, as well as resources and energy resources, which serve as a basis for industry, and food and clothing and so forth, which are necessary for daily life. Thus, s providing assistance to these important developing country partners and making improvements to the environment for trade and investment through assistance is not only of use in improving living circumstances in the respective, but is also essential for supporting the safety and prosperity of based on the stability and development of developing. Proportion of goods imported from developing 48.3% US$279.6 billion Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Calculated based on 26 trade trend data set We also rely on imports for much of our day-to-day diet Tourism, electronic products, automobiles, motorcycles, machinery, factories, animation was also helped by the world in the past After the end of World War II, a large amount of assistance from foreign helped to successfully recover from the devastation of the war. For example, the United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) used approximately 6.5 billion yen, in terms of the money at that time, to donate school meals and medicine for the children of. Furthermore, the Tokaido Shinkansen, Tomei Expressway, Kurobe No. 4 Dam, and so forth were constructed with loans from the World Bank. Green tea 12 4 Oden (ese hotchpotch) Curry and rice Nikujaga (ese meat and potato stew) Ramen (Chinese-style noodles) Import dependency rate (%) Source: created based on the Food Balance Sheet of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

5 assistance? Overseas study, food products, industrial products, clothing, wood, oil, natural gas Official Development Assistance Charter The Official Development Assistance Charter (ODA Charter), which was approved by the Cabinet in August 23, was made to boost the strategic value, mobility, transparency, and efficiency of ODA and promote widespread public participation. The Charter states that the objective of providing ODA is to contribute to the peace and development of the international community, and thereby to help ensure s own security and prosperity, and it positions efforts through ODA as the best policy for the peaceful nation of to win the sympathy of the international community. Global warming is an issue which will have a major impact on our lives, and the international community needs to unite in addressing it. In May 27, announced the Invitation to Cool Earth 5 proposal regarding climate change. In the proposal, set forth three principles, including halving the global volume of greenhouse gas emissions, which are the cause of global warming, by 25 and creating a framework for climate control measures for 213 onwards (note 1). In January 28, presented the Cool Earth Promotion Programme. This consists of the three pillars of: (1) a framework for 213 and beyond, (2) international environmental cooperation, and (3) technological innovation. In regard to international environmental cooperation, proposed building a new US$1 billion funding mechanism (Cool Earth Partnership), and using this to support developing which are working to balance the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth. This is thus a policy that will promote support in the areas of: (1) reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, (2) Building a better future for the planet s efforts in regard to the climate change issue As globalization progresses, there still exist on this planet many issues such as poverty, famine, racial and religious confrontations and conflicts, terrorism, the repression of freedom, human rights and democracy, and gender gaps, and are intertwined in a complex manner. More than a few of these issues such as global warming and other environmental issues and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS go beyond national borders and pose a major threat to humanity as problems on a global scale,. From the perspective of human security (see note) as well, it is necessary for the and people of the world to work together to address these issues. This also serves as a major pillar of the reasons why is providing assistance. (Note) Human security is the concept of aiming to build a society in which each person can live a dignified life, through placing people at the center and enhancing the protection and capabilities of individuals and regional societies which are potentially exposed to threats or are currently under threat. provides development assistance based on this perspective. responding to the negative effects of climate change, and (3) promoting the use of clean energy sources. (Note 1) The framework for 213 and beyond is a framework for after the first commitment period (targeted period (28-212) stipulated as the initial phase for efforts to reduce greenhouse gases) set forth in the Kyoto Protocol (note 2). A framework for after 212 is not stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol. (Note 2) The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement aimed at preventing global warming that was adopted at a third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in It sets forth a goal of having developed reduce greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible during a first commitment period of 28 through 212. has set a goal of reducing its volume of emissions by 6% from 28 through 212 based on the level in

6 erformance provides assistance to about In order to contribute to economic and social development and improved welfare in developing, is carrying out cooperation through funding and technology. This type of cooperation is called official development assistance (ODA), and is carried out in various forms in about 16 and regions in collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The of the world have high expectations regarding, which assists development of developing and works to resolve global issues. Proactively responding to these expectations will cultivate trust in and enhance its presence in the international community, and bring benefits to itself in various forms. Wide-ranging forms of ODA s ODA takes various forms, including providing funding and technologies to particular and providing assistance to large numbers of via international organizations. gives careful consideration to the circumstances of the recipient, and chooses methods that correspond to wishes and needs of those. 26 2, s record in ODA by type Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Note 1) Totals may not be consistent due to rounding. (Note 2) Excludes record regarding Eastern Europe and where ODA has been completed. 44 2, 459 4, 6, Net expenditure 342 8, 1, , Total: 13,22 14, 1 million yen Government loans, etc. Donations and contributions to international organizations, etc. Technical cooperation Grant aid ODA Forms of ODA Directly cooperating with recipient country Cooperating through international organizations such as the United Nations Donation This is assistance for particularly needy and so forth that does not need to be returned. Government loans, etc. This is assistance in which funds are lent at low interest rates (yen loans). Technical cooperation passes on its technologies so that developing can become self-reliant. dispatches experts, or receives persons from developing for training in. Grant aid provides the necessary funds mainly in areas such as health care and education. The recipient use the funds to build schools and hospitals and import food. 6

7 16 and regions To respond to the expectations of the world s record in ODA (based on net expenditure) was in first place in the world for 1 consecutive years from 1991 through 2, but the United States took first place in 21, and dropped to third place behind the United Kingdom in 26. This is the first time for to hold third place or lower since 1982, 24 years ago. Looking at the proportion of ODA in terms of economic scale, is in 18th place out of the 22 developed, and looking at the amount of expenditure per capita, is in 17th place among these. Europe.7% Oceania 1.% Latin America 5.9% Middle East 14.3% s record in ODA by region (bilateral) Others 15.7% Total US$7,313,9, 26 Africa 35.% As for s budget for ODA, it has dropped approximately 4% relative to its peak in FY1997. Nevertheless, it is important to proactively provide ODA in response to the expectations of the world despite domestic economic and financial difficulties. As a result, such efforts help gain international community s trust which brings benefits to itself in various forms. Asian account for the majority of the approximately 16 and regions receiving ODA, and thus this region can be seen as is an important partner for. (US$ million) 3, 25, 2, Records in ODA of leading donor nations United States France Germany Italy United Kingdom Canada 23,532 Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Note 1) Totals may not be consistent due to rounding. (Note 2) Excludes records regarding Eastern Europe and where ODA has been completed. First place Second place Third place Ratio of Norway ODA relative Sweden Luxembourg Netherlands to GNI 1.3%.89%.81% First place Second place Third place Amount of contribution Luxembourg Norway Sweden per capita US$632. US$631.2 US$434.1 (Note) definite values for 26 Asia 27.4% 18th place.25% 17th place US$87.6 Source: DAC statistics 15, 1, 9,358 5, 1,64 12,163 13,58 9,847 9,283 8,88 8,922 13, (Source) OECD and DAC (Calendar year) (Note) Excludes record regarding Eastern Europe and where ODA has been completed. 12,459 11,187 1,61 1,435 3,641 3,684 7

8 ase Studies s international cooperation (case examples) Characteristics of s assistance has provided assistance to developing over the past more than 5 years. The concept of s ODA, which has been shaped based on its experience, is to contribute to economic and social development in developing through eliciting the strength of the people in these by passing on s knowledge and technologies. In order for developing to continue growing economically, it is essential that the developing themselves independently take responsibility for their future and work for their development based on the efforts of their own people. This is clear from s own history. In order to support the self-help efforts of these developing, is providing assistance through various approaches in response to the needs of these Overseas Cooperation Volunteers is a project conducted by the International Cooperation Agency (JICA) which dispatches young people seeking to make use of their skills, knowledge, and experience for people in developing. Thus far, a total of 3,816 ese people have engaged in international cooperation activities as volunteers in 82 throughout the world. Currently, 2,542 young ese people (996 men and 1,576 women) are active in 77. There are also an increasing number of ese people who are active throughout the world as experts and senior volunteers. (The above figures are as of November 27.) JICA also receives trainees from overseas with the objective of deepening the knowledge of young people of developing, who will play a role in future nation-building, through training in specialized fields and, including bilateral assistance, assistance via international organizations, and assistance in collaboration with NGOs. Simply giving funds or goods is not enough. Human resource building is also important as an element that supports the self-help efforts of developing. will pass on its technologies and knowledge, which have been developed based on its own history and experience to date, while experts work hard together with the people of developing. ese people active in the world ( Overseas Cooperation Volunteers) deepening mutual understanding through exchanges with young ese people in the same fields. As of 26, 31,428 young people are expected to have come to. These people learn a great deal in so that they will be of help in nation-building after they return to their country. Latin America region 638 people Africa region 887 people Europe region 83 people Asia region 542 people Oceania region 231 people Middle East region 161 people 8

9 Case 1 Indonesia Protecting the health of mothers and children (spreading maternal and child health handbooks) In Indonesia, there is a high rate of maternal and infant mortality relative to other in the area (the maternal mortality rate is 226 per 1, people, and the infant mortality rate is 42 per 1, people. In, the maternal mortality rate is three per 1, people, and the infant mortality rate is nine per 1, people), and there is a need for better quality health care for pregnant women and improved maternal and child health services. In response, has developed and distributed the Maternal and Child Health Handbook in Indonesia, based on the example of s maternal and child health handbook system, and it has carried out cooperation through passing on know-how regarding health care for mothers and children via the handbook. Case 2 Vietnam Phu My 2 Power Plant Transmission of s knowledge and technology Based on this cooperation, the maternal and child health handbook system has become accepted among the people of Indonesia. In 23, it spread to twothirds of the provinces of Indonesia, and 1 million copies have come to be distributed each year. Currently activities are being carried out to create and spread country-specific maternal and child health handbooks for the Philippines, Mexico, Thailand, Ghana, Palestine, and so forth. Collaboration with private companies Phu My Power Plant Project In order to achieve development, an increasingly important role is being played not only by official financial assistance (i.e. ODA) for recipient, but also other official flows (OOF*) and private-sector funding. In particular, the development of infrastructure and its maintenance require huge amounts of funding, and there is thus a need for the public and private sectors to cooperate while dividing roles with private-sector funding and so forth. In Vietnam, there is an increasing demand for electrical power in Ho Chi Minh City and other southern areas, and in order to respond to this, the Government of and private-sector companies have worked together to construct and operate thermal power plants. Specifically, the Government of lent the necessary money to construct a thermal power plant (Phu My 1), electrical power lines, and related facilities, and private-sector companies of borrowed approximately 3 billion yen of official funding from governments other than the Government of to construct and operate thermal power plants (Phu My 2 and Phu My 3). * Other official flows (OOF) are flows of government funds to developing which are by definition not recognized as ODA. Phu My 1 Power Plant 9

10 ase Studies ; s international cooperation (case examples) Actors in s international cooperation (1) Case 3 Niger School for All Project Niger is one of the neediest in the world. Persons living on US$2. or less per day account for 85.5% of the population, and the proportion of children who are able to receive primary school education is 54% (26), the lowest level in the world. The main reason for this is said to be a lack of schools, as well as insufficient understanding among community residents and parents regarding education. The government of Niger established school management committees and attempted to deepen public understanding of schools by eliciting the participation of residents, but many committees were not functioning adequately. The School for All Project was then started with the cooperation of. It was decided that JICA experts, serving as chief advisors in this project, would first of all choose the members of the school management committees in elections. As a result, the interest of the residents in school operation increased. School action plans were then adopted in which the residents themselves identify and analyze issues related to schools, and discuss solutions and so forth. Now, the school management committees take the initiative in school management and carried out activities such as assisting residents to construct classrooms and purchasing teaching materials which are lacking. The government of Niger, hoping to spread these initiatives across the country, has decided to deploy the School for All Project at 9, elementary schools nationwide with funding from the World Bank. Chief Advisor Hara (left) (photograph provided by JICA) Logo mark of School for All Project

11 Case 4 Mexico Actors in s international cooperation (2) Technical assistance for the Cooperative Producers Union Maya Vinic Mexico is a major producer of coffee beans. In the past, the government purchased all of the coffee beans, but the system changed and government s buyback was abolished. As a result, the incomes of producers have become unstable. The producers then gathered together and formed cooperative union to develop products and carry out sales. The Cooperative Producers Union Maya Vinic is one of these cooperative unions. The Cooperative Producers Union Maya Vinic, which was organized in 1999, independently created sales routes and carried out domestic sales of roasted beans and foreign exports of raw beans based on fair trade, but it faced various problems arising from insufficient production facilities and a lack of experience. The Keio University Professor Junichi Yamamoto Fair Trade Project (Keio FTP) was launched in 23 as a result of the professor meeting with the director of the cooperative union, and research on fair trade and local surveys began. Beginning in 26, technical support has been carried out through a support system of JICA. The project is aimed at enhancing the quality of the coffee beans, improving quality control, and boosting knowledge and sales ability with regard to coffee. Currently the upgrading of facilities is progressing, and the union members themselves have made progress and have come to tackle issues on their own. Plans are also underway to export coffee beans to the United States and. The activities of the project are still being carried out today toward achieving the ultimate goal of having the producers of Mexico operate their unions on their own and the union members becoming economically independent. General meeting of the Cooperative Producers Union Maya Vinic Fair trade is a mechanism for supporting sustainable life improvements for producers by continuously trading at fair prices crops and products produced in developing. Keio FTP general meeting and meeting of officers. Organizer Professor Yamamoto is on the far left. (Photograph provided by Keio FTP) A

12 opics s assistance shown on currencies and stamps of foreign Appreciation for s assistance is expressed by the people of developing in various forms. Some of these are introduced below. Stamps in China commemorating a human resource development project in Yunnan Province is carrying out support for the development of human resources through yen loans (see note) to 22 universities in inland China. Improvements are being made to higher education in inland China through constructing and maintaining school buildings, libraries, laboratories, and so forth and having Chinese university personnel train and study in. As of the end of September 27, 2,9 Chinese teachers have received training at universities and so forth in. The commemorative stamps show photographs of school buildings and facilities that have been constructed and maintained and states: May the friendship between the people of China and continue for many years to come. (Note) s new grants of yen loans to China ended in 27. Stamps in Ghana commemorating the 12th anniversary of the birth of Dr. Hideyo Noguchi Ghana is the country in which Dr. Hideyo Noguchi conducted research on yellow fever and was struck down by the disease. The Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research is a central institute for medical research in Ghana which bears the name of Dr. Noguchi. It was established in 1979 with grant aid (total of 3.26 billion yen) from. has carried out technical cooperation with the institute for more than 2 years, and it has contributed the development of human resources in the field of medical research. Cambodia s 1, riel bill (project for improvement of National Road Route 6 and Route 7) The National Road Route 6 and Route 7 are arterial roads connecting Cambodian capital Phnom Penh and major city Kampong Cham have had safety problems until now, and it took five to six hours to travel. The roads were improved, however, with grant aid (total of billion yen from 1996 through 1999) from. The safety of the roads changed dramatically and the time required to travel them was reduced to two hours. For open ODA With the domestic economic situation becoming increasingly severe, s ODA is now about to undergo significant changes. In order to realize more proactive and effective assistance, it is necessary to create a flexible, high-quality mechanism that reflects the wisdom and feelings of each ese person and enables people to take action together with the government. Currently reforms to ODA are being advanced based on the key ideas of public participation, ensuring transparency, and improving efficiency. The results will be seen in world peace and stability and the trust of the international community in. For more information on s international cooperation, please visit the..... Ministry of Foreign Affairs ODA website International Cooperation Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Tel: (main line) A wide range of opinions regarding ODA policies are welcomed. Please send an to oda@mofa.go.jp. Created May 22 Reprinted October 23 Revised April 28 Photographs provided by International Cooperation Agency (JICA), United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF), Kyodo News, Miwa Kudo, Yasuyuki Ebata B