Disaster Management Around the World. International and Comparative Approaches to Disasters and Disaster Assistance

Transcription

1 Disaster Management Around the World International and Comparative Approaches to Disasters and Disaster Assistance

2 Class Overview Disaster Presentations Brief Review Today s Readings Disaster Management Around the World International Approaches Country Approaches Conclusion

3 Brief Review A Short History of What We Discussed Last Class

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5 The Making of Federal Disaster Assistance Shouldering the Burden: Federal Assumption of Disaster Cost Rutherford B. Platt Disaster Relief Act of 1950: threshold in national policy making from an era of disinterest to federal involvement [T]he first permanent and general disaster law passed by Congress for an orderly and continuing method of rendering assistance to the states and local governments (p. 12) Rep. Harold Hagen (R-MN) Sought to relieve the financial burdens of repairing roads and bridges in recent Red River floods

6 Federal Disaster Relief Act of 1970 Shouldering the Burden: Federal Assumption of Disaster Cost Rutherford B. Platt This bill establishes a permanent, comprehensive program to extend emergency relief and necessary assistance to individuals, organizations, businesses, and States and local communities suffering from major disasters. President Richard Nixon (R )

7 From FDAA to FEMA Shouldering the Burden: Federal Assumption of Disaster Cost Rutherford B. Platt From 1974 to 1979, the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration oversaw federal disaster management within the Dept. of Housing & Urban Development. From 1979 to the present, the Federal Emergency Management Agency has overseen planning and preparedness efforts.

8 The Original Concept of Federal Assistance Shouldering the Burden: Federal Assumption of Disaster Cost Rutherford B. Platt According to Platt, federal disaster assistance in the United States was intended to have three main principals. Limited Scope (resources, food/medicine, property, repairs) Supplementary (disasters beyond state & local capability) Limited Amount (Emergency cost-shared assistance) In reality, today there are several issues Extended to means tested individuals (1969) No clear definition the limits of state & local capacity, despite mandate from Stafford Act (1988) From $5 million in 1950 to $300 million annually in 1990s Supplemental appropriations, not regular appropriation

9 Hurricane Katrina Sheri Fink Five Days at Memorial

10 Author Profile: Sonali Deraniyagala Wave While on vacation at Sri Lanka in December 2004, Deraniyagala lost her two sons, her husband, and her parents in the Indian Ocean tsunami. The tsunami carried her two miles inland and she was able to survive by clinging to a tree branch. Deraniyagala later relocated to New York where she became a visiting research scholar at Columbia University. Her 2013 memoir, Wave, recounts her experiences in the tsunami and the progression of her grief in the ensuing years

11 Today s Readings A Short Discussion of What Was Covered in Today s Readings

12 Actorness and Effectiveness in International Disaster Relief Erik Brattberg and Mark Rhinard Erik Brattberg Swedish Institute of International Affairs Mark Rhinard Stockholm University This article examines the role of the European Union (EU) and United States as actors in international disaster relief. The analysis of actorness is taken one step further than normal by assessing the extent to which different aspects of EU and US actorness led to effectiveness in actual outcomes.

13 The Number of Fatalities Drives Disaster Aid: Increasing Sensitivity to People in Need Ioannis Evangelidis and Bram Van den Bergh Ioannis Evangelidis Erasmus University Rotterdam Bram Van den Bergh Erasmus University Rotterdam Evangelidis and Van Den Bergh s analysis of financial donations in response to natural disasters finds that the amount of money allocated for humanitarian aid depends on the number of fatalities but not on the number of survivors who are affected by the disaster (i.e., the actual beneficiaries of the aid). On the basis of the experimental evidence, Evangelidis and Van Den Bergh discuss the underlying cause and provide guidelines to increase sensitivity to people in need.

14 Disaster Management Around the World IGO, NGO, and Bilateral Assistance

15 Host Government Disaster Management Actors at the Country Level N and other intergovernmental agencies & initiatives Target population NGOs, Red Cross & other civil A U S T R A L I A society initiatives Domestic an internationa donors

16 International Governmental Organizations United Nations and Other Inter-Governmental Agencies and Initiatives

17 United Nations System Principal Organs General Assembly Subsidiary Bodies *Main and other sessional committees *Disarmament Commission Human Rights Council *International Law Commission *Standing committees and ad hoc bodies. Programmes and Funds UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development *ITC International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/WTO) UNDP United Nations Development Programme *UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund *UNV United Nations Volunteers UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Research and Training Institutes UNICEF United Nations Children s Fund UNICRI UN Interregional Crime and Justice UNODC: Office on Drugs and Crime Research Institute UNRWA Relief and Works Agency for Palestine UNIDIR Institute for Disarmament Research Refugees in the Near East UNITAR Institute for Training and Research UN-Women: UN Entity for Gender Equality and the UNRISD Research Institute for Social Development Empowerment of Women UNSSC System Staff College WFP World Food Programme UNU University OTHER ENTITIES UNAIDS Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS UNISDR UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNOPS UN Office for Project Services Security Council Economic and Social Council Secretariat International Court of Justice Trusteeship Council 5 NOTES: 1 UNRWA and UNDIR report only to the General Assembly 2 IAEA reports to the Security Council and the General Assembly 3 WTO has no reporting obligation to the General Assembly (GA) but contributes on an ad-hoc basis to GA and ECOSOC work inter alia on finance and developmental issues. 4 Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the UN and each other through the coordinating machinery of ECOSOC at the inter-secretariat level. This section is listed in order of establishment of these organizations as specialized agencies of the UN 5 The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994 with the independence of Palau, the last remaining United Nations Trust Territory, on 1 October Subsidiary Bodies Counter-terrorism committees International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) Military Staff Committee Peacekeeping operations and political missions Sanctions Committees (ad hoc) Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Functional Commissions Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Narcotic Drugs Population and Development Science and Technology for Development Social Development Statistics Status of Women Sustainable Development United Nations Forum on Forests Advisory Subsidiary Body UN Peacebuilding Commission Regional Commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Departments and Offices EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs DFS Department of Field Support DGACM Department for General Assembly and Conference Management DM Department of Management DPA Department of Political Affairs DPI Department of Public Information DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DSS Department of Safety and Security OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Other Bodies Committee for Development Policy Committee of Experts on Public Administration Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names Other Sessional and standing committees and expert, ad hoc and related bodies OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services OLA Office of Legal Affairs OSAA Office of Legal Affairs OSRSG/CAAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General for Children and Armed Conflict UNODA Office for Disarmament Affairs UNOG United Nations Office of Geneva UN-OHRILLS Office of the high representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States UNON United Nations Office at Nairobi UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna Related Organizations CTBTO PrepCom: Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Org IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons WTO World Trade Organization Specialized Agencies ILO International Labor Org FAO Food and Agriculture Org UNESCO UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Org WHO World Health Organization World Bank Group IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes IMF International Monetary Fund ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IMO International Maritime Organization

18 UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA is the part of the UN Secretariat responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies and a framework within which each actor can contribute to the overall response effort. Also advocates for the rights of people in need, promotes preparedness and prevention, and facilitates sustainable solutions. UN Secretary General Under-Secretary General and Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) CERF Ban Ki Moon Valerie Amos

19 UN Emergency Relief Coordinator Valerie Amos was appointed UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator in May Before her appointment to the UN, Amos had been British High Commissioner to Australia, Leader of the House of Lords, Lord President of the Council, and European Union Special Representative to the African Union. She is also a Baroness and was the first black woman to serve in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. UN Secretary General Under-Secretary General and Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) CERF Ban Ki Moon Valerie Amos

20 UN Disaster Assessment & Coordination (UNDAC) UNDAC is part of the OCHA response system for suddenonset emergencies. UNDAC was created in 1993 to help the UN and affected countries coordinate international relief at national level and/or on site in the first phase of a suddenonset emergency. UNDAC teams deploy worldwide at short notice (12-48 hours), are free of charge to the affected country, and deployed upon request of the UN Resident or Humanitarian Coordinator and/ or the affected Government. UN Secretary General Under-Secretary General and Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) CERF Ban Ki Moon Valerie Amos

21 OCHA s Cluster Approach The aim of the cluster approach is to strengthen partnerships and ensure more predictability and accountability in international responses to humanitarian emergencies, by clarifying the division of labour among organisations, and better defining their roles and responsibilities within the key sectors of the response.

22 OCHA s Work With Key Actors OCHA assists governments in mobilizing international assistance when the scale of the disaster exceeds the national capacity. OCHA manages a number of tools to facilitate coordination of multiple actors and resources. In particular it chairs a forum of the most experienced relief agencies and prepares common humanitarian action plans and joint appeals with them.

23 UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) Origins: Approved by the United Nations in December 2005 and initiated in March 2006, CERF is a fund intended to provide prompt responses to humanitarian crises Resources: CERF oversees a $450m grant fund and a $30m loan fund that can be accessed only by UN agencies and the IOM (International Organisation on Migration). UN Secretary General Under-Secretary General and Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) CERF Ban Ki Moon Valerie Amos

24 UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) Origins: Approved by the United Nations in December 2005 and initiated in March 2006, CERF is a fund intended to provide prompt responses to humanitarian crises Resources: CERF oversees a $450m grant fund and a $50m loan fund that can be accessed only by UN agencies and the IOM (International Organisation on Migration). 1. Rapid response grants (2/3 of $450 million grant facility) available within 24 hours Promote early action and response to reduce loss of life Enhance response to time-critical requirements Strengthen core elements of humanitarian response in underfunded crisis 2.Under-funded crises (1/3 of grant facility) If no other funding source immediately available, including agencies own un-earmarked funds and earmarked donor grants. 3.Loans ($30 million) Funding committed but not yet paid; or commitment very likely Spent within 3 months for lifesaving needs (no operating costs)

25 Funding Decisions Begin at Country Level Project proposals are submitted and reviewed by the cluster members for approach, consistency and to ensure that identified needs are prioritised Decisions are guided by criteria on what constitutes life-saving interventions Country Team CERF Secretariat Approved or rejected by ERC Consultation with Government. Prioritisation of Needs. Assessment Consultations OCHA Consultations Agency HQ Life-saving criteria Funding situation Humanitarian Response Strategy Country capacity

26 Life-Saving Maybe, Depending on Context Not Life-Saving Primary Healthcare De-mining Infrastructure Reconstruction Emergency WatSan General Food Distributions Micro-Credit Shelter/NFI Surveillance systems Preparedness Plans Protection Psycho-social Vulnerability Assessments

27 International Non-Governmental Organizations NGO and Civil Society Responses to Disaster Management

28 Typologies of International NGOs BY SPECIALIZATION (disaster assessments, relocation & shelter, food rations, economic development, advocacy); BY MODE OF OPERATION (whether they are operational or work through local partners); BY PRIVATE/PUBLIC FUNDING SOURCE Some largely dependent upon government, while others have developed mechanisms to access large amounts of private and public funding ( greater autonomy in strategic direction and geographic locations) 16#May#14(28(

29 International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies" Federation, Committee, National Societies 16#May#14(

30 International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies" Federation, Committee, National Societies 16#May#14(

31 International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies" Federation, Committee, National Societies The International Federation Red Cross/ Red Crescent Societies celebrated 150 years in 2013 and carries out relief operations together with the (global) network of national societies: Promoting humanitarian values Disaster response (food, food security, nutrition ) Disaster preparedness (prepositioning of stocks) Health and community care CORE PRINCIPLES humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality 16#May#14(

32 International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies" Federation, Committee, National Societies International Committee of the Red Cross is mandated to be the guardian and promoter of international humanitarian law: to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence to provide them with assistance (health, protection, detention, tracing, etc.). Follows Geneva Conventions and specific ICRC Statutes (used in contexts when Geneva Conventions do not apply) 16#May#14(

33 International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies" Federation, Committee, National Societies The 187 member national societies form a network that includes almost every country in the world that: Act as auxiliaries to public authorities in their countries in the humanitarian field and provide a range of services Provide local knowledge and expertise, access to communities and infrastructure to reach areas and peoples in need Assist affected civilian populations during wartime 16#May#14(

34 International Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies" Federation, Committee, National Societies The 187 member national societies form a network that includes almost every country in the world that: Act as auxiliaries to public authorities in their countries in the humanitarian field and provide a range of services Provide local knowledge and expertise, access to communities and infrastructure to reach areas and peoples in need Assist affected civilian populations during wartime 16#May#14(

35 Comparative Country Approaches to Disaster Management Switzerland, India, and Mexico

36 Swiss political system divides tasks among three levels Four national languages: German, French, Italian & Romanche Three official languages: German, French and Italian Population: 7.5 Million Federal Government Conceptual work and legislation Supervision of implementation Cantons (26) Implementation of federal regulations Municipalities (< 3000) Implementation of federal and cantonal regulations

37 Events( Year( Death(toll( Damage((in(m )( Snow(avalanches( 1951( 97( 80( Floods(in(the(Alpine(Arc( 1987( 4( 800( Snow(avalanches( 1999( 17( 500( Floods(in(the(Alpine( foreland( 1999( 2( 390( Windstorm(Lothar( 1999( 14((+(15(during( recovery)( Floods(in(the(Wallis(&(( Ticino( Floods(in(Central( Switzerland(and(Bern(( Floods(and(terrain( instabilives( Recent Major Disasters in Switzerland 1,330( 2000( 16( 445( 2005( 6( 1 750( 2007( 4( 430(

38 Natural Disasters in Switzerland , Wallis earthquake Io=8 Mw= Randa rockfall, Wallis Damages to the church of Chippis Summer,2003, Forestfire Loèche,Wallis, A. Götz, BWG , Landslide Falli Hölli, Freiburg, Kt St Gallen , Snow avalanche, Walenstadt,St. Gallen 24/ , Floods Reuss Valley, Uri BWG O. Lateltin, BWG

39 August 2005: Heavy Rains and Flooding in CH Bern 2005 Sarnen 2005 Bern 2005 BWG Thurner Lake 2005 Railway near Engelberg 2005 Road near Engelberg 2005 Brienz 2005

40 The National Platform for Natural Hazards: PLANAT PLANAT was created in 1997 by the Swiss Federal Council and was made responsible for coordinating concepts in the field of prevention against natural hazards. Twenty specialists from the Confederation, the cantons, research and professional associations, and business and insurance companies serve four year terms.

41 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Switzerland Federal Administration PLANAT members DETEC FOEN ARE DDCP DFA DHA ETHZ MeteoSwiss Canton Canton Prived sector Prived sector EPFL University Canton Prived sector Canton Canton Insurance Prived sector

42 The National Platform for Natural Hazards: PLANAT PLANAT was created in 1997 by the Swiss Federal Council and was made responsible for coordinating concepts in the field of prevention against natural hazards. Mandated to develop a comprehensive and interlinked strategy to improve protection against natural hazards to protect people and their livelihoods through effective risk management.

43 The Swiss Cycle of Integrated Risk Management Preparation Organisation Resource planning Deployment planning Insurance Warning Information Event Intervention Alert Rescue Damage mitigation Information/Instructions Prevention Land use planning Technical measures Bio-engineering measures Assessing hazards and risks Recovery Rehabilitation Provisional repair Supply and disposal Transport systems Communications Financing Emergency legislation Reconstruction Definitve repair Reconstruction Strengthning of resilience Financing

44 Institutional Actors and Stakeholders in Normal Times United Nations & other Intern. Agencies Swiss European Union Confederation (Bilateral) Seismological Service EPF & Cantons MeteoSwiss Universities Fed. Dpt of the environment, Insurers transport, Energy & communications, DETEC (FOEN PLANAT) Fed. Dpt of Defence, Civil Protection & Sport, DDPS (FOCP NEOC) Fed. Dpt of Foreign Affairs DFA (DDC) Mayor & its council Civil Protection Organization Municipalities Energy and Telecommunications Enterprises International Propertity owners Business National Swiss Society for Earthquake Engineering -SGEB- District Swiss Professionals for Natural Dangers - Local FAN- Fire Brigade Insurers NGOs Private Sector

45 Institutional Actors and Stakeholders in Crisis Times National Emergency Operations Center Fed. Office of Civil Protection ARMY MeteoSwiss Fed. Office for Swiss Environment (Hazard Confederation Prevention Division) Cantons Insurer Cantonal s Crisis Municipalities comittee Mayor & its council Swiss Seismological Service Civil Protection Organization Foreign Governments Energy and Telecommunications Enterprises International National District Local Fire Brigade Propertity owners Business Insurers NGOs Private Sector

46 Civil protection system agencies Civil Protection System Management Police Fire service Public health care service Technical services Protection & support service

47 Concluding Observations The Politics of Disaster Around the World

48 Concluding Observations International Organizations: The role of international organizations in disaster management has grown greatly over the last century, and especially since the 1990s. Different Country Responses: Nation states like Switzerland have worked to develop their own protocols and approaches to disaster management.

49 Making A Living While Making A Difference

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