Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations

Transcription

1 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Course Author Major General Tim Ford, Australian Forces (Retired) Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.

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3 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Cover Photo: UN Photo # by Marco Dormino. Brigadier General Christian Thiebault (right), Force Chief of Staff for the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), looks at a map along with two officers from the Niger Battalion during a military operation in Ansongo, in eastern Mali. 25 February Course Author Major General Tim Ford, Australian Forces (Retired) Series Editor Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.

4 2018 Peace Operations Training Institute. All rights reserved. Peace Operations Training Institute 1309 Jamestown Road, Suite 202 Williamsburg, VA USA First edition: 1997 by Captain Jean Michel Faure Second edition: 2004 by Major General Tim Ford, Australian Forces (Retired) Third edition: 2012 by Major General Tim Ford, Australian Forces (Retired) Fourth edition: 2018 by Major General Tim Ford, Australian Forces (Retired) The material contained herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the Peace Operations Training Institute (POTI), the Course Author(s), or any United Nations organs or affiliated organizations. The Peace Operations Training Institute is an international not-for-profit NGO registered as a 501(c)(3) with the Internal Revenue Service of the United States of America. The Peace Operations Training Institute is a separate legal entity from the United Nations. Although every effort has been made to verify the contents of this course, the Peace Operations Training Institute and the Course Author(s) disclaim any and all responsibility for facts and opinions contained in the text, which have been assimilated largely from open media and other independent sources. This course was written to be a pedagogical and teaching document, consistent with existing UN policy and doctrine, but this course does not establish or promulgate doctrine. Only officially vetted and approved UN documents may establish or promulgate UN policy or doctrine. Information with diametrically opposing views is sometimes provided on given topics, in order to stimulate scholarly interest, and is in keeping with the norms of pure and free academic pursuit. Versions of this course offered in other languages may differ slightly from the primary English master copy. Translators make every effort to retain the integrity of the material.

5 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Table of Contents Foreword Method of Study x xi Lesson 1 The United Nations Framework 12 Section 1.1 Foundations and Nature of the United Nations System 13 Section 1.2 Working Organization of the United Nations 16 Section 1.3 UN Organs and Agencies 18 Section 1.4 Financing the United Nations 25 Section 1.5 Continual UN Reform 26 Lesson 2 Development of UN Peace Operations 30 Section 2.1 UN Missions in the Field 31 Section 2.2 Peacekeeping and the Charter of the United Nations 32 Section 2.3 Initiation of UN Peace Operations 35 Section 2.4 Defining UN Peace Operations 36 Section 2.5 UN Peacebuilding and Political Missions 37 Section 2.6 UN Peacekeeping Missions (Peace Operations) 37 Section 2.7 Status of Forces 39 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE v

6 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Section 2.8 Agreements between the UN and Member States on Contributions 40 Section 2.9 Guidelines for Troop- and Police-Contributing Countries 41 Annex I Recent Security Council Resolutions 42 Annex II Model SOFA A/45/ Annex III Status of Mission Agreement UNSOM 62 Lesson 3 UN Strategic Planning and Preparation 82 Section 3.1 The UN Peacekeeping Group: DPKO and DFS 83 Section 3.2 UN Peace Operations Doctrine 85 Section 3.3 UN Planning Process 86 Section 3.4 Strategic Assessment 86 Section 3.5 Components in a Peace Operation 89 Section 3.6 UN Training Guidance 93 Section 3.7 Development of Mission ROE and Directives on the Use of Force 94 Section 3.8 Obtaining Military and Police Capability 95 Lesson 4 Section 4.1 Regional Organization, Member State, and National Issues 98 Relationships Between the UN and Regional Arrangements 100 Section 4.2 Peace Operations Doctrine 100 Section 4.3 Training and Preparation Responsibilities 101 Section 4.4 UN Administrative and Logistical Support Requirements 102 Section 4.5 Memorandum of Understanding 102 Section 4.6 Deployment Periods, Rotations, and Standardization 104 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE vi

7 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Section 4.7 Command and Control 104 Section 4.8 National Contingent Headquarters and National Support Elements 105 Annex IV Model Memorandum of Understanding 109 Annex V 2008 UN Administrative and Logistics Guidelines 120 Annex VI Annex VII Outline of the 2017 UN Contingent-Owned Equipment Manual 144 Authority, Command, and Control in UN Peacekeeping Operations 148 Lesson 5 Selection and Preparation of UN Mission Leaders 174 Section 5.1 The Need to Change 175 Section 5.2 Policy and Head of Mission 177 Section 5.3 UN Chain of Command 178 Section 5.4 Selection and Appointment of Mission Leadership 179 Section 5.5 Training of Key Personnel 182 Section 5.6 Appointment and Other Directives 184 Annex VIII Standard Directives for Special Representatives of the Secretary-General 185 Lesson 6 Integration and Cooperation in UN Peace Operations 196 Section 6.1 Integrated Mission Structures 198 Section 6.2 Mission Components 198 Section 6.3 Mission Integration 205 Section 6.4 Working with the UNCT 206 Section 6.5 Civil-Military Coordination 207 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE vii

8 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Section 6.6 Cooperation with Non-Governmental Organizations 208 Section 6.7 Coordination with Humanitarian Affairs 208 Lesson 7 Cross-Cutting Issues in UN Peace Operations 212 Section 7.1 Protection of Civilians 214 Section 7.2 Use of Force 215 Section 7.3 Human Rights 218 Section 7.4 Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration 219 Section 7.5 Security Sector Reform 220 Section 7.6 Gender 221 Section 7.7 Safety and Security 222 Section 7.8 Public Information 224 Section 7.9 Conduct and Discipline 225 Annex IX DPKO/DFS Policy: Protection of Civilians 226 Annex X UNMIL Soldier s Card: Rules of Engagement 230 Lesson 8 Command and Leadership Issues in Peace Operations 234 Section 8.1 Command and Control in Peace Operations 235 Section 8.2 Guidance to Leaders 238 Section 8.3 Medical Responsibilities of Leaders 242 Section 8.4 Welfare of Contingents 243 Section 8.5 Accommodation 243 Section 8.6 UN Medals and Commendations 244 Annex XI Ten Rules: Code of Personal Conduct for Blue Helmets 246 Annex XII We Are United Nations Peacekeepers 248 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE viii

9 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Appendices Appendix A List of Acronyms 254 Appendix B Current Peacekeeping Missions 259 About the Author: Major General Tim Ford, Australian Forces (Retired) 260 Instructions for the End-of-Course Examination 261 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE ix

10 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Foreword Dynamic leadership of United Nations peace operations is critical to success. This course is designed for those who may find themselves in leadership positions in UN peace operations or for those wishing to understand the issues associated with leading peacekeeping missions and peace operations. It should prove useful to both senior and junior leaders, those appointed to UN command and staff positions, and those with national command or staff responsibilities. Applicable to civilian, military, and police appointments, this course covers issues for participants at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. The lessons should also be useful to those in organizations who need to interact with leaders within UN and international peace operations or with the UN Secretariat, such as Member States, regional organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other UN and international organizations and agencies. The course first considers the strategic and international issues that define UN peacekeeping and peacemaking, including the relationships that exist between the UN and its Member States and other organizations. Subsequent lessons consider how Member States and the wider international community support the UN in its authorization and deployment of peace operations. The course also looks at how field missions are structured and organized, and at the various issues associated with leadership within UN peace operations at the operational, national, and tactical levels, including security, force protection, and sustainment concerns. This course was previously titled Commanding United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. It has been revised and renamed to recognize the critical role of all leaders in peace operations and to respond to ongoing developments in UN policy and reform and recent experiences in UN and international peace operations. Major General Tim Ford (Retired), 2018 PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE x

11 Leading Within United Nations Peace Operations Method of Study This self-paced course aims to give students flexibility in their approach to learning. The following steps are meant to provide motivation and guidance about some possible strategies and minimum expectations for completing this course successfully: Before you begin studying, first browse through the entire course. Notice the lesson and section titles to get an overall idea of what will be involved as you proceed. The material is meant to be relevant and practical. Instead of memorizing individual details, strive to understand concepts and overall perspectives in regard to the United Nations system. Set personal guidelines and benchmarks regarding how you want to schedule your time. Study the lesson content and the learning objectives. At the beginning of each lesson, orient yourself to the main points. If possible, read the material twice to ensure maximum understanding and retention, and let time elapse between readings. At the end of each lesson, take the End-of-Lesson Quiz. Clarify any missed questions by rereading the appropriate sections, and focus on retaining the correct information. After you complete all of the lessons, prepare for the End-of-Course Examination by taking time to review the main points of each lesson. Then, when ready, log into your online student classroom and take the End-of-Course Examination in one sitting. Access your online classroom at < from virtually anywhere in the world. Your exam will be scored electronically. If you achieve a passing grade of 75 per cent or higher on the exam, you will be awarded a Certificate of Completion. If you score below 75 per cent, you will be given one opportunity to take a second version of the End-of-Course Examination. A note about language: This course uses English spelling according to the standards of the Oxford English Dictionary (United Kingdom) and the United Nations Editorial Manual. Key Features of Your Online Classroom» Access to all of your courses; A secure testing environment in which to complete your training; Access to additional training resources, including multimedia course supplements; The ability to download your Certificate of Completion for any completed course; and Forums where you can discuss relevant topics with the POTI community. PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE xi

12 LEADING WITHIN UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework The United Nations was created by a world determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war. 1 UN Photo # by Paulo Filgueiras. In this lesson» Lesson Objectives» Section 1.1 Foundations and Nature of the United Nations System Section 1.2 Working Organization of the United Nations Section 1.3 UN Organs and Agencies Section 1.4 Financing the United Nations Section 1.5 Continual UN Reform Understand the background to the creation of the UN. Appreciate the overall role of the UN and its complexity and international nature. Identify the principal organs of the UN. Know the responsibilities of the General Assembly and the Security Council. Describe the difference between the UN organs and UN agencies. Appreciate the evolving nature of UN financing and reform. PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 12

13 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Secretary-General António Guterres addresses the seventieth-anniversary celebration of the United Nations Correspondents Association at its annual directory reception at United Nations Headquarters in New York. 26 June UN Photo # by Mark Garten. Section 1.1 Foundations and Nature of the United Nations System Creation The United Nations was created by a world determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war 1 during the United Nations Conference on International Organizations held in San Francisco in April The delegates, representing 50 countries, deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from August to October 1944 at 1) United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June Available from: < 2) United Nations, 1945: The San Francisco Conference, accessed 24 August Available at: < 13

14 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., United States. 3 This origin of the UN accounts for the increased responsibilities granted to the victorious nations of the Second World War within the organization; their leading role still prevails today in the constitution of the five permanent members of the Security Council. Its creation was marked by the signing of the treaty that describes its status: the Charter of the United Nations. The establishment of the UN characterizes the changes seen in international relationships during the twentieth century. Even though the idea of setting up an international organization with political objectives is not new, its achievement is quite recent. The only other organization in modern history to gain this distinction was the League of Nations. Conceived under similar circumstances and established in 1919 after the First World War under the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations aimed to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security. The Treaty of Versailles also created the International Labour Organization (ILO) as an affiliated agency of the League. The League of Nations ceased its activities in 1946 after failing to prevent the Second World War, but the ILO continues to operate. The Charter of the United Nations Fifty nations signed the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June The General Assembly has amended the Charter several times; it currently consists of 111 Articles and 19 Chapters, which describe the purposes, principles, membership, organs, and scope of UN activities. Key Principles of the UN Charter include: Sovereign equality of all Member States; Peaceful settlement of disputes; Restraint from the use of force; and Non-intervention in the domestic affairs of nations (except for enforcement measures under Chapter VII). View the UN Charter online» To read the entire founding document of the United Nations and to reference the articles mentioned in this course, access the Charter online at < UN Photo # by United Nations. 3) United Nations, : Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta, accessed 24 August Available at: < 4) United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June Available from: < 14

15 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Outline of the UN Charter» We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war... i Chapter I Purposes and Principles Chapter II Membership Chapter III Organs Chapter IV The General Assembly Chapter V The Security Council Chapter VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes Chapter VII Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression Chapter VIII Regional Arrangements Chapter IX International Economic and Social Co-operation Chapter X The Economic and Social Council Chapter XI Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories Chapter XII International Trusteeship System Chapter XIII The Trusteeship Council Chapter XIV The International Court of Justice Chapter XV The Secretariat Chapter XVI Miscellaneous Provisions Chapter XVII Transitional Security Arrangements Chapter XVIII Amendments Chapter XIX Ratification and Signature i) United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, Preamble. International Agreements Since its creation, the United Nations has played a leading role in multinational discussions and the development of international law; however, a full understanding of the background of international peace and security issues and peacekeeping activities must include an awareness of the previous treaties and principles that continue to influence the conduct of international organizations, such as the Hague Convention of 1907, 5 which is included in today s understanding of the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). 6 We also need to be aware of the wide range of international and regional organizations and agreements that exist and have an impact on the international process. 5) Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October Available from: < This is a practical soldier s law that aims to establish rules for the conduct of operations and how to carry out the fighting by stating what you can attack and how you should attack it. It provides rules that limit the destructive effects of combat exceeding what truly is necessary to achieve the military aim or mission. 6) ICRC, The Law of Armed Conflict (Geneva: ICRC, 2002). Available from: < 15

16 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Membership The United Nations began in 1945 with the 50 nations that were its original members. As of 2018, the UN included 193 nations, such that nearly all of the world s recognized nations participate as active members. Additionally, there are two permanent non-member observer States at the United Nations (the Holy See and Palestine), 7 and 21 intergovernmental organizations participate as observers and maintain permanent offices at UN Headquarters (UNHQ) in New York. 8 Although the Charter does not make it compulsory, most Member States establish a diplomatic mission in New York to represent them on a permanent basis at UNHQ. These permanent missions are normally comprised of a Permanent Representative, usually of ambassadorial rank, plus national staff appointed by their respective governments who can represent the Member State as a national delegation in UN agencies and meetings. Many now include national military and police officers as counsels or attachés who advise the permanent mission on relevant technical aspects associated with UN peace operations and represent their nations at appropriate UN committees and working groups. Section 1.2 Working Organization of the United Nations The United Nations today is a large and complex system. It comprises six major branches (called organs) and has many associated specialized agencies, programmes, and related organizations that operate around the world. In addition to its headquarters in New York, the United Nations maintains a significant presence in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago, and Vienna, and it has offices worldwide. Figure 1-1 illustrates this structure. International professionals and general service and field staff conduct the day-to-day functions of the UN offices and field missions, and they provide continuity in the administration of this complex organization. As of December 2016, the Secretariat had more than 10,000 permanent staff members. The Secretary-General and other staff are international civil servants who answer to the United Nations alone for their activities and take an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any government or outside authority. Under the Charter, each Member State vows to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and to refrain from seeking to influence them improperly. 9 Worldwide, the UN staff, including local personnel and civilian peacekeepers, totals more than 44,000 individuals. 10 Additionally, the United Nations deploys more than 100,000 military, police, and civilians from 124 Member States to peace operations around the world. 11 7) United Nations, Non-member States, accessed 24 August Available from: < 8) United Nations, Intergovernmental Organizations, accessed 24 August Available from: < intergovernmental-organizations/index.html>. 9) UN Visitors Centre, Membership of principal United Nations organs in 2018, Available from: < fs_membership_principalorgans_2018.pdf>. 10) United Nations Careers, Where we are, accessed 24 August Available from: < 11) DPKO, Data, accessed 24 August Available from: < 16

17 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework The United Nations System UN PRINCIPAL ORGANS GENERAL ASSEMBLY Subsidiary Organs Main Committees Disarmament Commission Human Rights Council International Law Commission Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Funds and Programmes 1 UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund UNV United Nations Volunteers UNEP 8 United Nations Environment Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UN-Habitat 8 United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNICEF United Nations Children s Fund WFP World Food Programme (UN/FAO) Research and Training UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNSSC United Nations System Staff College UNU United Nations University Other Entities ITC International Trade Centre (UN/WTO) UNCTAD 1,8 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNHCR 1 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNOPS 1 United Nations Office for Project Services UNRWA 1 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UN-Women 1 United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women Related Organizations CTBTO Preparatory Commission Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear- Test-Ban Treaty Organization IAEA 1, 3 International Atomic Energy Agency ICC International Criminal Court IOM 1 International Organization for Migration ISA International Seabed Authority ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea OPCW 3 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons WTO 1, 4 World Trade Organization 2017 United Nations. All rights reserved worldwide SECURITY COUNCIL Subsidiary Organs Counter-Terrorism Committee International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals Military Staff Committee Peacekeeping operations and political missions Sanctions committees (ad hoc) Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Peacebuilding Commission HLPF High-level political forum on sustainable development ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL SECRETARIAT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL 6 Functional Commissions Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Narcotic Drugs Population and Development Science and Technology for Development Social Development Statistics Status of Women United Nations Forum on Forests Departments and Offices 9 EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs DFS Department of Field Support DGACM Department for General Assembly and Conference Management DM Department of Management DPA Department of Political Affairs DPI Department of Public Information DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DSS Department of Safety and Security OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Regional Commissions 8 ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia ODA Office for Disarmament Affairs OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services OLA Office of Legal Affairs OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa PBSO Peacebuilding Support Office SRSG/CAAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict SRSG/SVC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict SRSG/VAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children Other Bodies Committee for Development Policy Committee of Experts on Public Administration Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNGEGN United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Research and Training UNICRI United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction UNODC 1 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNOG United Nations Office at Geneva UN-OHRLLS Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States UNON United Nations Office at Nairobi UNOP 2 United Nations Office for Partnerships UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna Notes: Specialized Agencies 1, 5 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNWTO World Tourism Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WORLD BANK GROUP 7 IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation 1 Members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). 2 UN Office for Partnerships (UNOP) is the UN s focal point vis-a-vis the United Nations Foundation, Inc. 3 IAEA and OPCW report to the Security Council and the General Assembly (GA). 4 WTO has no reporting obligation to the GA, but contributes on an ad hoc basis to GA and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) work on, inter alia, finance and development issues. 5 Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations whose work is coordinated through ECOSOC (intergovernmental level) and CEB (inter-secretariat level). 6 The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994, as on 1 October 1994 Palau, the last United Nations Trust Territory, became independent. 7 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) are not specialized agencies in accordance with Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter, but are part of the World Bank Group. 8 The secretariats of these organs are part of the UN Secretariat. 9 The Secretariat also includes the following offices: The Ethics Office, United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services, Office of Administration of Justice and the Office on Sport for Development and Peace This Chart is a reflection of the functional organization of the United Nations System and for informational purposes only. It does not include all offices or entities of the United Nations System. Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information DPI/2470 rev March 2017 Figure 1-1 ii 17 ii) United Nations, "The United Nations System Chart", March Available from: <

18 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Section 1.3 UN Organs and Agencies The six principal organs of the UN are: the General Assembly; the Security Council; the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC); the Trusteeship Council; the International Court of Justice; and the Secretariat. In particular, three UN organs significantly affect international peace and security issues. These are the UN General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Secretariat. The General Assembly The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. 12 Each Member State appoints a representative to the General Assembly, and each Member State has one vote. Decisions on important questions such as those on peace and security, admission of new members, and budgetary matters require a two-thirds majority. Decisions on other questions require a simple majority. The General Assembly holds its annual regular session from September to December. Every September, [a]t the start of each regular session, the General Assembly elects a new president, 21 vice presidents[,] and the Chairpersons of the Assembly s six Main Committees. 13 To ensure equitable geographical representation, the presidency of the Assembly rotates each year among five groups of States: the African Group, the Asia-Pacific Group, the Eastern European Group, the Latin American and Caribbean Group, and the Western European and Others Group. When each regular session begins, the Assembly holds a general debate, often addressed by heads of state and government, in which Member States express their views on the most pressing international issues. 14 Felipe García-Landa, Representative of Mexico for the Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth Committee), addresses the General Assembly meeting. 4 April UN Photo # by Eskinder Debebe. The General Assembly can request special sessions, which are called to order by the Secretary-General as required by particular circumstances, either at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the Member States, or of one member if the majority of the Member States agree. Special emergency sessions may be called within 24 hours in the same manner. 12) United Nations, Main Organs, accessed 24 August Available from: < 13) United Nations, Background Information, accessed 24 August Available from: < 14) United Nations, Background Information. 18

19 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework During sessions, the General Assembly works either in plenary session or committee sessions. Most questions come up for discussion in its six Main Committees: First Committee Disarmament & International Security; Second Committee Economic & Financial; Third Committee Social, Humanitarian & Cultural; Fourth Committee Special Political & Decolonization; Fifth Committee Administrative & Budgetary; and Sixth Committee Legal. The responsibilities of the General Assembly include: Shared responsibilities: With the Security Council issues concerning peacekeeping and international security; and With the Trusteeship Council monitoring of administration of territories under supervision. Unique responsibilities: Study of reports from other United Nations agencies; Statement of general principles of cooperation for peacekeeping, particularly concerning disarmament; International cooperation in various fields and for the protection of human rights; Approval of supervision agreements; and Approval of the organization s budget. Wide view of the Security Council as Nickolay Mladenov (on screen), UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority, briefs the Security Council meeting on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. 24 July UN Photo # by Rick Bajornas. The Security Council The Security Council s primary responsibility is to maintain international peace and security. It consists of five permanent members China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States and 10 non-permanent members. The General Assembly elects the non-permanent members for a term of two years each. Traditionally, the Security Council allots the 10 non-permanent seats on a regional basis as follows: Africa and Asia (5) Eastern Europe (1) Latin America and the Caribbean (2) Western Europe and other States (2) 19

20 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework The presidency of the Security Council rotates monthly according to the English alphabetical listing of its members. The Security Council s structure and organization allow it to perform its tasks on a permanent basis, and it keeps the Secretary-General and the General Assembly informed of its activities. The Secretariat 15 In addition to its administrative functions, the Secretariat records and issues the international treaties signed by Member States of the United Nations. The Secretary-General, the Senior Official in the Organization, manages the Secretariat. Appointed every five years by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council, the Secretary-General plays an important political role over and above his specific function at the UN. For example, UN agencies may request the Secretary-General to perform specific missions political mediations, in particular. An Under-Secretary-General heads each of the departments and offices in the Secretariat. The Under-Secretaries- General coordinate their departments activities through the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. The heads of departments and agencies meet periodically with the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General in the Senior Management Group and the Executive Committee on Peace and Security. All departments and offices have some input in peacekeeping and resolving conflicts. For example, the Office of Legal Affairs is deeply involved in developing the rules of engagement (ROE) for peace operations, memorandums of understanding (MOU), and the Status of Forces/Mission Agreements (SOFA/SOMA) with Member States. Additionally, the Department of Management authorizes the budget for field missions. Lesson 3 of this course discusses the functions of the departments involved in conflict management in greater detail, including the Department of Political Affairs (DPA), the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), the Department of Field Support (DFS), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), and the Department of Safety and Security (DSS). 16 The Secretariat building at UNHQ bathed in the light of the setting sun. 28 November UN Photo # by Rick Bajornas. 15) United Nations, Secretariat, accessed 24 August Available from: < 16) Section 1.5 discusses changes to the UN structure for peace and security currently under consideration. 20

21 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework A wide view of the ECOSOC Chamber as the Council opened its 2017 operational activities segment. 28 February UN Photo # by Eskinder Debebe. The Economic and Social Council The UN Charter established the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) as the principal organ to coordinate the economic, social, and related work of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and institutions, also known as the United Nations family of organizations. Some of the functions and powers of ECOSOC are: To serve as the central forum for the discussion of international economic, social, humanitarian, and environmental issues of a global or interdisciplinary nature and the formulation of policy recommendations on those issues addressed to Member States and the United Nations system; To conduct or initiate studies and reports and make recommendations on economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters; and To promote respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Today, ECOSOC comprises 54 members with one vote each. Of these 54 members, 18 are elected each year and serve a three-year term. The Council meets annually in a four-week session that alternates between New York and Geneva. ECOSOC is not a decision-making body; rather, it prepares items for the General Assembly to decide on and assists the Security Council when required. The International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the UN. It settles legal disputes between States according to international law and provides advisory opinions to the United Nations and its specialized agencies. The Court is open to all States that are parties to its Statute, including all Members of the United Nations. Only States may be parties in contentious cases before the Court and submit disputes to it. The Court is not open to private persons and entities or international organizations. 21

22 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework The General Assembly and the Security Council can ask the Court for an advisory opinion on any legal question. Other organs of the United Nations and the specialized agencies, when authorized by the General Assembly, can ask for advisory opinions on legal questions within the scope of their activities. The Trusteeship Council The Charter established the Trusteeship Council in 1945 to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories placed under the administration of seven Member States. The Trusteeship Council ensured that the UN took adequate steps to prepare the Territories for self-government or independence. The UN Charter authorized the Trusteeship Council to examine and discuss reports from the administering authority on the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the peoples of Trust Territories; to examine petitions from the Territories; and to undertake special missions to the Territories. By the end of 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence, either as separate States or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The last to do so was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, now known as Palau, which became the 185th Member State in December Its work completed, the Trusteeship Council consisting of the five permanent members of the Security Council amended its rules of procedure to meet where occasion may require. A general view of the Trusteeship Council Chamber at United Nations Headquarters. 1 January UN Photo #64538 by Andrea Brizzi. The UN and Other Agencies The UN includes a number of agencies that depend mainly on the General Assembly and ECOSOC. Additionally, other international agencies do not belong to the UN but maintain close relations with the organization through ECOSOC. Peacekeepers may encounter some of these programmes, agencies, or commissions when working with or as a part of a peace operation. 17) Model United Nations, Trusteeship Council, accessed 24 August Available from: < 22

23 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Financing for the programmes and funds comes in large part through voluntary rather than assessed contributions. Some of these include: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) extends international protection to 19.9 million refugees throughout the world, seeking to ensure that they receive asylum and favourable legal status in their asylum country. Its headquarters are in Geneva, but its staff operate in 128 countries. 18 The United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) is a semi-autonomous organization that helps developing countries, at their request, to improve the quality of life of children through low-cost, community-based services in maternal and child health, nutrition, sanitation, and education, as well as emergency relief. Its headquarters is in New York, but the bulk of the staff carry out activities in the field in more than 190 countries and territories. 19 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the world s largest channel for providing multilateral technical and pre-investment assistance to developing nations and supports projects in nearly 170 countries. 20 As the principal political representative to developing nations, UNDP has an operational role coordinating with national representatives on behalf of UNHCR and partners opened a new settlement area in Arua district, northern Uganda, in February 2017, to host thousands of refugees arriving from South Sudan. A young girl and boy at the Imvepi settlement. 20 June UN Photo # by Mark Garten. the UN and coordinating the activities of different UN agencies in each country. UN Women works toward achieving gender equality and the empowerment of women and helps set global standards for achieving gender equality. UN Women strives to better the lives of women and girls worldwide by working with and supporting Member States to form legislation, policies, and services while keeping the gender perspective in mind. 21 The World Food Programme (WFP) is the world s largest international food aid organization. WFP is responsible for handling around 12.6 billion rations of food aid each year. Its mandate is to help poor people in developing countries by combating world hunger, natural catastrophes, and poverty. Annually, it provides over 80 million people in around 80 countries with basic foodstuffs. 22 A wide range of other UN and international organizations make a significant contribution to international peace and security, development, and humanitarian assistance around the world. These include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the ILO, and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), among others. 18) UNHCR, Where We Work, accessed 24 August Available from: < 19) UNICEF, Where we work, accessed 24 August Available from: < 20) UNDP, About Us, accessed 24 August Available from: < 21) UN Women, About UN Women, accessed 24 August Available from: < 22) WFP, Who we are, accessed 24 August Available from: < 23

24 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), based in Switzerland, is the founding institution of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. This movement includes three branches: the ICRC, the 191 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (National Societies), and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). The ICRC s mandate is to operate in areas of armed conflict and internal disturbance. Originally, it focused on protection work, such as promotion among the conflicting parties of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, regarding matters such as the treatment of civilians and prisoners of war. In recent years, the provision of assistance in complex emergencies became a significant component as well, especially inside conflict zones (and on both sides of conflict lines). The ICRC was originally a Swiss organization, in part to promote its fundamental principles of neutrality, impartiality, and independence. It now incorporates a staff of different nationalities in its assistance efforts (e.g. doctors and mechanics); however, its delegates, who handle protection matters and the more sensitive negotiations regarding aid, remain almost exclusively Swiss. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies National Societies operate in more than 190 countries around the world (National Societies in Islamic countries use the Red Crescent symbol). These Societies act as auxiliaries to the public authorities in these countries. They provide a range of services, including disaster relief, health and social assistance, and first aid courses. During wartime, National Societies may support the army medical services. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies The IFRC supports the actions of various National Societies around the world, assisting with the coordination of international assistance provided to victims of natural disasters and of human-made disasters outside of conflict areas (where the ICRC takes the lead). The Syrian Arab Red Crescent, with the support of IFRC, delivered a convoy of humanitarian aid supplied by the UN agency offices in Damascus to Yalda, Babila, and Bet Sahem, suburbs of Damascus, where many families fleeing from the violence in the Palestinian camp of Yarmouk took shelter. The convoy contained hygiene kits for families and children, baby diapers, children's clothes, plastic sheets, kitchen sets, mattresses, blankets, and sanitary napkins, which were distributed to 12,000 Palestinian and Syrian families. 1 May Photo by Ibrahim Malla IFRC. 24

25 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Section 1.4 Financing the United Nations United Nations funding comes from three sources: assessed contributions to the regular budget, assessed contributions for peacekeeping operations, and voluntary contributions for specialized agencies and subsidiary organizations. 23 The Fifth Committee of the General Assembly determines the scale of assessments for contributions to the regular budget every third year. The scale of assessments reflects a country s capacity to pay, determined by factors such as a country s national income and population. The peacekeeping budget assessments are based on the regular budget rates, and developing countries receive discounts. The five permanent members of the Security Council, which approves all peacekeeping operations, pay extra fees to compensate for those discounts. A ceiling rate sets the maximum amount of any Member State s assessed share of the regular and peacekeeping budgets. Apart from these contributions, revenue from the sale of items such as UN souvenirs, special stamps, books, and brochures finances the regular budget. The Fifth Committee has recommended a budget of $5.4 billion for the biennium. In addition to their contributions to the regular budget, Member States contribute to the peace operations budget and the cost of international courts and tribunals. Initially, a country s assess contributions to the regular budget determines the level of these contributions, so it links to the financial capacity of each. However, the actual level of assessed contributions to the peacekeeping operations budget also considers the political responsibility of the permanent members of the Security Council. Since peace missions vary in number and duration, contributions to the peacekeeping budget also fluctuate more widely from year to year than contributions to the regular budget. The approved budget for UN peacekeeping operations for the fiscal year 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018 was $6.8 billion. 24 Member States also contribute to the many projects and Scale of Assessment of Major Contributors (2018) i» United States 22 % Japan 9.68 % China 7.92 % Germany 6.39 % France 4.86 % United Kingdom 4.46 % Brazil 3.82% Italy 3.75 % Russian Federation 3.08 % Canada 2.92 % Spain 2.44 % Australia 2.33 % Korea, Republic of 2.04 % Netherlands 1.48 % Mexico 1.43 % Switzerland 1.14 % Saudi Arabia 1.14 % i) UNESCO, Scale of assessments, currency of Member States contributions and working capital fund, 8 September Available from: < unesco.org/images/0025/002589/258947e.pdf>. activities of the UN specialized agencies and other subsidiary organizations. The regular budget covers the administrative costs of such bodies. 23) Assessed contributions are the dues countries pay in order to be a member of the organization. The amount each Member State must pay is calculated relative to the country s wealth and population. 24) DPKO, How We Are Funded, accessed 24 August Available from: < 25

26 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Section 1.5 Continual UN Reform The United Nations is a large, multidimensional organization that operates in a complex political and financial environment. To remain relevant, it must respond to the concerns of its Member States, and it must meet the demands of the present international situation. The UN must adjust to new conditions and new needs constantly. At the same time, it must adhere to its Charter and the enshrined principles of sovereign equality of all Member States and non-intervention in the domestic affairs of nations. To meet these challenges and to respond to concerns about how various UN activities have evolved in the past, the membership and the Secretariat have undertaken various major reform programmes and reviews over the years. After the United Nations failures to prevent genocide in Rwanda in 1994 and to protect the inhabitants of Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in 1995, Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. The panel was tasked with assessing the shortcomings of the peace operations system and making specific and realistic recommendations for change. The final report of the Panel, known as the Brahimi Report 25 after Panel Chair Lakhdar Brahimi, called for renewed political commitment on the part of Member States, significant institutional change, and increased financial support. The Panel noted that in order to be effective, UN peacekeeping operations must be properly resourced and equipped, and operate under clear, credible, and achievable mandates. 26 In 2015, a High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) completed a major review of UN peace operations, known as the HIPPO Report, the first of its kind since the 2000 Brahimi Report. 27 This took place in parallel with three other major reviews: A Global Study on the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace, and security (WPS) that reviewed the challenges and lessons learned across regions in implementing the WPS agenda over the past 15 years; 28 The review of the UN peacebuilding architecture; 29 and The review of the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 30 Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Executive Director of UN Women, addressed a press conference on the 15th anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 and a new Global Study on Women, Peace and Security marking the anniversary. 12 October UN Photo # by Devra Berkowitz. 25) UN General Assembly and UN Security Council, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305 S/2000/809, 21 August Available from: < 26) United Nations, Brahimi Report Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (2000), accessed 24 August Available from: < 27) UN General Assembly and UN Security Council, Report of the High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations on uniting our strengths for peace: politics, partnership and people, A/70/95 S/2015/446, 17 June Available from: < 28) UN Women, Preventing Conflict, transforming Justice, Securing the Peace: A Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 (New York: United Nations, 2015). Available from: < UN Security Council, Resolution 1325 (2000), S/ RES/1325 (2000), 31 October Available from: < 29) What s in Blue, Resolution on the Review of the UN Peacebuilding Architecture, 26 April Available from: < org/2016/04/resolution-on-the-review-of-the-un-peacebuilding-architecture.php>. 30) United Nations Division for Sustainable Development, Central global forum to advance action on Sustainable Development Goals set to highlight implementation progress and challenges, 10 July Available from: < 26

27 LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework Further Reading» For more details on the UN system, readers should refer to the POTI e-learning course Introduction to the UN System: Orientation for Serving on a UN Field Mission (Revised in 2015). The course is available online at: <www. peaceopstraining.org/courses/>. Since taking office in January 2017, Secretary-General António Guterres has presented the broad strokes of a reform plan in response to the HIPPO recommendations and other concerns noted in these reviews along five parallel streams: 1) A renewed focus on prevention and sustaining peace; 2) A new UN Office of Counter-Terrorism; 3) A reform of the UN development system; 4) Restructuring of the peace and security architecture; and 5) Management reform. While the first three streams are much broader than peace operations and focus on both mission and nonmission settings, they do have potential implications for peace operations. The last two streams will have more direct and far-reaching consequences for the design and conduct of UN peace operations. The United Nations needs to continue to adjust to meet the challenges facing Member States and their citizenry in the twenty-first century. In areas like the environment, public health, and human security, the world faces threats and challenges that know neither borders nor boundaries. However, by their nature, these challenges also expand the possibilities for collective action by States and other entities and actors, such as civil society and the private sector, enabling the UN to become the focus for concerted action to advance the common good ) United Nations Jordan, UN Reform, Available from: < 27

28 End-of-Lesson Quiz» LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework 1. The United Nations was founded. A. in 1908 B. in 1945 C. after the Cold War D. before the Second World War 2. The Security Council s primary responsibility is to. A. maintain international peace and security B. act as a World Parliament C. enact international humanitarian laws D. None of the above 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the six principal organs of the UN? A. The Security Council B. The Secretariat C. The Trusteeship Council D. The International Criminal Court 4. The United Nations General Assembly is composed of. A. all Member States B. five permanent members and 20 elected members C. 10 permanent members D. a proportion of Member States representing the different regions in the world 5. The UN Security Council is composed of. A. five members B. ten members C. fifteen members D. twenty-five members 6. The five permanent members of the Security Council are. A. China, India, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States B. Argentina, France, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom C. China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States D. France, India, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States 7. Which of the following statements is TRUE of ECOSOC? A. There are 54 members of ECOSOC B. ECOSOC has more power than the Security Council C. ECOSOC was founded by the League of Nations D. ECOSOC is a decision-making body 8. The Secretary-General is appointed. A. every four years by the Security Council upon the recommendation of the Secretariat B. every five years by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council C. every three years by the Secretariat upon the recommendation of the General Assembly D. every 10 years by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Secretariat Answer Key provided on the next page. 28

29 End-of-Lesson Quiz» LESSON 1 The United Nations Framework 9. Prior to the establishment of the United Nations, only one other entity ever existed as an international organization with political objectives. This nowdefunct organization was called. A. the Geneva Conventions Society B. the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) C. the Security Council D. the League of Nations 10. The regular budget of the UN is financed by. A. mandatory contributions by the five permanent members of the Security Council B. voluntary contributions by Member States C. assessed contributions determined every three years based on factors such as a country s national income and size of population D. None of the above Answer Key» 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. C 29

30 LEADING WITHIN UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Appendix A: List of Acronyms AFISMA AMISOM C2 CDT CDU CIMIC CISS CMO CMOC CMS COE CONOPS CPTMs CSD African-led International Support Mission in Mali African Union Mission in Somalia command and control conduct and discipline team Conduct and Discipline Unit civil-military coordination Chief of Integrated Support Services Chief Military Observer Civil-Military Operations Centre Chief of Mission Support contingent-owned equipment concept of operations Core Pre-Deployment Training Materials Chief of Service Delivery D1 Director Level 1 D2 Director Level 2 DDR DFC DFS DMS DO DPA DPET DPKO DSRSG DSS DUF ECOMOG ECOSOC ECOWAS disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration Deputy Force Commander Department of Field Support Director of Mission Support Designated Official Department of Political Affairs Division for Policy, Evaluation and Training Department of Peacekeeping Operations Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General Department of Safety and Security Directive on the Use of Force economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group economic and Social Council economic Community of West African States PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 254

31 LEADING WITHIN UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS ECPS FARDC FC FHQ FPDO FPU HC HIPPO HOM HOMC HOPC ICJ ICRC IDDRS IDP IFRC ILO IMF IMPP IMTCs IMTF INTERFET IOM IOT ISS ITS JLOC JMAC JOC LI executive Committee for Peace and Security Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo Force Commander force headquarters Friends of Peace and Development Organization formed police unit UN Humanitarian Coordinator High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations head of mission Head of the Military Component Head of the Police Component International Court of Justice International Committee of the Red Cross UN Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Standards internally displaced person International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund United Nations Integrated Mission Planning Process Integrated Mission Training Centres Integrated Mission Task Force east Timor from the International Force for East Timor International Organization for Migration Integrated Operational Team Integrated Support Service Integrated Training Service Joint Logistics Operations Centre Joint Mission Analysis Centre Joint Operations Centre Letters of Intent PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 255

32 LEADING WITHIN UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS LOA LOAC LOE MACC MINURSO MINUSMA MINUSTAH MLO MLT MOA MONUC MONUSCO MOU MSA NGO NSE NSE(A) NSE(L) NSE(O) OCHA OHCHR OPLAN OROLSI Letter of Assist Law of Armed Conflict letters of exchange mine action coordination centre UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Military Liaison Officer Mission Leadership Team memorandum of agreement United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo memorandum of understanding mission subsistence non-governmental organization national support elements NSE administration NSE logistics NSE operational United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights operation plan Office of the Rule of Law and Security Institutions P5 Professional Level 5 PC PCC PCRS PET PIO POC Police Commissioner police-contributing country Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System Policy Evaluation and Training Division Public Information Officer protection of civilians PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 256

33 LEADING WITHIN UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS RC RDL ROE SADC SCR SDS SEA SHIRBRIG SitCen SLP SML SMT SOFA SOMA SPC SPO SRSG SSR STM TCC UN Women UNAMA UNAMI UNAMID UNAMSIL UNCT UNDOF UNDP UNDSS UNEF I UN Resident Coordinator Rapid Deployment Level rules of engagement South African Development Community United Nations Security Council resolution strategic deployment stocks sexual exploitation and abuse Standby High-Readiness Brigade Situation Centre Senior Leadership Programme UN Senior Mission Leadership Security Management Team Status of Forces Agreement Status of Mission Agreement Standing Police Capacity senior political officer Special Representative of the Secretary-General security sector reform Specialized Training Materials troop-contributing country United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UN Country Team United Nations Disengagement Observer Force United Nations Development Programme United Nations Department of Safety and Security First United Nations Emergency Force PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 257

34 LEADING WITHIN UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS UNFICYP UNHCR UNHQ UNICEF UNIFIL UNMAS UNMEE UNMIK UNMIL UNMIS UNMISS UNMIT UNMO UNOCC UNOG UNOMSIL UNOSOM II UNPOL UNRWA UNSMIL UNTAET UNTSO UNV WFP WHO WPS United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Headquarters in New York United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon United Nations Mine Action Service United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea United Nations Mission in Kosovo United Nations Mission in Liberia United Nations Mission in Sudan United Nations Mission in South Sudan United Nations Mission in Timor-Leste United Nations Military Observers UN Operations and Crisis Centre United Nations Office at Geneva United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone Second United Nations Operation in Somalia United Nations Police Division United Nations Relief and Works Agency United Nations Support Mission in Libya United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor United Nations Truce Supervision Organization United Nations Volunteers World Food Programme World Health Organization women, peace, and security PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 258

35 LEADING WITHIN UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS About the Author: Major General Tim Ford, Australian Forces (Retired) General Ford Major General Tim Ford is a retired soldier and peacekeeper now based in Sydney, Australia. During his forty-year military career, General Ford served in a wide variety of command, staff, and training appointments in Australia and overseas, including operational service in South Vietnam. For the last five years of his military career, he served in UN appointments as Head of Mission of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in the Middle East from and as Military Adviser in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at UN Headquarters in New York from Since leaving the Defence Force, General Ford has continued to undertake significant overseas projects and reviews for the United Nations, the Australian Government, and other international organizations on international peace and security issues. Both throughout and following his military career, he has travelled to conflict areas and contributed to a wide range of international seminars, training courses, and conferences as a keynote speaker and presenter. He was a mentor for the UN Senior Mission Leadership courses from their inception in 2004 until 2011 and has written on leadership in peace operations in several forums. General Ford continues to be involved in the development of UN peace operations policy. He served as Chair of the Board of the Peace Operations Training Institute from PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE 260