MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE Prova de Inglês. Sexta-feira dia 29 de setembro de h00 11h00

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1 MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE 2018 Prova de Inglês Sexta-feira dia 29 de setembro de h00 11h00 BY

2 PART 1 Please answer Questions 1 to 10 with reference to Text 1, indicating the best alternative. There is only one answer to each question. Q1. Trump s inaugural pledges as cited in Paragraph 1 could be described as A. vague and over-ambitious B. specific and modest C. non-specific and unambitious D. scientifically detailed Q2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Paragraph 2 as possibly being affected by the Trump administration s immediate policy of reviewing new or pending regulations? A. Some regulations that aim to cut energy consumption B. The rules regarding research involving human participants C. The protection of a species of bee D. Freezing temperatures caused by climate change Questions 3-6 Match the point of view with the individual cited as expressing it in Paragraphs 3 to 5. Q3. The current situation in the USA is appalling. Q4. Science deserves greater emphasis. Q5. A focus on the use of technology for purely national interests would be bad for science and for the world. Q6. It is too soon to tell whether the current administration is going to be hostile towards science. A. Donald Trump B. Tobin Smith C. Barack Obama D. Jack Stilgoe Q7. According to Paragraph 8, A. Trump believes that the EPA has hitherto concentrated too exclusively on air and water. B. the EPA was a major player in action to combat climate change under Obama. C. the EPA has overseen an increase in the use of US natural gas reserves. D. the EPA is not responsible for renewable energy policy. Questions 8 and 9 Which of the following points is made by Robert Socolow (Question 8) and which by Sam Adams (Question 9) in Paragraphs 9 and 10. A. One aspect of Trump s energy plan appears to be vindictive. B. Trump s omission of renewable energy from his plan is based on statistical analysis involving a well-established points system. C. There is an apparent contradiction between Trump s energy plan and his pledges regarding employment. D. Trump s renewable energy policy is designed to trip up foreign competitors. Q10. According to Benjamin Corb, A. NIH studies have hitherto been based too much on guesswork. B. Francis Collins should not have been fired as director of the National Institutes of Health. C. President Trump will soon be announcing a 100% increase in the NIH budget. D. it is impossible to predict the position that the Trump administration will adopt with regard to biomedical research.

3 TEXT JA N UA RY VO L N AT U R E Scientists uneasy as Trump takes over White House US president s focus on America first and support for fossil fuels give many cause for concern. by LAUREN MORELLO, SARA REARDON, JEFF TOLLEFSON AND ALEXANDRA WITZE 1. US President Donald Trump took office on 20 January, pledging to unlock the mysteries of space, to free the Earth from the miseries of disease, and to harness the energies, industries and technologies of tomorrow. 2. His early actions included publishing an energy plan that reiterates his campaign promise to repeal federal climate-change regulations, and freezing new or pending regulations on any topic until they can be reviewed by Trump administration officials. Among the policies that could be affected is the Common Rule on human-subjects research; a revised version of the rule was finalized on 18 January, but has not yet taken effect. Also ensnared are the Fish and Wildlife Service s plans to put the rusty patched bumblebee (Bombus affinis) on the endangered-species list, and several energy-efficiency regulations from the Department of Energy. 3. Trump s inaugural speech, delivered from a platform overlooking Washington DC s National Mall, described a country in decline. The president s pledge to reverse American carnage took a markedly different tone from the hopeful address of Barack Obama in 2009, when Obama delighted many scientists by pledging to restore science to its rightful place. 4. The switch of focus to national borders, local concerns and short-term problems should give scientists cause for concern, says Jack Stilgoe, a science-policy expert at University College London, who is on sabbatical at the University of Colorado Boulder. If America first translates into technonationalism, then the world and its science will be worse off. 5. Others are still in wait-and-see mode. There have been alarm bells, reports that the president has already launched a war on science, says Tobin Smith, vicepresident for policy at the Association for American Universities in Washington DC. I think it s way too premature to draw that conclusion. 6. That did not stop scientists from joining protesters at rallies in Washington DC and other cities worldwide to protest against Trump s policies. Many are concerned by Trump s questioning of the science underlying climate change, and by his remarks suggesting a link between vaccination and autism. FOSSIL FUELS FIRST 7. Minutes after Trump took the oath of office, the White House website displayed the new president s America First energy plan. For too long, we ve been held back by burdensome regulations on our energy industry, the document says. President Trump is committed to eliminating harmful and unnecessary policies such as the Climate Action Plan and the Waters of the U.S. rule. The Climate Action Plan is the collective name for regulations to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions that were put in place by Obama. 8. The Trump energy plan pledges to refocus the EPA on its essential mission of protecting our air and water. The EPA, or Environmental Protection Agency, regulates heat-trapping emissions from power plants, vehicles and other sources. It has been the key actor in Obama s climate plan. Trump s strategy emphasizes fossil fuels, calling for greater development of US shale, oil and natural-gas reserves, and says the administration is committed to clean coal technology. But it does not mention renewable energy sources. 9. Omitting renewable energy from the plan is churlish, says Robert Socolow, a climate scientist at Princeton University in New Jersey. It reads like score-settling. Socolow adds that he was surprised that the plan also omits any mention of nuclear energy. 10. The focus on fossil fuels carries enormous risks for Trump, says Sam Adams, US director for the World Resources Institute, an environmental think tank in Washington DC. The president has promised to create jobs, but ignoring clean energy one of the fastestgrowing sectors in the US economy could drive

4 jobs overseas, Adams says, while worsening global warming. There lies, somewhere ahead in the path that they have taken, a political tripwire, Adams says. 11. It is still unclear what the Trump administration will bring for biomedical researchers and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), despite the president s inauguration pledge to fight disease. I could see a world in which it was equally likely we could wake up tomorrow and find that the president has proposed that the NIH budget be doubled or that the president has proposed that the NIH be eliminated, says Benjamin Corb, director of public affairs at the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Rockville, Maryland. 12. Yet Corb sees reasons to be hopeful including the Trump team s decision, announced on 19 January, to retain NIH director Francis Collins, at least temporarily. Collins was nominated to the job by Obama and took office in Still, Trump has said nothing serious about the agency or biomedical research in general. We re watching all our crystal balls, says Corb, but they appear to be foggy.

5 PART 2 Please answer Questions 11 to 19 with reference to Text 1, indicating the best alternative. There is only one answer to each question. Q11. Which of the following phrases best defines the word inclusiveness as used in the subtitle of the article? A. Giving everyone a fair chance of success regardless of peculiarities unrelated to merit B. Giving everyone access to higher education regardless of merit C. Ensuring that 50% of all research grants are awarded to minorities D. Comprehensive statistical analysis of data Q12. Which of the following graphs best represents the most recent data mentioned in Paragraph 1? A. B. C. D. Q13. According to Paragraph 1, the most recent data on racial disparity A. contradict previous findings. B. confirm and extend previous findings. C. have already led to huge increases in research funding. D. were obtained despite the lack of co-operation of the FOIA.

6 Q14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned explicitly as being directly or indirectly disadvantaged by racial disparity in Paragraph 2? A. Society at large B. The advance of science C. University professors D. People suffering from diseases Q15. According to Paragraphs 4 and/or 5, the authors of D.K. Ginther et al. (2011) found that A. native-born Asian-Americans are less likely to be discriminated against than native-born African Americans. B. discrimination against Asian grant applicants fell off after C. neither Asians nor African-Americans are subject to discrimination if they have already received PhDs. D. Asian grant applicants tend not to have received all of their scientific training in the USA. Q16. The words that and it highlighted in Paragraph 7 A. refer to Kington s study and the tendency to be racially biased respectively. B. refer to changes to the peer-review process and bias respectively. C. both refer to shortcomings in Kington s findings. D. both refer to the action recommended in the last sentence of Paragraph 6. Q17. Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a factor believed to be involved in generating disparity in Paragraph 7? A. The quantity of an applicant s published work compared to that of peer reviewers B. Being work colleagues C. Sharing research interests D. Skin color Q18. The terms foster and make-up in Paragraph 8 could be replaced by which of the following respectively without substantially altering the meaning? A. adopt and invention B. promote and composition C. foment and embellishment D. scale back and configuration Q19. According to Paragraph 8, Sam Oh A. is an Asian-American physician who has himself suffered from racial discrimination. B. thinks that NIH grant reviewers should restrict themselves to purely academic considerations when scoring applications. C. was one of the scientists who made the Freedom of Information Act application for National Institutes of Health data mentioned in Paragraph 1. D. is an epidemiologist who has shown that diseases tend to affect all racial groups equally.

7 Answer Question 20 with reference to both Text 1 and Text 2, indicating the best alternative. There is only one answer to the question. Q20. Which of the following statements is a valid statement regarding the differences between Text 1 and Text 2? A. Text 1 is mostly about the NIH, while Text 2 mentions it only in passing. B. Text 1 is clearly written by authors sympathetic to the Trump administration, while Text 2 is more objective. C. Text 2 contains concrete scientific data, while Text 1 is mostly about policy uncertainty. D. Both texts report research findings, but Text 2 is more skeptical with regard to the results.

8 TEXT 2 19 NOVEMBER 2015 VOL 527 NATURE 275 Research for all Numbers on racial bias in research grants awarded by the US National Institutes of Health show that science has more to learn about inclusiveness. 1. Data released this week paint a long-term picture of the racial disparity in grants funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and show that for nearly 30 years, applicants from minorities have been less successful than white and mixedrace applicants in receiving funding. The data, obtained by researchers through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to the agency, extend previous findings that showed racial disparities in NIH grants between 2000 and Those results had already led the agency to dedicate hundreds of millions of dollars worth of grants and programs to try to rectify funding disparities. 2. These disparities are not only unjust; they harm scientific and medical progress by shutting off funding to deserving scientists, and ultimately harm society and patients who would otherwise benefit from these scientists ideas. 3. The big task now is to determine why racial funding disparities arise, and how to erase them. Researchers who have studied such disparities in science say that bias probably plays out in subtle and unsubtle ways in the grant-review process itself. 4. In 2011, a team led by Raynard Kington, president of Grinnell College in Iowa, published a landmark paper reporting that black grant applicants were about twothirds as likely as whites to be funded during , even once factors such as publication history and training were taken into account (D. K. Ginther et al. Science 333, ; 2011). 5. Initially, the same study also found funding disparities between Asians and whites. But when the authors controlled for nativity that is, when they attempted to distinguish Asians who were born and educated in the United States from those who had immigrated after receiving some or all of their scientific training they found that there was no disparity in funding between whites and Asians who were US citizens when they received their PhDs. 6. Kington says that this finding shows that bias can work in more complex ways than along strict racial lines: for instance, in favor of native-born and against foreign-born grant applicants. Countering this effect requires changes to the peer-review process, but also action throughout scientists education, training and career trajectories. 7. That will need measures to counter negative bias the tendency to have stereotyped or unfavorable opinions about people belonging to particular groups but it will also require strategies that take into account positive bias, which is the tendency to support, like and believe in people who are similar to, or have similar experiences to, oneself. Much of the disparity among funded researchers is thought to involve factors such as whether grant applicants trained at or work at the same institutions, study the same research questions and have published as much or in the same journals as peer reviewers. 8. The NIH is working on some aspects of the issue for instance, its National Research Mentoring Network aims to foster diversity through mentoring. Pulmonologist Esteban Burchard and epidemiologist Sam Oh at the University of California, San Francisco, who requested the NIH FOIA data, support ideas that would require NIH grant reviewers to score grant applications on factors such as how the researchers plan to recruit diverse populations and how well the appli cations reflect the racial and ethnic makeup of the country. Another idea is to provide an administrative supplement to funded grants for the discovery of racial and ethnic differences in medicine. 9. Attacking such disparities both in the ranks of science itself and at the level of the type of science funded is a powerful idea. It deserves serious consideration as the NIH works to make sure that the research it funds is truly representative of the medical needs of the United States.

9 Sexta-feira dia 29 de setembro de h00 11h00 MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA SAÚDE 2018 Nome do candidato: RG do candidato: CPF do candidato: Questão Resposta Questão Resposta 1 A B C D 11 A B C D 2 A B C D 12 A B C D 3 A B C D 13 A B C D 4 A B C D 14 A B C D 5 A B C D 15 A B C D 6 A B C D 16 A B C D 7 A B C D 17 A B C D 8 A B C D 18 A B C D 9 A B C D 19 A B C D 10 A B C D 20 A B C D BY