Resettlement of Climate Induced Displaced People in Bangladesh: Governance Perspective

Transcription

1 IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume, Issue 10, Ver. VI (October. 017) PP e-issn: , p-issn: Resettlement of Climate Induced Displaced People in Bangladesh: Governance Perspective Mohammed Arifur Rahman Chief Executive, YPSA (Young Power in Social Action) Chittagong-41, Bangladesh Abstract: The study attempts to investigate the resettlement of climate induced displaced people in Bangladesh along with exploring the existing government resettlement programs in the light with governance perspectives. The study mainly based on primary as well as secondary data sources. Primary data have been obtained through the quantitative along with qualitative sources. Qualitative data were attained through Participant Observation, Key Informant Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods. Quantitative data have been acquired through the field study consisting of a questionnaire survey. Data were interpreted by the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS-16). Various statistical tools and techniques were used for data presentation. For statistical interpretation, the null hypotheses (H o ) have been adopted and Chi square ( ) test has been performed after cross tabulation. The study reveals that the resettlement status of climate induced displaced people is frustrating, they mainly receiving short term relief from the government and other organization, permanent settlement has only for people less than 10%. Absence/ limited resettlement program has been forced displaced people to move though displaced people faced some common difficulties in their destination areas such as an identity crisis, threat from local people to leave the place, the absence of good relation with local authority and land ownership, absence of cultural harmony, didn t get any kind or assistances from local neighbors and so on. It is identified that displaced people are deprived to be resettled for many reasons such as no linkages with authority, corruption, influence of local and national politicians, bureaucratic difficulties. The relationship between resettlement program and people s displacement focusing on governance were significant (H o was rejected). Inadequate resettlement program with poor governance system along with recurrent climate induced disasters have been accelerating people displacement in coastal areas of Bangladesh. The study counsel that ensures transparency and accountability in all parts of government and non-government authority; proper coordination among government and NGOs for promoting the resettlement program, resettle displaced people one by one in the nearby community, promote disaster resilience housing and infrastructure and proper distribution of Khas land (government land) to the displaced people as priority basis can solve this problem in the long run. Keywords: Displacement, Resettlement, Good Governance Date of Submission: Date of acceptance: Introduction Climate change induced extreme weather events, primarily hydro-meteorological in nature, will significantly affect displacement in three distinct ways in Bangladesh. Firstly, the effects of warming and drying in some regions will reduce agricultural potential and undermine 'ecosystem services' such as the availability of clean water and fertile soil. Secondly, heavy precipitation will cause flash or river floods in tropical regions. And finally, sea-level rise will permanently destroy extensive and highly productive low-lying coastal areas that are home to millions of people who will have to relocate permanently [10]. It declines the poverty line and interrupted the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of the least developed countries, who are highly vulnerable to the climate-induced disasters [6]. In Bangladesh, people are suffering from regular natural hazards including floods, tropical cyclones, storm surges and droughts. As a result, nearly 46% people temporarily displaced and 1% people permanently displaced due to different hazards in four climate hotspots of Bangladesh [4]. Besides, more than 4 million people were displaced in 010 by natural disasters in which more than 38 million by climate related disasters. Out of 4 million, 569 thousand were only from Bangladesh [11]. Since the end of the 1980s the issue of good governance has dominated the international discussion about development and international assistance to developing countries [14]. In response to the regular and severe natural disasters that Bangladesh face, the Government has developed a number of programs to relocate and rehabilitate people who have been made landless and homeless as a result of different slow and sudden onset DOI: / Page

2 disasters. These programs are known as Agriculture Khas land distribution to landless families, Adarsha Gram/Cluster Village, Gucchagram or Climate Victims Resettlement Project, Abasan and Ashrayan project for ensuring housing to landless and homeless people of all over Bangladesh but the migration of displaced people to big cities increasing day by day. In this point of view, the study refers to the Good governance concept because it implies a number of institutions, which regulate the behavior of public bodies, stimulate citizens and participate in government and control public- private relations [13]. Yet, no specific study of the resettlement reality of climate displaced people in Bangladesh is regarding on governance perspective. So, the present study assesses existing government resettlement program and gaps of governance for a proper resettlement program of climate displacement people in coastal Bangladesh.. Scenario of Resettlement Program in Bangladesh The first landless program was launched in 197 and since then a number of programs and land reform initiatives have focused on the distribution of government khas land to landless families [5]. Many of the governmental housing projects tried to ease the pressure on urban areas by relocating or promoting the return to rural areas. These programs include: The Ghore Phera Program: Launched in 1999 the program encouraged people to return to their villages by offering loans for income generating activities in rural areas. The Ashrayan Project: This project, started in the coastal areas of Bangladesh in 1996, included the construction of basic housing in a barrack style. The Adarsha Gram Prokolpo (Ideal Village Project): Completed in 1998, it offered credit for relocation from cities to the rural areas. The Ashrayan-I Project: The government implemented a resettlement program Ashrayan-I Project from 1997 to 010. After the completion of Ashrayan-1, the government established Ashrayan-II, to run from 01 to 017. The project is sponsored and coordinated by the Prime Minister s office and supported by the Ashrayan Project Central Advisory Council. The Guchogram or Climate Victims Resettlement Project was launched in 009 and is due to run till June 014. The aim of the project is to relocate climate victims, landless, homeless, address less and persons affected by river erosion on khas or donated land, with living accommodation and deeds of title. The Project is sponsored by the Ministry of Land and covers all of Bangladesh, excluding the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs). In 1987, the Government formed Guccha Grams (clustered villages) for landless people. Several NGOs took the opportunity to cooperate the Government in the land distribution tasks. This cooperation has continued, furthermore, NGOs have assisted the government in its program of Adarsha Gram (ideal villages) which aims to provide comfort by constructing houses for the distressed poor [9]. NGOs also resettled the displaced and landless people establishing Gucchagram (cluster village) through purchasing land with financial support from donors. In addition to the resettlement of displaced people through establishing cluster villages, the NGOs of Bangladesh have been using a number of strategies and processes to recover and distribute Khas land among the landless poor; including, mobilization, identification and redistribution of Khas land, legal aid, lobbying and advocacy []. Besides, CDSP (Char Development and Settlement Project) deals with state-owned land known as Char land, which falls into the broader category of Khas land, in South Eastern Bangladesh. The aim of the Project is to improve the security of tenure of landless people who are informally occupying Char land by providing them with legal title over the land, as well as to improve the quality of their lives on Char land by developing infrastructure and providing essential services such as healthcare, education and livelihood training [5]; New Land for Climate Displaced Persons in Bangladesh). The land settlement process under the CDSP-IV follows the provisions of the Agricultural Khas land Management and Settlement Act and can be divided into the following broad stages: Stage 1: Production of Settlement Map, Stage : Consolidation of the map and information on landless households and Stage 3: Issuance of the Official Land Title [3]. 3. Research Questions The study primarily focuses on answering the following two research questions such as- what are the government resettlement programs are exist in the coastal area of Bangladesh? And what are the gaps of governance for a proper resettlement program for climate displacement people in Bangladesh? Besides, for establishing the relationship between resettlement program and people s displacement focusing on governance, for statistical interpretation, the null hypotheses (H o ) were adopted. In order to analyze the data more strictly, an attempt was made to statistically interpret the relationship between resettlement program and people s displacement. H o : there is no relation between resettlement program and people s displacement focusing on governance. 4. Material And Methods The following steps describe the details on field data collection. DOI: / Page

3 4.1 Selection of the study sites Three coastal zones of Bangladesh have been divided into three categories such as Western, Central and Eastern. Western area is started from Satkhira to Patuakhali district, the central area is covered Patuakhali to Feni district and the eastern area included Feni to Cox's Bazar district respectively [1 & 8]. For conducting the present research work, two displaced areas were selected from two distinct coastal zones which are Dacope Upazila in Western and Kutubdia Upazila (Island) in the eastern zone as well as two destination areas (figure 1). These destination areas were Kutubdia Para in Cox s Bazar municipal area and Mathabanga at Botiaghata in Khulna municipal area. Although displaced people were going to different places around the whole country, but mentioned areas were highly concentered or settled of displaced people those who were displaced from Kutubdia and Dacope Upazila respectively. Dacope Upazila Bangladesh Kutubdia Upazila Figure 1: Location of the study area (Dacope and Kutubdia) 4. Data Collection Both qualitative as well as quantitative approaches have been applied. Qualitative data have been collected through participant observation, Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods, besides quantitative data were gathered through questionnaire survey method respectively. Total 10 KIIs were interviewed, among 08 KIIs were conducted in displaced areas and 0 KIIs were done in destination areas respectively. Besides, among 0 were done with Additional Deputy Commissioner-Revenue, 0 with union chairmen, 0 with journalists, 0 with upazila chairmen and Upazila Nirbhahi Officer (UNO) at Kutubdia upazila and academician at Khulna University respectively. Total 06 FGDs were completed, among 04 FGDs were conducted in displaced areas and 0 were conducted in destination areas separately. A semi-structure questionnaire has been applied for quantitative data collection at the household level of displaced people from displaced and destination places. Sampling frame has been developed after collection of total population in both study areas. The sample size has been chosen in line with a statistical formula [7]. z pq Formula, n ( ) 0 d DOI: / Page

4 Where, n 0 is denoted desire sample size; z = standard normal deviate usually set at 1.96, which corresponds to the 95% confidence level (1.96); p = assumes proportion in the target population estimated to have a particular characteristic (0.50); q = proportion of the estimation of population (1-p = 0.50); d = allowable maximum error in estimating a population proportion (0.05) respectively. Besides, the simple random sampling technique has been adapted for successfully operating of 410 questionnaires at a household s level of the displaced people. The representative sample size has been distributed on the statistical way with the help of following formula; n Random sampling, Nj ( ) Ni N Where, Nj = represents the sample size; N = total population size, (N = ni + nii + niii + + nn); Ni = population size of study area and n= desired sample size separately. Table 1: Distributed of Population on the two selected study areas Upazila Household Representative sample size Study locations Number of sample size Origin (In area) 100 Kutubdia Destination (Out of origin) 90 Origin (In area) 00 Dacope Destination (Out of origin) 0 Total Source: District Statistics, 011 (Cox s Bazar & Khulna); Population Census, 011 Meaningful data have been edited, coded, classified and tabulated the sequential manner. Qualitative data have been examined with the help of two theories such as Grounded theory and Narrative Analysis, besides quantitative data were interpreted with the help of two analyses such as Statistical analysis and Analytical analysis respectively. Moreover, statistical and analytical analysis of the study was done with the help of statistical techniques, especially Statistical Package for The Social Science (SPSS: version-16) and various statistical tools such as tables, charts, graphs, diagrams, figures and photographs etc. 4.3 Chi Square ( ) Test For statistical analysis of probability sampling or justification of hypothesis, the research has been carefully applied chi-square test. Following equation has been used for determination of the chi-square test. ( O E ) E Where, O denotes the total number of observation or sample size or observation value and E denotes the expected value. For statistical interpretation, the null hypotheses (H o ) were adopted for determining the relationship between resettlement program and people s displacement in the coastal area of Bangladesh. For justification of the hypothesis, the study has been gathered the demographic conditions of the respondents, especially educational qualification, age structure, gender, occupation, income, expenditure, race, duration of living, housing conditions and house structure respectively. Whereas, age structure is essentially variable for articulation and explanation of the problem of the respondents about the climate change related issues, because the average 30 to 40 years weather conditions are represented the climate change in any area. So, the study only cited the age structure among ten demographic variables (figure ). 1 Representative sample size has been selected by Islam, 014 DOI: / Page

5 Figure : Age Structure of the Respondents The figure illustrates the age structure between the Kutubdia and Dacope Upazilas in Bangladesh. In Kutubdia, nearly 81% displaced people were between 31 to above 60 age groups, besides almost every respondent (91%) were of 31 ages to above 60 age groups in Dacope area. 5. Result And Discussion The government of Bangladesh has developed a number of programs to relocate and rehabilitate poor and landless people particularly who have become landless and homeless as a result of disasters. These programs are known as Agriculture Khas land distribution to landless families, Adarsha Gram/Cluster Village, Gucchagram or Climate Victims Resettlement Program, Abasan Project and Ashrayan project for ensuring housing to landless and homeless people of all over Bangladesh. 5.1 Type of assistance received by displaced people The government is the sole agent for providing emergency assistance to disaster victim as well as rehabilitating displaced people through its different programs. Basically, two types of assistances have been getting by displaced people from government such as emergency assistance or relief and permanent assistance or inclusion with resettlement programs. Table illuminates the assistances of receiving by the displaced people from government in both study areas. Table : Displaced people receiving assistances from governmental organization Study Area-I Study Area-II (Kutubdia) (Dacope) Resettlement Program [14.6% in study area I.4% in study area-ii] Relief Program [4.7% in study area I 88.3% in study area-ii] f % f % Giving housing materials Building house Abason Giving food items Giving food items and clothes Giving VGF Card Payment (0,000) Payment (0,000) with food items Payment (3,000) Camp (Tent) and food items Cash Payment DOI: / Page

6 60.5% in study area-i 9.5% in study area-ii Not Applicable (Nobody didn t work here) Total Nearly 14.6% displaced people were resettled by governmental attempts, particularly giving housing materials, building houses and Abbason in study area-i. Instead, only.4% displaced people got housing materials and houses in study area-ii. Besides, nearly 4.7% displaced got different types of relief from a governmental organization, particularly food items, food items and cloths and VGF card in study area-i. Similarly, almost 88.3% displaced people, mainly got cash money (0,000 tk.) and 3,000 tk. and VGF card from governmental organization in study area-ii. Furthermore, 60.5% respondents study area-i and 9.5% in the study area-ii claimed that no government or other organization worked in these areas. 5. Government responsibility for stopping people s displacement The government is bound to take initiatives for resettlement activities of displaced people. Table 3 shows the government is responsible for stopping displacement of villagers from their area. Table 3: Government responsibility for stopping people displacement Study Area-I (Kutubdia) Study Area-II (Dacope) Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Yes No Total Nearly, 91.6% and 85.9% displaced people believed that absence of government proper initiative accelerating the people displacement from their area both in Kutubdia and Dacope. 5.3 Causes of exclusion of displaced people from Resettlement program The government is bound to ensure civilian right to get their basic needs, particularly food, cloth, shelter, education and health care facilities. In disaster or emergency period, vulnerable peoples seek for help from the government. Usually Government provides relief/ assistance for different disaster victims as well as resettles them by the local authority. These assistances or relief programs and resettlement programs depend on various social, economic, political, cultural and locational factors. These factors directly and indirectly hampered these programs in both study areas. Following table 4 explored the causes of exclusion of displaced people from Resettlement program in coastal Bangladesh. Corruption Table 4: Causes of exclusion of displaced people from Resettlement program Study Area-I Study Area-II (Kutubdia) (Dacope) Deprived from resettlement program even though genuine displaced persons due to no linkages f % f % Influence of local and national politics Violence of local powerful men Bureaucratic difficulties Long procedure Inaccessible conditions of displacement people (Education and awareness) Resettlement activities totally absent High density of displaced people but low resource allocation Neglected by Government Need the height of the embankment, occupation opportunity, promote road network and electricity, stopping river bank erosion and providing cattle DOI: / Page

7 Study Area-I (Kutubdia) Study Area-II (Dacope) f % f % Disturber of local mussel man Not applicable Total N.B: Multiple Answer Considered In study area-i, different types of unwanted conditions have been identified for exclusion of displaced person from the resettlement program like deprived from resettlement program even though genuine displaced persons due to no linkages (.83%), corruption (17.35%), influence of local and national politics (15.53%), bureaucratic difficulties (11.41%). In study area-ii, they opined corruption (5.91%), deprive from resettlement even though genuine displaced persons (19.99%). 5.4 Relationship between Resettlement Program and people s displacement focusing on governance Table 5 explores the associations between resettlement Program (Govt. and NGOs) and people s displacement focusing on governance in both the study areas. In order to analyze the data more strictly an attempt has been made to statistically interpret the relationship between resettlement Program (Govt. and NGOs) and people s displacement focusing on governance in both study areas. For this aspect a null hypothesis was taken as, H o : there is no relationship between resettlement Program (Govt. and NGOs) and people s displacement focusing on governance. DOI: / Page

8 Non - Governmental Assistances for Displaced people Governmental Assistances for Displaced people Table 5: Relationship between resettlement Program (Govt. and NGOs) and people s displacement focusing on governance 1 st Variable (Original Place) nd Variable (Destination Place) Cal value Study Area- I (Kutubdia) Study Area-II (Dacope) Chi-square ( ) Chi-square ( ) Tab value Result df Sig.* Cal value Tab value Result df Sig.* Abbason Building house Giving housing materials Cash Payment Giving food items Giving food items and clothes Giving VGF Card Cash payment (0,000 tk.) Cash payment (3,000 tk.) Camp (tent) and food items S S Giving house building materials Giving water tank and house Giving training Financial help (cash payment) Giving food items NS S and clothes Giving healthcare facilities and building hygienic toilet Giving tube well Giving tent, mosquito (Net) and Cloth safe from cold Giving bottle water (drinking water) Giving agricultural Seeds Work for Money Giving fishing Net Giving agricultural equipment Giving cattle *S= Significant, *NS = Not Significant, df = degree of freedom, significance at the level of 0.05 DOI: / Page

9 Chi square ( ) test has been performed after cross tabulation. Table1 shows the results with the levels of significance for the chi-square ( ) test. Rejecting the null hypothesis- there is no association or significant difference of frequency occurring between resettlement program (Govt. and NGOs) and people s displacement considering on governance perspectives in both the study areas. The chi-square ( ) test results indicate that a significant difference between resettlement Program (Govt. and NGOs) and people s displacement focusing governance in both the study areas. Table 5 illustrates that governance issues were significant [Hypothesis (H o ) = Cal value Tab value = Significant] in both study areas. As a result, the null hypothesis (H o ) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H 1 ) was accepted. Besides, NGOs governance issues were non-significant [Hypothesis (H o ) = Cal value Tab value = Non-significant] in study area-i but significant [Hypothesis (H o ) = Cal value Tab value = Significant] in study area-ii. As a result, the null hypothesis (H o ) was accepted and the alternative hypothesis (H 1 ) was rejected in study area-i besides, the null hypothesis (H o ) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H 1 ) was accepted in the study area-ii. Besides, FGD and KII survey prescribed that basically the government and NGOs have been providing two types of assistances for displaced people such as short term or emergency supports or relief program and long term or resettled supports. Government resettlement programs, particularly distribution of Khas Land, Guchogram, Ashrayan, Abasan and Adarsha gram and so on. Besides, NGOs resettlement programs, mainly giving house building materials, giving disaster tolerate houses, building school cum shelter center and so on. Instead, relief program was the main and prime emergency assistances for displaced people giving by the Govt. & NGOs officials. However, inadequate resettlement program along with poor governance have been accelerating displacement of people in the both study areas. Moreover, a proportion of displaced people of both Upazila were resettled on Ashrayan areas. For example, in Dacope Upazila there is only one Ashrayan project at Kamerkhola Union and five Ashrayan and two Abasan were found in Kutubdia Island areas, which were inadequate for displacement peoples in both study areas. 5.5 Proper Resettlement Practices in Coastal area of Bangladesh This research strongly prescribed the Community Based Resettlement Program for displaced people in coastal areas of Bangladesh. This research strongly recommended Non-specialized resettlement program, especially Community based Resettlement Program, is strongly recommended in this research; however, resettlement programs such as Gucchogram, Ashroyon, Abason and Adrasha Village are discouraged. The existing resettlement program have been accelerated a lot of negative things such as displaced people specified the society, create social stratification, built mythological ideas, facing local political and Mussel man violence, facing economic crisis because nobody trust him, feeling psychological stress, loss of social, cultural norms and value and so on. As displaced people s lifestyles are very different from the local settlers, they are not accepted so easily in the community. Displaced people are deprived from their rights, dominated by the local people, threatened and afraid and victimized for their marriageable off-springs. They often face identity crisis as well. Local people tend to show unwilling behavior when the displaced people send their children for education. They are deprived of basic and urban amenities [1]. From this point of view, non-specialized resettlement program or Community Based Resettlement Program means boundary less area, non specificity and does not remark the displaced people and their livelihood areas. This resettlement program is recommended for the displaced people to resettle in a community so that they can be known and create their legal representative and welfare committee. This could pave the way for them to be united and strong, and they can protect themselves from any exotic violence and disturbances. This resettled area should be safe and stay beside from other functional areas. 6. Conclusion And Recommendations Climate displacement is not an issue of future it is already underway in Bangladesh. Climate change induced slow and sudden onset events recurrent in the coastal areas of Bangladesh and displacing hundred and thousands of people from their homestead. But, absence or the limited resettlement program was forcing displaced people to move from their locality. Besides, existing resettlement program has been stigmatized and created a lot of difficulties in their destination areas such as an identity crisis, threat from local people to leave the place, absence of good relation with local authority and land ownership, the absence of cultural harmony, didn t get any kind or assistances from local neighbors and so on. At this point of views, Community Based Resettlement Program not only ensures their permanent settlement, but also ensures their dignity, local hood, culture, society and wisdom. Moreover, ensure good governance and proper coordination among government DOI: / Page

10 and NGOs or development partner during the distribution of the short term resettlement program, particularly distribution basic needs for displaced people in disaster prone areas. The following recommendations have been proposed based on the study findings which can help to proper management of displacement issues, good governance practices including Khas land distribution and resettlement program in Bangladesh. 1. Government should ensure eight rights of displaced people, mainly humanitarian assistance (emergency period), adequate housing and shelter, land, food, water and adequate sanitation, education for school children, health care facilities, freedom of movement, choose their residential location and relocate.. A policy on the protection of climate induced displaced people should be developed and implemented by the government complying with the international rights related convention and national rights based laws and policies that ensure the effective protection of climate displaced communities in Bangladesh. 3. The Government should ensure that suitable Khas land is made available for the relocation of climate displaced communities, with the provision of non-agriculture khas land, including through reviewing and improving the existing khas land distribution policies and programmes for the distribution of Khas land to landless displaced persons in Bangladesh. 4. To adjust displaced people with the new community (preferably in nearby community) or avoid stigmatization of rehabilitated people, government should initiate relocation of individual family to the new community rather than rehabilitation of large number of people in the isolated place. Present large scale rehabilitation program in the isolated place has been stigmatization of rehabilitated people, host community has not been accepting them and no positive relation building up between the host community and relocated people. 5. Relocation/ rehabilitation program should be an effective, transparent and just program from the selection to the allocation of housing and land for the displaced people. Government should ensure that all the persons selected are in free and fair and no political and illegal influences are there. 6. The local level rehabilitation program can control the migration of displaced people to the slum in the urban area, where people lived without basic needs and rights. So government should take Initiative at the local level through ensuring alternative livelihood scope. NGOs can also supplement this process through developing innovative projects. 7. Coordination between Government and NGOs/development partner should be strengthened for relocation/rehabilitation of displaced people in the most effective way. A joint monitoring team can be formed to oversee the entire process, including the selection of displaced people. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to Professor Dr.Hasanuzzaman Choudhury, Chairman and Dr. Sabbir Ahmed, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka for providing the required academic guidance and supports to carry out the research work. This empirical study as part of my Master in Governance Studies (MGS) research work under the department of Political Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. REFERENCES [1] Ali, A, Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh, Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 107, Bangladesh, Climate Research, 1, 1999, [] Barkat, A., Zaman, S, U and Raihan, S, Political Economy Of Khas Land In Bangladesh, Association for Land Reform and Development, 9/17 Iqbal Road, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 107, Bangladesh, 001. [3] BRAC, Impact of Char Development and Settlement Project on Improving the Livelihood of Char Dwellers, Working Paper No 17, 011, 40. [4] CDMP II (Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme), Trend and Impact Analysis of Internal Displacement due to the Impacts of Disaster and Climate Change, Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 014. [5] DS and YPSA, Climate Displacement in Bangladesh: Stakeholders, Laws and Policies - Mapping the Existing Institutional Framework, Young Power in Social Action and Displacement Solutions 014. [6] IPCC, Working Group II 5th Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers 014. [7] Islam, N, An Introduction to Research Methodology, University Press Limited, Third edition, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 014, [8] Islam, S, Sea Level Change in Bangladesh: The Last Ten Thousand Years, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 001. DOI: / Page

11 [9] Manzurul, M, South Asia s Experience in Land Reform: The Role of NGOs, the State and Donors, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, 013. [10] Morton, A., P. Boncour and F. Laczko, Human security policy challenges, Forced Migration Review, Issue 31, 008. [11] NRC, Future Flood of Refugees: A Comment on Climate Change, Conflict and Forced Migration, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), Oslo, 008. [1] Rahman, M. A, Climate Displaced People and Their Rehabilitation Reality in Bangladesh: Governance Perspective, Unpublished MGS Thesis, Master of Goverance Studies (MGS), Department of Political Science, University Dhaka, Bangladesh, 016. [13] Uddin S.M.A, Does the Good Governance Impact on the Local Development in Bangladesh? Thesis, Unpublished. Denmark: Roskilde University, 008. [14] Wohlmuth, K., M, Hans., H. Bass and Frank, M, Good Governance and Economic Development, Germany: Lit Verlag, Mohammed Arifur Rahman. Resettlement of Climate Induced Displaced People in Bangladesh: Governance Perspective. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), vol., no. 10, 017, pp DOI: / Page