DISPLACED BY CLIMATE CHANGE

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2 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION DISPLACED BY CLIMATE CHANGE 01 BACKGROUND Climate change is forecast to bring forth an unprecedented wave of migration and displacement, projections of population displaced by 2050 ranging from 200 million to a billion. Beneath the environmental stressors, the underlying drivers of climate migration reflect political, social, economic, and cultural factors, but climate refugees lack a codified system that provides protection, unlike cross-border displacement caused by political conflict or identity-based persecution. Displacement can be triggered by sudden onset climate hazards such as natural disasters that lead to mass-destruction of infrastructure, as well as slow or repeated onset climatic changes such as desertification, sea-level rise, and heat waves that make regions uninhabitable or unable to sustain communities. Although patterns of climate-induced migration have not been clearly established, increasing urbanization has identified rural-to-urban movements and underscores the need to build capacity within cities to receive fleeing incomers. Climate change is indiscriminatory, but displacement is more common among developing countries with insufficient resources for informed planning and governance to adapt to climate variability in situ. This presents a complex set of opportunities and challenges. While cities better support economic activities and income generation, spontaneous migration strains urban infrastructure, sparks competition for land and resources, and spurs public health problems for new arrivals who typically squat in low income areas with informal settlements, slums. Cities are also often located in low-lying areas next to major water bodies that heighten vulnerabilities to coastal flooding and erosion. Coastal flood events endanger the livelihoods of about 40 million people who live in port cities. 02 STATUS QUO Communities at the edge of low-lying cities have already started to adapt to climate change through various means. Residents of floodplains have raised their homes on stilts or earthen platforms to build resilience to periodic flooding, while in some cases, entire slums are built over waters. It is common for climate refugees to settle in these slums. Despite the individual adaptation to climate change, inhabitants suffer from squalid living conditions and lack tenure security. Most slum areas near water are overpopulated and cramped, leading to poor sanitation and hygiene. Slum dwellers must be alert at all times because there is no adequate pedestrian infrastructure. They also face threats of eviction and cannot make ends meet unless all family members contribute to the household income, including school-age children. Workers face challenges in reaching their full potential because there is limited space to carry out work or store equipment, let alone stocking up on essentials for oncoming natural disasters. There is a general lack of government attention, as well as community leadership to initiate change. 03 PROBLEM STATEMENT Climate change has resulted in largescale displacement, prompting rural-to-urban migration. Because cities are situated in low-lying lands near water bodies, climate refugees often settle in crowded urban slums that have adapted by building stilt housing. However, these settlements are limited in basic amenities, local governance, and land tenure security, entrapping incoming migrants to a poor quality of life facing day-to-day hazards M M M M M M 21.4M SEA LEVEL RISE SINCE 1993 (mm) TEMPERATURE CHANGE RELATIVE TO AVG. ( C) DISPLACEMENTS BY NATURAL DISASTERS 2

3 GRAPHIC SUMMARY THE STILTS COMMUNE 01 CONCEPT A The Stilts Commune empowers climate refugees that have settled in stilt housing within urban slums on spatial, civic, and legal levels by proposing the following: A) Creation of shared space to support social, educational, and economic activities; B) Bottom-up redevelopment that institutes community capacity building and a basis for a democratic local governance structure; and C) Protected occupancy of informal residents through establishing air rights. The physical design is conceived by pooling multiple settlements on stilts together to create shared facilities based on community needs, elevating individual residences. The participatory process in implementation sets up a framework for the community to self-organize for further decisionmaking, and residents of affected existing settlements receive air rights to the land to ensure protection from eviction or displacement in future development. B C 03 PROTOTYPE EXISTING MATERIALS RETAINED & REUSED WITH STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL STORY CORRIDORS BETWEEN NEIGHBORS GREATER HOUSEHOLD SECURITY/PRIVACY REDUCED EXPOSURE TO GROUND-LEVEL HAZARDS PRIVATE RESIDENCES 02 PROCESS SIDEWALK PATIO INITIATION Design concept is presented to the community. ORGANIZATION & PROGRAMMING Participants form an organization and hold community meetings to program the shared facilities to fit high-priority needs and preferences with the help of an advisory group. FUNDING Organization acquires funding from local, national, and international development agencies. Alternative financing models are also considered based on context. CONSTRUCTION & RELOCATION Affected occupants are temporarily relocated to offsite residences during construction. SCHOOL MEETING LATRINE WORKSPACE SHARED FACILITIES PROPOSED DESIGN DAYCARE KITCHEN HAPHAZARD GROWTH AND OVERCROWDING CONSENSUS BUILDING Affected stakeholders, including stilt housing dwellers, developers, and landowners, agree to pool together their structures. DESIGN & APPROVAL Organization establishes partnerships to obtain professional services for feasibility studies, budgeting, planning, design, construction, and legal work. COMPLETION Participants move back into the community and are entitled to air rights to the site to prevent further displacement. Process is evaluated and documented for improvements in future replication. DANGEROUS HANGING LATRINES LACK OF PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURE DETACHED HOUSING EXISTING CONDITIONS 3

4 0 4 POTENTIA L SITES & A PPLIC ATION DHAKA, BANGLADESH BANGKOK, THAILAND WEST BENGAL, INDIA The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates about 70% of slum dwellers within Dhaka to have experienced displacement from floods, cyclones, soil erosion, and increased salinity. Climate refugees have sustained themselves as farmers and fishers in the countryside but must find work as rickshaw pullers and domestic workers in the city. Many children are either neglected or forced to contribute to the household income as laborers instead of receiving education. Because of overpopulation, the government does not have the resources to upgrade slums on public lands and will need international aid. Refugees that live in privately-owned slums often face threats of eviction. Although Bangkok has endured periodic flooding over the years, it suffered a $46 billion dollar economic damage from massive flooding in The floods started in the rural north, prompting a large number of climate refugees into the city. The government has led evacuations and aid delivery, and international humanitarian partners and the Royal Thai Army have assisted recovery. Central Bangkok was well protected, while impoverished urban pockets around the canals of Bangkok still lack disaster readiness and have shown an increase in unemployment. These climate refugees are joined by economic refugees from Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos. The Indian Bengal Delta is one of the world s most vulnerable areas to climate change. Four islands have already been submerged by the tidal upsurge. In addition to internal displacement, the cities of West Bengal such as Kolkata are seeing an influx of population due to the climate refugees from Bangladesh. Despite the commonalities in culture, history, and language, there have been border disputes between the two countries. Building resiliency to climate change and upgrading slums to accommodate the increased population is a task shared by both communities and will require cooperation on the local, regional, and national levels. I am a single mother working in Dhaka s export garment industry. I am a home-based worker but my home is too crowded to work and limits productivity. If I cannot make money to pay rent, I will be evicted from my place and will have nowhere to go with my toddler. I recently lost my job at a factory due to a recent flooding in Bangkok. I would like to learn new skills to be employed in another sector. I would also like to store food and other essentials to be prepared for the next disaster. 4 I am from Kolkata, India and I live near climate migrants from Bangladesh. I want to get to know my new neighbors and would like to organize a neighborhood council with leaders that can represent both communities so we can resolve any conflicts peacefully and engage in meaningful exchange.

5 SUBMISSION SUMMARY THE STILTS COMMUNE Climate change has brought forth large-scale displacement, prompting rural-to-urban migration. Because cities are situated in low-lying lands near water bodies, climate refugees often settle in crowded urban slums that have adapted by building stilt housing. However, these settlements are limited in basic amenities, local governance, and land tenure security, entrapping incoming migrants to a poor quality of life facing day-to-day hazards. The Stilts Commune empowers climate refugees that have settled in stilt housing within urban slums on spatial, civic, and legal levels by proposing the following: A) Creation of shared space to support social, educational, and economic activities; B) Bottom-up redevelopment that institutes community capacity building and a basis for a democratic local governance structure; and C) Protected occupancy of informal residents through establishing air rights. The physical design is conceived by pooling multiple settlements on stilts together to create shared facilities, elevating individual residences to the second story. The shared facilities enable education, home-based economic activities, cooking and dining, community gatherings, and childcare designed to meet high-priority needs identified through community workshops and meetings. The participatory process sets up a framework for the community to self-organize in future decisionmaking, and residents of affected existing settlements are entitled to air rights to the land to ensure protection from eviction or displacement instead of other controversial methods of land redistribution. 5

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