Socio-Economic Aspects of Cycle-Rickshaws for Integrated Transport System Planning in Dhaka
|
|
- Harry Palmer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Paper ID: TE International Conference on Recent Innovation in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development () Department of Civil Engineering DUET - Gazipur, Bangladesh Socio-Economic Aspects of Cycle-Rickshaws for Integrated Transport System Planning in Dhaka R. Roy 1 and M.S. Hoque 2 Abstract To meet the demand for door-to-door transport services in Bangladesh, non-motorized vehicles especially cycle-rickshaws have played a major role. This mode is performing efficiently and effectively in moving both people and goods in the absence of mass-transport systems. With the present context of extreme traffic congestion and resulting air pollution in Dhaka city, cycle-rickshaws can be a versatile and sustainable mode of transportation. It is by far the most common mode of public transport used by people of all walks of life. Still now in Bangladesh, as a profession, rickshaw driving is considered very low status job. To be realistic, it is next to begging as in few cases rickshaw pullers derive decent behavior from the passengers. This study attempts to focus on overall social and living conditions of rickshaw pullers in Dhaka city. Millions of poor earn their livelihood by rickshaw pulling and have subsequent contribution to national economic growth. This paper also tries to find the reasons behind shifting from other manual labor based informal sectors towards this profession. This study attempts to examine the impact of cycle-rickshaw as cost effective feeder mode which cannot be discarded from integrated transport system planning. Keywords: Accessibility; bangladesh; cycle-rickshaw; mobility; sustainable transport; transport system. 1. Introduction The cities of Bangladesh have been experiencing overwhelming population growth and extreme poverty. This is, in part, a result of rural poverty, which has led to the migration of poor people from rural to urban areas in search of a better life and better job opportunities. Most of these rural migrants are absorbed into the urban informal sector. Rickshaw pullers constitute major occupational group in the urban informal sector. Most of them consider this livelihood as a strategy for responding to chronic poverty. Rickshaw is the only environmentally sustainable and zero emission public modal transport in Bangladesh. It is an efficient, non-polluting way to move around, and for many people without a job skill, pulling a rickshaw is the only option other than begging or crime. To a certain extent, the existence of rickshaws may reflect the true nature of our socio-economic condition. 2. Methodology The study is based on a sample of 50 current rickshaw pullers who, at the time of the survey (January April 2015), were all living and working in Dhaka. A stratified sample was drawn at random from rickshaw pullers of nearby BUET area, and different age groups were included. Selected rickshaw pullers were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Before the final survey, a preliminary survey was undertaken. From the reconnaissance it was found that rickshaw pullers were not willing to talk freely and give information without any reason. Therefore, the author had to make some trips by rickshaw and collected information from respective pullers by asking questions. 1 R. Roy, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh, raj.buet140@gmail.com 2 M. S. Hoque, Bangladesh University of University and Technology, Bangladesh, shoque@ce.buet.ac.bd
2 Findings 3.1. Overview From the questionnaire survey, some locations of rickshaw garages next to BUET area i.e. Lalbagh Amlitala, Rayerbagh, Kamrangirchor, Nababganj, Chankharpul, Hazaribagh, Annadabazar were identified. The actual number of rickshaws in garage in each location could not be quantified. The author visited some of the locations and also from available information the number of garage varies from There are about rickshaws in each garage. Each garage has multiple owners and some self owner pullers who keep their rickshaws by giving rent. The price of a new rickshaw varies from Tk /-. This price ranges in Tk /- in case rickshaws are second-hand, based on current condition of body parts. Some garage owners take lease and pay a yearly rent to the land owner which varies from Tk /- depending on location. Most of them appoint a mechanic to repair damaged rickshaws and their monthly salary lies in between Tk /- based on skills and experience Economic status of rickshaw pullers The average income of a rickshaw puller in Dhaka city is in the range of Tk /- per day if he pulls on half day basis. This amount reaches around Tk. 1000/- in case of full day working. The amount of rent paid to the rickshaw owner generally depends on for how long the rickshaw is hired. On half day basis (from 2 p.m. to late in the night), it costs TK.100/- per day. About 95% of the pullers came from villages in search of better of a livelihood. 90% of them have families still in the village. The rickshaw pullers, who are unmarried and live without family, generally stay in rent-free accommodation of the tin-shed and wooden houses provided by the owner nearby the location of garage. For an individual it costs Tk. 100/- with two meals per day. The percentage of different types of rickshaw pullers is shown in following table. Table-1. Distribution of various types of rickshaw pullers Type Frequency Percentage (%) Permanent job 7 14 Shifted from other jobs Source of excess income Total % Permanent job 52% 34% Shifted from other jobs Source of excess income Fig.1. Percentage of various types of rickshaw pullers
3 743 The information presented in Fig.1. is from the questionnaire survey data source and it shows comparison between tendencies of different types of rickshaw pullers. It is particularly interesting that for more than half (52%), rickshaw pulling is not a permanent job. They come in Dhaka city for about a month especially during off-period for extra income, go back, and come again after about 2-3 months. Some of them are engaged in rickshaw pulling about 8-10 days for each month for extra income and also if other jobs are not available. 34% of the rickshaw pullers mention that they have shifted from other profession due to insolvency and excess physical burden. Only 14% consider pulling rickshaw as their only permanent source of income. They have chosen this profession due to lack of capital, more freedom and higher income opportunities Contribution to national economic growth Nowadays, average earnings of a rickshaw puller in Dhaka city ranges about Tk /. Thus a rickshaw puller earns about Tk.15000/- in a month and Tk /- (about US $2315) per year. According to DUTHS (2010) [1], number of licensed rickshaw is about and another rickshaws are operating without licenses in Dhaka city. Mahmud(2009) [2] estimated that around 800,000 rickshaw pullers are employed in the Dhaka city area, plus another 50-70,000 people are employed in ancillary occupations. In Dhaka alone, around USD 300,000 is estimated to transfer between rickshaw pullers and passengers per day (Ali and Islam, 2005) [3]. In Dhaka, 20% of the population relies directly on pulling or indirectly including manufactures, garage owners, painters, repairmen. It amounts to about 2.5 million people. Ali and Islam estimated that 6% of Bangladesh s GDP can be accounted for by rickshaw pulling and that rickshaw pulling accounts for more of GDP than Bangladesh Biman Airlines and Bangladesh Railways combined Comparison with other informal sectors The next outcome of this study is to compare overall condition of rickshaw pulling with other informal sectors. From the detailed survey work it has been tried to find out the reasons behind shifting to rickshaw pulling from other professions.. The working duration and average daily income of different job types in Dhaka city have been generalized in the following table. Table-2. Working duration and average income of various informal jobs in Dhaka city Job Type Working Duration (Hrs.) Average income per day (BDT) Rickshaw Puller /- Brick Field Worker /- Restaurant Bearer /- Local Bus Helper /- Human Hauler Driver /- From Table-2. it is clear that there exists a serious misalignment between duration of working hours and average daily income in current context of informal sectors. It is found that worsening workplace discrimination, manipulation by the owners, physical abuse, mismatch between working duration and payment scale are the most influencing parameters. The current income structure of different informal sectors based on the respondents can be represented by the following bar chart.
4 Average Daily Income(BDT) Rickshaw Puller Brick Field Worker Restaurant Bearer Local Bus Helper 600 Human Hauler Driver Tybe of Job Fig.2.Income structure of various informal sectors in Dhaka city From Fig.2. shown above, it can be found that only Human Hauler commonly known as Laguna drivers earn more than rickshaw pullers. But operation of Laguna needs permission in terms of route and number of vehicles plying the route. According to BRTA [4], up to June 2015 total number of registered Human Hauler in Dhaka city is 3865 which is very small compared to number of rickshaws. From survey work it was found that most of the drivers do not have sufficient training and most of the vehicles have no proper fitness. Besides they do not provide special seating provisions for women and children. Hence this mode has both safety and aesthetic issue Reasons for choosing rickshaw pulling From the survey, it is found that poor people choose this low status job for versatile reasons. Most common and generalized reasons are discussed here Internal migration In accordance with S.Begum, B.Sen [5], every year, in our country internal migrations of poor people occur for both Push and pull factor. In pull factor higher wage and income certainty in urban area are dominant factor. On the other hand river erosion, landlessness, seasonal slackness, flood, drought etc are dominant push factor. Most of the agricultural worker can t cope with the sector whole the year. Most of the workers of North West corner of Bangladesh become unemployed due to uncertainty in agricultural production. So they move to urban areas to seek for job in that slack season. Moreover, some poor in rural area migrate with a hope that they can live a wealthy and better life in urban areas. They migrate mostly due to security for food, good job and to increase income. A small part of them get a formal job in urban areas, most of them get informal job. Unsurprisingly, Rickshaw pulling is the most easily available informal job Easy accessibility Most of these rickshaw pullers are very poor, and have little education and few skills. From the questionnaire survey it is visible that pulling a rickshaw provides them with relatively easy access to the urban labor market, and an escape from extreme rural poverty. Rickshaw pulling needs immense physical labor and deteriorates health with time. But people are shifting to this profession because rickshaws are easily available for rent. In addition it requires almost no skills and investment. In the poor economic context of Bangladesh there is a surplus of labor force. In this case informal sector as well as rickshaw pulling is an effective source of employment in Bangladesh. On the other hand, this occupation does not require any specialization and it is an easy way to get quick cash earning and employment.
5 Discussions The findings of the study reveal that most of the rickshaw pullers have come from the rural poor society. Nowadays, it is an easy way for rural poor to escape themselves from extreme poverty. The cycle rickshaw as an informal activity has a significant effect on our national economy. Moreover, it is a way of transferring money from the middle class to the poorest class. Every month, from the lower middle class and middle class about 12 billion BDT go over to the poorest group of people of the country and circulate in our economic system by the process of rickshaw pulling (We Love Our Bangladesh,2013) [6]. Rickshaw is an efficient and environment-friendly mode of transport. In addition, it is a great relief to the common people who are basically served with poor public transport facilities. It is a big support to huge number of commuters whom the authorities are unable to provide alternative means of suitable transport. 5. Conclusion In the present context of our country, Rickshaw is the most suitable means of transport for the most vulnerable commuters-women, children and the disabled. Cycle Rickshaws are an important component of the informal economies of developing countries like Bangladesh. They provide an informal transport system for both people and goods. They are basic mobility options for short distances and provide income opportunities for low-income households. It is a matter of regret that the contribution of this sector in generating income and employment has not been sufficiently appreciated. Nevertheless to ensure a better outcome for Cycle Rickshaws, proper regulations and better integration with changing traffic patterns are necessary. 6. References [1] JICA, (March 2010), PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON DHAKA URBAN TRANSPORT NETWORK DEVELOPMENT STUDY (DHUTS) IN BANGLADESH, Final Report. [2] Mahmud S.M.S. (2009), Identifying the Deficiencies of Landuse-Transport Development in Dhaka city, M. Sc. Engineering thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dhaka, October [3] Ali, M. and Islam, R. (2005) Livelihood Status of the Rickshaw Pullers of Bangladesh, The Good Earth, Dhaka. [4] Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA)>> Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Dhaka (YearWise). Available at accessed on 20 July, :44 AM. [5] S. Begum, B. Sen, Pulling rickshaws in the city of Dhaka: a way out of poverty?, Environ. Urban. 17 (2005) [6] Rickshaw and Bangladesh from economic perspective: one for another-why and how. Available at accessed on 22 July, :30 AM.
Migration objectives and their fulfillment: A micro study of the rural-urban migrants of the slums of Dhaka city
GEOGRAFIA Online TM Malaysia Journal of Society and Space 7 issue 4 (24-29) 24 Migration objectives and their fulfillment: A micro study of the rural-urban migrants of the slums of Dhaka city Asif Ishtiaque
More informationImpact of Transport Infrastructure & Services on Urban Poverty and Land Development: A Case Study- Colombo, Sri Lanka
Abstract: Impact of Transport Infrastructure & Services on Urban Poverty and Land Development: A Case Study- Colombo, Sri Lanka Professor Amal S. Kumarage University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka Chairman, National
More informationThe occupational structure and mobility of migrants in the Greek rural labour markets
Working Group 17. Demographic issues of Rural Subpopulation: Fertility, Migration and Mortality The occupational structure and mobility of migrants in the Greek rural labour markets Introduction As Europe
More informationMigration and Informality
Migration and Informality Alakh N. Sharma Dhruv Sood Institute for Human Development NIDM Building, 3 rd Floor, IP Estate Mahatma Gandhi Marg New Delhi-110002 Why People Migrate? Labour migration is an
More informationECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD ISSUES OF URBAN POOR. K. M. Mustafizur Rahman
ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD ISSUES OF URBAN POOR K. M. Mustafizur Rahman This report has been prepared as a chapter for a forthcoming book Decelerated Decline: State of Poverty in Bangladesh 2012, edited by
More informationEmployment and Unemployment Scenario of Bangladesh: A Trends Analysis
Employment and Unemployment Scenario of Bangladesh: A Trends Analysis Al Amin Al Abbasi 1* Shuvrata Shaha 1 Abida Rahman 2 1.Lecturer, Department of Economics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University,Santosh,
More informationImpact of road expansion projects on the informal sector in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Impact of road expansion projects on the informal sector in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria FIG WORKING WEEK 2013, ABUJA THEME: ENVIRONMENT FOR SUSTAINABILITY Mary AJAYI, Babajide OJO, Michael OLUKOLAJO and
More informationYouth labour market overview
1 Youth labour market overview With 1.35 billion people, China has the largest population in the world and a total working age population of 937 million. For historical and political reasons, full employment
More informationABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT MGNREGA AND RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN INDIA
MGNREGA AND RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN INDIA Pallav Das Lecturer in Economics, Patuck-Gala College of Commerce and Management, Mumbai, India Email: Pallav_das@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The MGNREGA is the flagship
More informationInternational Journal of Asian Social Science
International Journal of Asian Social Science ISSN(e): 2224-4441/ISSN(p): 2226-5139 URL: www.aessweb.com SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FACTORS EFFECTING MIGRATION BEHAVIOR IN DISTRICT SARGODHA, PAKISTAN
More informationDeterminants of International Migration in Pakistan
Determinants of International Migration in Pakistan Muhammad Farooq Associate Professor, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Shahnaz Tar q
More informationAnalysis of the Sources and Uses of Remittance by Rural Households for Agricultural Purposes in Enugu State, Nigeria
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) e-issn: 2319-2380, p-issn: 2319-2372. Volume 9, Issue 2 Ver. I (Feb. 2016), PP 84-88 www.iosrjournals.org Analysis of the Sources and Uses
More informationSeasonal Unemployment and Voluntary Out-Migration from Northern Bangladesh
Modern Economy, 2011, 2, 174-179 doi:10.4236/me.2011.22023 Published Online May 2011 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/me) Seasonal Unemployment and Voluntary Out-Migration from Northern Bangladesh Abstract
More informationLecture 22: Causes of Urbanization
Slide 1 Lecture 22: Causes of Urbanization CAUSES OF GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION Urbanization, being a process of population concentration, is caused by all those factors which change the distribution of
More informationHUMAN RESOURCES MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN WORK SPHERES
HUMAN RESOURCES MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN WORK SPHERES * Abstract 1. Human Migration is a universal phenomenon. 2. Migration is the movement of people from one locality to another and nowadays people
More informationRural women and poverty: A study on the role of RDRS for poverty alleviation in Bangladesh
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 6(2): 415 421, 2008 ISSN 1810-3030 Rural women and poverty: A study on the role of RDRS for poverty alleviation in Bangladesh M.M. Islam 1, R.N. Ali 2, M.M. Salehin 2 and A.H.M.S.
More informationGender, labour and a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all
Response to the UNFCCC Secretariat call for submission on: Views on possible elements of the gender action plan to be developed under the Lima work programme on gender Gender, labour and a just transition
More informationCHAPTER EIGHT: IMPLICATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR MEGACITIES
CHAPTER EIGHT: IMPLICATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR MEGACITIES Although the focus of this analysis was a single megacity, our examination of Dhaka raised some issues and questions that have implications
More informationSocio-Economic Conditions of Migrant Workers Engaged In Construction Industry in Virar- Mumbai
Socio-Economic Conditions of Migrant Workers Engaged In Construction Industry in Virar- Mumbai Rajesh Ranjan Assistant Professor Thakur Institute of Management Studies and Research (TIMSR), Abstract: The
More informationMigrant Child Workers: Main Characteristics
Chapter III Migrant Child Workers: Main Characteristics The chapter deals with the various socio, educational, locations, work related and other characteristics of the migrant child workers in order to
More informationNature And Reasons For Migration: A Case Study Of Migrated Unskilled Labour To Hyderabad City
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue11, Ver. 11 (Nov. 216) PP 21-26 e-issn: 2279-837, p-issn: 2279-845. www.iosrjournals.org Nature And Reasons For Migration: A Case
More informationSocio Economic status of women weavers in informal sector in Kokrajhar town-a study
Socio Economic status of women weavers in informal sector in Kokrajhar town-a study Abstract: Roselin Basumatary Ph.D. Research Scholar, C.M.J. University, Meghalaya Email: reeba28@rediffmail.com This
More informationImpact of Micro-Credit on Economic Empowerment of Rural Women
The Agriculturists 8(2): 43-49 (2010) A Scientific Journal of Krishi Foundation ISSN-1729-5211 Impact of Micro-Credit on Economic Empowerment of Rural Women S. Sultana 1 and S. S. Hasan 2* 1 ATI, Gazipur,
More informationCOMPARISON OF SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL MIGRANT AND LOCAL LABOURERS
CHAPTER IX COMPARISON OF SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL MIGRANT AND LOCAL LABOURERS In order to study the socio-cultural and economic conditions of industrial migrant labourers it becomes
More informationSyrian Refugee Crisis:
Syrian Refugee Crisis: Rapid Assessment Amman, Jordan July 2012 A Syrian refugee child receives a meal from the U.N. World Food Programme at his temporary home in the Jordanian city of Al Ramtha, near
More informationRural-to-Urban Labor Migration: A Study of Upper Egyptian Laborers in Cairo
University of Sussex at Brighton Centre for the Comparative Study of Culture, Development and the Environment (CDE) Rural-to-Urban Labor Migration: A Study of Upper Egyptian Laborers in Cairo by Ayman
More informationImpact of Migration on Older Age Parents
Impact of Migration on Older Age Parents: Preliminary Findings from Two Communes of Battambang Province, Cambodia Presentation by Khuon Chandore at the Cambodia Development Research Forum (CDRF) Symposium,
More informationImplications of the influx of Syrian refugees on the Jordanian labour market ILO/FAFO/DOS
Implications of the influx of Syrian refugees on the Jordanian labour market ILO/FAFO/DOS The study The study on the Implication of the influx of Syrian refugees on the Jordanian Labour Market is part
More informationCYCLE RICKSHAW (Protection of Livelihood, Promotion of Sustainable and. Eco-friendly mobility) ACT, 2017.
CYCLE RICKSHAW (Protection of Livelihood, Promotion of Sustainable and Eco-friendly mobility) ACT, 2017. Act for the promotion of livelihood of cycle rickshaw pliers, encourage mobility of cycle rickshaws
More informationRural to Urban Migration and Household Living Conditions in Bangladesh
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 253-257, 2012 (July) Rural to Urban Migration and Household Living Conditions in Bangladesh Department of Statistics, Biostatistics & Informatics, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000,
More informationChapter 7. Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration: Theory and Policy 7-1. Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7 Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration: Theory and Policy Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 7-1 The Migration and Urbanization Dilemma As a pattern of development, the
More informationWomen s Economic Empowerment: a Crucial Step towards Sustainable Economic Development
Briefing note National Assembly s Secretariat General Women s Economic Empowerment: a Crucial Step towards Sustainable Economic Development Researcher In charge : Ms. KEM Keothyda July 2016 Parliamentary
More informationInvESt: Investment for Economic Empowerment of Street-dwellers
InvESt: Investment for Economic Empowerment of Street-dwellers Around 300,000-400,000 new migrants are settling in Dhaka city every year (World Bank, 2007). A large portion of this group is forced to live
More informationThe Socio-economic Status of Migrant Workers in Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala, India. By Dilip SAIKIA a
Journal of Economic and Social Thought www.kspjournals.org Volume 3 March 2016 Issue 1 The Socio-economic Status of Migrant Workers in Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala, India By Dilip SAIKIA a Abstract.
More informationDeterminants of International Migration in Egypt: Results of the 2013 Egypt-HIMS
Determinants of International Migration in Egypt: Results of the 2013 Egypt-HIMS Rawia El-Batrawy Egypt-HIMS Executive Manager, CAPMAS, Egypt Samir Farid MED-HIMS Chief Technical Advisor ECE Work Session
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT
Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN:-2230-7850 AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES: A STUDY OF BORDER AREAS OF JAMMU DISTRICT ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pradeep Arora and Virendar Koundal Research
More informationSampling Characteristics and Methodology
Sampling Characteristics and Methodology The unit of observation for the survey is the household. Interviews were conducted with an equal number of women and men, each representing their households. Additional
More informationA Study on the Socio-Economic Condition of Women Domestic Workers in Tiruchirappalli City
Volume 02 - Issue 12 December 2017 PP. 20-24 A Study on the Socio-Economic Condition of Women Domestic Workers in Tiruchirappalli City *Dr Arul R *Assistant Professor, Pg Department Of Commerce Computer
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG LIBRARIES. Hong Kong Collection. gift from Hong Kong (China). Central Policy Unit
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG LIBRARIES Hong Kong Collection gift from Hong Kong (China). Central Policy Unit MDR Quality, Dedication & Expertise Preparedfor Central Policy Unit Household Survey on 24-hour
More informationAUGUST 2013 The Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction Project: A community-based approach to urban development in Bangladesh
AUGUST 2013 The Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction Project: A community-based approach to urban development in Bangladesh Our debates about migration are too often concerned with questions of what
More informationCENSUS RESULTS NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
2011 CENSUS RESULTS NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY INTRODUCTION The inaugural National Household Survey (NHS) was a voluntary survey which replaced the mandatory long-form census questionnaire. The NHS was
More informationImportance of labour migration data for policy-making- Updates
Importance of labour migration data for policy-making- Updates Tite Habiyakare ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific July 2015 ILO Department of Statistics Overview From international legal instruments
More information6 Question Types for IELTS Writing Task 2
6 Question Types for IELTS Writing Task 2 1. (To what extent) do you agree or disagree? 2. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 3. Do (you think) the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? 4. Is this
More informationIssue paper for Session 3
Issue paper for Session 3 Migration for work, within borders and internationally Securing the benefits, diminishing the risks of worker mobility Introduction International labour migration today is a central
More informationLivelihoods and Labeling of Rural Women in the Urban Slums in Bangladesh
World Vision ISSN: 2078-8460 Vol. 9 No. 1 Nov 2015 Livelihoods and Labeling of Rural Women in the Urban Slums in Bangladesh Abstract Dr. Talukder Golam Rabby Rural-urban migration is essentially an unavoidable
More informationTHE ROLE OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM RURAL AREAS OVER THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
THE ROLE OF LABOR MIGRATION FROM RURAL AREAS OVER THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Prof. Dr. A. Stratan, Dr. A. Ignat National Institute for Economic Research, Chisinau,
More informationShutterstock/Catastrophe OL. Overview of Internal Migration in Myanmar
Shutterstock/Catastrophe OL Overview of Internal Migration in Myanmar UNESCO/R.Manowalailao Myanmar Context Myanmar s total population, as recorded by UNESCAP in 2016, stands at over 52 million. Despite
More informationMigration after Natural Disasters, Case Study: The 2003 Bam Earthquake.
1 Migration after Natural Disasters, Case Study: The 2003 Bam Earthquake. Sharif Motawef, PhD, Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshty University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: sm_1332@yahoo.com Saeedeh Asadi, MA, Reconstruction
More informationKILM 12. Time-related underemployment
KILM 12. Time-related underemployment Introduction This indicator relates to the number of employed persons whose hours of work in the reference period are insufficient in relation to a more desirable
More informationGeography of Migration. By David Lanegran Ph.D. Macalester College
Geography of Migration By David Lanegran Ph.D. Macalester College Introduction Geography of Migration focuses on The decision to migrate Origin and destination regions Paths of movement Movement of people
More informationRole of Services Marketing in Socioeconomic Development and Poverty Reduction in Dhaka City of Bangladesh
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. V, Issue 1/ April 2017 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Role of Services Marketing in Socioeconomic Development and Poverty
More informationSustainable Tourism A catalyst for job creation and socio-economic development
Sustainable Tourism A catalyst for job creation and socio-economic development Lucie Servoz Technical Officer,Sectoral Polices Department, International Labour Office Sustainable tourism: driving force
More informationAn Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Unemployment in District Peshawar
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Unemployment in District Peshawar Zaheer Ahmad Ahmad and Jangraiz Khan Elementary and Secondary Education Department, Khyber
More informationMigration Trend Analysis of Farmers and Agricultural Labours in Yadgir District of Karnataka, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 01 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.371
More informationEffects of remittances on health expenditure and types of treatment of international migrants households in Bangladesh
PES Global Conference 2016 Effects of remittances on health expenditure and types of treatment of international migrants households in Bangladesh Mohammad Mainul Islam 1 PhD Sayema Haque Bidisha 2 PhD
More informationGoverning Body Geneva, March 2009
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GB.304/4 304th Session Governing Body Geneva, March 2009 FOURTH ITEM ON THE AGENDA Report on the High-level Tripartite Meeting on the Current Global Financial and Economic Crisis
More informationSHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [3 MARKS]
DEVELOPMENT SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [3 MARKS] 1. What is meant by economic development? What are the two bases of measuring economic development of a country? Economic development can be defined as
More informationFactors Influencing Rural-Urban Migration from Mountainous Areas in Iran: A Case Study in West Esfahan
European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2014; www.european-science.com Vol.3, No.3 pp. 723-728 ISSN 1805-3602 Factors Influencing Rural-Urban Migration from Mountainous Areas in Iran: A
More informationRefugee Livelihoods in urban settings
Refugee Livelihoods in urban settings 1. The issue The challenges faced by refugees and other displaced populations in finding decent economic opportunities in urban settings have been subject to growing
More informationECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE MIGRANT WORKERS IN KERALA: A STUDY IN THE TRIVANDRUM DISTRICT
(ISSN: 2321-4155), 33-46 Economics ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE MIGRANT WORKERS IN KERALA: A STUDY IN THE TRIVANDRUM DISTRICT Dilip Saikia* ABSTRACT In recent years, Kerala has been experiencing a large
More informationTERMS OF REFERENCE NATIONAL CONSULTANT ILO/UNHCR JOINT PROJECT
TERMS OF REFERENCE NATIONAL CONSULTANT ILO/UNHCR JOINT PROJECT Project Title: ILO/UNHCR Joint Consultancy to map institutional capacity and opportunities for refugee inclusion in social protection mechanisms
More information8 Conclusions and recommedations
8 Conclusions and recommedations 8.1 General findings The main objective of this study is to gain insight into the ability of protected natural areas to attract new residential activity and in the role
More informationCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PROVIDING THE SERVICE IN IC TRAINS BETWEEN REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA AND REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
International Journal for Traffic and Transport Engineering, 2015, 5(3): 309-318 UDC: 656.222(437.6) 656.222(497.5) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7708/ijtte.2015.5(3).08 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PROVIDING THE
More informationROLE OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FARMER S LIVELIHOODS: A CASE STUDY OF AN AGRARIAN COMMUNITY
Simulating the effect of emex australis densities and sowing dates on agronomic traits of wheat Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 47(3), 297-301; 2010 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 http://www.pakjas.com.pk
More informationKISENYI III NEIGHBORHOOD PROFILE Urban community assessment Kampala, Uganda - July 2018
KISENYI III NEIGHBORHOOD PROFILE Urban community assessment Kampala, Uganda - July 8 CONTEXT Surrounded by countries facing political instability, Uganda is the primary destination for refugees from South
More information-121- THE RETRAINING ACT AND THE U. S. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE - THEIR IMPACT ON RURAL COMMUNITIES. by Homer J. Freeman
-121- THE RETRAINING ACT AND THE U. S. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE - THEIR IMPACT ON RURAL COMMUNITIES 1 by Homer J. Freeman I appreciate the invitation to participate in your conference. My visits to Iowa State
More informationWomen Workers in Informal Sector in India
77 Women Workers in Informal Sector in India Gurmeet Kaur, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Punjabi University Dr. Harvinder Kaur, Professor of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala ABSTRACT
More informationTERMS OF REFERENCE NATIONAL CONSULTANT ILO/UNHCR JOINT PROJECT
TERMS OF REFERENCE NATIONAL CONSULTANT ILO/UNHCR JOINT PROJECT Project Title: ILO/UNHCR Joint Consultancy to map institutional capacity and opportunities for refugee integration through employment in Mexico
More informationChapter VI. Labor Migration
90 Chapter VI. Labor Migration Especially during the 1990s, labor migration had a major impact on labor supply in Armenia. It may involve a brain drain or the emigration of better-educated, higherskilled
More informationPopulation and Dwelling Counts
Release 1 Population and Dwelling Counts Population Counts Quick Facts In 2016, Conception Bay South had a population of 26,199, representing a percentage change of 5.4% from 2011. This compares to the
More informationMigration, Employment, and Food Security in Central Asia: the case of Uzbekistan
Migration, Employment, and Food Security in Central Asia: the case of Uzbekistan Bakhrom Mirkasimov (Westminster International University in Tashkent) BACKGROUND: CENTRAL ASIA All four countries experienced
More informationRemittances and Private Adaptation Strategies against Natural Disaster events? Evidence from the Cyclone Sidr hit regions in Southern Bangladesh
Remittances and Private Adaptation Strategies against Natural Disaster events? Evidence from the Cyclone Sidr hit regions in Southern Bangladesh Dr. Sakib Mahmud School of Business & Economics University
More informationImmediately after Eviction. Eviction Impact Assessment in Chilla Khadar Village: New Delhi, India
Immediately after Eviction Eviction Impact Assessment in Chilla Khadar Village: New Delhi, India Introduction On 23 March 2012, the Delhi Development Authority (DDA), without any notice or adherence to
More informationCauses and Impact of Labour Migration: A Case Study of Punjab Agriculture
Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 24 (Conference Number) 2011 pp 459-466 Causes and Impact of Labour Migration: A Case Study of Punjab Agriculture Baljinder Kaur *, J.M. Singh, B.R. Garg, Jasdev
More informationA CONTEMPORARY ANALYSIS ON URBAN SLUMS AND THEIR PROBLEMS OF HALDIA MUNICIPAL AREA IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA
A CONTEMPORARY ANALYSIS ON URBAN SLUMS AND THEIR PROBLEMS OF Anirban Baitalik* Raghupati Pramanik** Sankha Jana*** HALDIA MUNICIPAL AREA IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA Abstract: A slum is a heavily populated urban
More informationTERMS OF REFERENCE. Overview:
TERMS OF REFERENCE Position Title: Research Consultant Duty Station: Kathmandu, Nepal international travel and field visits as required Type of Appointment: Consultancy, 15 months part time Estimated start
More informationRURAL-URBAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC LINKS IN FORON DISTRICT OF JOS PLATEAU, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 4, No 6, 2015, 1709 1718 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) RURAL-URBAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC LINKS IN FORON DISTRICT OF JOS PLATEAU, NORTH CENTRAL
More informationMigration flows from Iraq to Europe
Migration flows from Iraq to Europe 21-22 June 2016 Nuremberg International Organization for Migration (IOM) - Iraq Mission Displacement Tracking Matrix DTM Context and background Iraq: DTM programme &
More information9. Comparative Review of case studies.
9. Comparative Review of case studies. 9.1 Comparative Review of Outcomes obtained by village communities. A key feature of this study is the use of a comparative approach to identify patterns of similarity
More informationSOCIO-EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG JOB EMIGRANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF ANOTHER CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
18 SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG JOB EMIGRANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF ANOTHER CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL WELFARE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH 2015 5 ( 1 ) One of the main reasons of emigration
More informationPublic Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Ministry of Planning Air Vice Marshal (Retd.) A K Khandker Minister Government of the
More informationWorkforce Mobility and Skills in the UK Construction Sector
Workforce Mobility and Skills in the UK Construction Sector Migrant Worker Report January 2008 Prepared for: ConstructionSkills, Foras Áiseanna Saothair (FÁS) and COI COI Job Number: 277046 Prepared by:
More informationBackground. Types of migration
www.unhabitat.org 01 Background Fishman64 / Shutterstock.com Types of migration Movement patterns (circular; rural-urban; chain) Decision making (voluntary/involuntary) Migrant categories: Rural-urban
More informationIntroduction and overview
Introduction and overview 1 Sandrine Cazes Head, Employment Analysis and Research Unit, International Labour Office Sher Verick Senior Employment Specialist, ILO Decent Work Team for South Asia PERSPECTIVES
More informationClimate Change & Migration: Some Results and Policy Implications from MENA
Climate Change & Migration: Some Results and Policy Implications from MENA Outline 1. An abridged history of climate induced migration 2. Investigating CIM in MENA 3. Some results and policy considerations
More informationUrbanization AND Climate Refugees: A Study on Some Selected Victims of Dhaka Metropolitan Area
Urbanization AND Climate Refugees: A Study on Some Selected Victims of Dhaka Metropolitan Area Prof. Golam Rahman Ph.D President, Bangladesh Institute of Planners (BIP) E-mail: grahman.bip@gmail.com Kamrul
More informationRAPID NEED ASSESSMENT REPORT
RAPID NEED ASSESSMENT REPORT Syrian Refugees Marj el Khokh Informal Camp Marjeyoun District, South Lebanon 3 rd of April 2013 AVSI Foundation EMERGENCY TEAM Jounieh Ghadir, Rue st. Fawka (Lebanon) Telefax:
More informationReducing the risk and impact of disasters
Reducing the risk and impact of disasters Protecting lives and livelihood in a fragile world Disasters kill, injure and can wipe out everything families and whole communities own in a matter of moments
More informationUnderstanding Employment Situation of Women: A District Level Analysis
International Journal of Gender and Women s Studies June 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 167-175 ISSN: 2333-6021 (Print), 2333-603X (Online) Copyright The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American
More informationKITE - A Knowledge Base for Intermodal Passenger Travel in Europe. Andreas Frei
KITE - A Knowledge Base for Intermodal Passenger Travel in Europe Andreas Frei Travel Survey Metadata Series 31 January 2013 Travel Survey Metadata Series KITE - A Knowledge Base for Intermodal Passenger
More informationReport on the Trafficking in Human Being awareness survey among Ukrainian migrants staying in Poland.
Report on the Trafficking in Human Being awareness survey among Ukrainian migrants staying in Poland. The survey was carried out within frames of the project named: Cooperation and competence as a key
More informationA PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY
A PREVENTIVE APPROACH TO AVOID POVERTY FROM SOCIETY SUNITA RANI Research Scholar, department of economics CDLU, SIRSA (India) ABSTRACT The main reason of undevloping country is poverty. India is also one
More informationProblems Perceived by the Women Workers under MGNREGA in Jaipur District of Rajasthan, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 8 (2017) pp. 3591-3596 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.431
More informationThursday 22 May 2014 Morning
F Thursday 22 May 2014 Morning GCSE GEOGRAPHY A A732/01 Geographical Skills (Foundation Tier) *3149621384* Candidates answer on the Question Paper. OCR supplied materials: An Insert (A732/01/02/I inserted)
More informationEnd poverty in all its forms everywhere
End poverty in all its forms everywhere OUTLOOK Countries in Asia and the Pacific have made important progress in reducing income poverty, and eradicating it is within reach. The primary challenge is to
More informationLinking growth and equity: exploitation in labour markets. Ursula Grant and Kate Higgins Growth and Equity Conference
Linking growth and equity: addressing exclusion, discrimination i i and exploitation in labour markets Ursula Grant and Kate Higgins Growth and Equity Conference 12 13 February 2009 Objectives 1. To demonstrate
More informationChapter 5. Living and Working Conditions. Estelar
Chapter 5 Living and Working Conditions The International Labour Organization was established with an idea that, "without work all life goes rotten but when work is soul less, life strife less and dies."
More informationUrbanization and Rural-Urban Migration: Theory and Policy
Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration: Theory and Policy In this unit we would: 1.1 Examine the potential role of cities both modern sector and urban informal sector-in fostering economic development
More informationSurvey Results Summary
Survey Results Summary January 28, 2014 FINAL Introduction As part of the Public Outreach Task for VTrans 2040, an online survey was designed and administered to residents of the Commonwealth. The purpose
More informationPro-Poor Growth in India: What do we know about the Employment Effects of Growth ?
Overseas Development Institute LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS Pro-Poor Growth in India: What do we know about the Employment Effects of Growth 1980 2000? S. Mahendra Dev Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad
More information