Moving Out of Poverty: Understanding Freedom, Democracy and Growth from the Bottom Up

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1 November 3, 2005 Introductory note Community Profile Moving Out Of Poverty: Understanding Freedom, Democracy and Growth from the Bottom Up The Community Profile is intended to provide data that complements the data collected through the household questionnaire and therefore follows largely the same structure. It contains a section each on Demographic and Historical Information (about the community); Economic Information; Education and Health; Social Capital; Power, Governance and Access to Information; Freedom and Violence; Environment; and Aspirations. The information for the Community Profile should be collected from one or two local key informants who are very knowledgeable about the community. They might be a community leader, government official, politician, an important local employer or business or financial leader, teacher, or healthcare worker. Relevant considerations for selection of informants for this instrument are not only which informant is most likely to know the requested information, but also which informant is most likely to provide it in an unbiased manner. For the countries affected by conflict in the study, the information for the Community Profile should be collected from a minimum of three independently chosen informants from three different sectors of life one each from the government; group of community leaders; and important local employers or business or financial leaders, teachers, or healthcare workers. For such countries, a few additional questions have been introduced into the Profile to collect information on the intensity and duration of the conflict and its impacts on the community. These questions have been marked by the following symbol: ( ). These questions need not be fielded by research teams in non-conflict countries. At the end of the Community Profile are questions that are directed specifically at focus groups. Each of these questions is contained in the interview guide for these focus groups (Activities 4, 5, and 6 of the methodology guide). These questions have been marked with a double star ( ) in the interview guide for these focus groups, as well as appended to the end of the Community Profile. The numerical responses for them need to be documented carefully and reported according to the computerized coding developed for the Community Profile. 1

2 Section 0: Community identification Interview information C001. Name of interviewer: C002. Date(s) of interview: C003. Name of respondent: C004. Age, Sex, and Position in the community: C005. Name of supervisor: Signature of supervisor (indicating the Community Profile was reviewed): Any comments/observations during the interview: Community information C006. Name of village/neighborhood: Brief description of boundaries: C007. Country C008. AREA: Rural 1 Urban 2 C009. URBAN: City: C010. Department/Province: C011. RURAL: County/District: C012. Department/Province/State: 2

3 Section 1: Demographic and historic information C101. How many years has this village/neighborhood been in existence? C102. What is the current population size? What was the population size ten years ago? A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C103. In the last ten years have there been more people who moved into the community or more people who moved away? MORE MOVED IN... 1 MORE MOVED AWAY... 2 ABOUT THE SAME OF BOTH... 3 NEITHER ARRIVALS NOR DEPARTURES... 4 C104. C104i. What are the major religions practiced in this village/neighborhood? (Create country-specific codes for each religion not limited to 3) RELIGION RELIGION RELIGION RELIGION N...N RELIGION RELIGION 1 RELIGION 2 RELIGION 3 C104ii. For each religion identified, what percentage of people practice this religion? (Write code corresponding with percentage below for each religion identified) 0-10% % % % % % % % % % CODE FOR PERCENTAGE 3

4 C104iii. To what extent is there inequality among religious groups in the village/ community? 1 A VERY LARGE EXTENT... 1 A LARGE EXTENT... 2 NEITHER A LARGE NOR SMALL EXTENT... 3 A SMALL EXTENT A VERY SMALL EXTENT... 5 C104iv. How have these inequalities changed over the last 10 years? INCREASED... 1 STAYED THE SAME... 2 DECREASED... 3 C105. C105i. What are the main languages spoken in this village/neighborhood? (Create country-specific codes for each language identified not limited to 2) LANGUAGE LANGUAGE LANGUAGE N...N LANGUAGE LANGUAGE 1 LANGUAGE 2 C105ii. For each language, what percentage of people consider this their primary language? (Write code corresponding with percentage below for each language identified) 0-10% % % % % % % % % % CODE FOR PERCENTAGE 1 Questions only for countries affected by conflict 4

5 C106. C106i. What are the main ethnic groups in this community? (Create country-specific codes for each ethnic group not limited to 2) ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUP N...N ETHNIC GROUP ETHNIC GROUP 1 ETHNIC GROUP 2 ETHNIC GROUP 3 C106ii. For each ethnic group identified, what percentage of people belong to this ethnic group? 0-10% % % % % % % % % % CODE FOR PERCENTAGE C106iii. To what extent is there inequality among ethnic groups in the village/neighborhood? 2 A VERY LARGE EXTENT... 1 A LARGE EXTENT... 2 NEITHER A LARGE NOR SMALL EXTENT... 3 A SMALL EXTENT A VERY SMALL EXTENT... 5 C106iv. How have these inequalities changed over the last 10 years? INCREASED... 1 STAYED THE SAME... 2 DECREASED Questions only for countries affected by conflict 5

6 C107. Did any natural, health or man-made disasters occur over the last ten years, such as disease, fire, flood, earthquake, drought, famine, insect/crop blight epidemic, riots or any other? FIRE... 1 FLOOD... 2 EARTHQUAKE... 3 DROUGHT... 4 FAMINE... 5 INSECT/CROP BLIGHT EPIDEMIC... 6 DISEASE.7 CIVIL WAR.8 VIOLENT CONFLICT 9 RIOTS.10 OCCASIONAL VIOLENCE.11 OTHER 99If other, write down the event. C108. C108i. Were any important development projects begun in the village/neighborhood in the last ten years? List the names of up to five projects and code as follows. FINANCE... 1 HEALTH... 2 ROAD... 3 AGRICULTURE... 4 SCHOOL... 5 OTHER.99 If other, please specify. C108ii. In what year did this begin? C108iii. Was the community consulted/involved in project design? YES.1 NO...2 C108iv. To what extent has the community been included in project implementation and management? NOT AT ALL.1 A LITTLE...2 SOME EXTENT...3 GREAT EXTENT...4 6

7 C109. C109i. Besides development projects, were there any other major economic changes? FACTORY OPENING... 1 FACTORY CLOSING... 2 NEW CROP INTRODUCED... 3 OPENING OF A MARKET... 4 CLOSING OF A MARKET... 5 OTHER.99f other, please specify. C109ii. In what year did these happen? C110. C110i. Have there been any major social disturbances in the last ten years? RIOTS... 1 OUTFLOW OF REFUGEES... 2 INFLOW OF REFUGEES... 3 OTHER.99 If other, please specify. C110ii. In what year did these happen? 7

8 Section 2: Economic information 2A. Assets C201. Does this community have any of the following facilities today? And did it have any of these facilities ten years ago? Facility i. Bus terminal or train station ii. Daily or weekly market iii. Church/Mosque/Temple iv. Public library v. Cultural/Community center* vi. Public place to use telephone vii. Public place to access the Internet viii. Post Office ix. Electricity A. Have Currently? YES.1 NO...2 B. Had 10 years ago? YES.1 NO...2 (* A cultural/community center can be any place where people gather to engage in community activities. This could even be a compound of the village school) C202 a. [URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD] i. How far away is this neighborhood from the center of the city (in kilometers)? ii. And how far away is it from the area where most government offices are located (in kilometers)? b. [RURAL VILLAGE] i. How far away is this village from the nearest city (in kilometers)? ii. iii. Is there a daily bus or train service to this city? YES... 1 NO... 2 Is the road between this village and that city passable all year long? 8

9 YES... 1 NO... 2 C203. Do most households in the community have access to clean water? And ten years ago? (Clean water here can be defined as water from protected sources such as pipes, handpumps, closed wells etc.) YES... 1 NO... 2 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C204. Do most people who own land or a house have legal titles? And ten years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C205. How strong is the local economy at the present time? How strong was it 10 years ago? VERY STRONG... 1 STRONG... 2 MEDIUM... 3 WEAK... 4 VERY WEAK... 5 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 9

10 2B. Sources of income C206. A. i. Are there any public-works projects in this village/neighborhood that hire residents in need of work? YES... 1 NO... 2 ii. If yes, what percentage of people in the village are employed by these projects? % (For percentage questions, please refer to the population size of the village/neighborhood, as asked in Section 1, Question 10 2) B. i. Were there any such projects ten years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 ii. If yes, what percentage of people in the village/neighborhood were employed then? % C207. Apart from public works projects, what percentage of people in this village/neighborhood are employed by the government? And what percentage were employed ten years ago? A. Currently? % B. 10 years ago? % C208. Are there private employers in this village/neighborhood that hire local residents? YES... 1 NO... 2 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 10

11 C209. In your view, how easy or difficult is/was it to find work with a private employer in the local area? VERY EASY FAIRLY EASY NOT SO HARD IF HELP IS AVAILABLE FROM RELATIVES/FRIENDS NOT SO HARD IF HELP IS AVAILABLE FROM A PAID AGENT/MIDDLEMAN...4 SOMEWHAT DIFFICULT VERY DIFFICULT A. Currently B. 10 years ago C210. What is the average daily wage of an unskilled adult male worker in this village/neighborhood? How much was this wage ten years ago? A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C211. What is the average daily wage of an unskilled adult female worker in this village/neighborhood? How much was this wage ten years ago? A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C212. What percentage of people in this village/neighborhood leave temporarily during certain times of the year to look for work elsewhere? And ten years ago? A. Currently? % B. 10 years ago? % C213. How many people come to this village/neighborhood temporarily during certain times of the year to look for work? And ten years ago? A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 11

12 2C. Agriculture; food security; and credit (IF URBAN AREA, SKIP TO QUESTION 221) C214. Is agriculture an important source of income for households in this community? YES... 1 NO... 2 (If no, skip to question 221 in this section) C215. What proportion of households who work in agriculture do not own any land and work only for wages? What was this proportion ten years ago? 0-10% % % % % % % % % % A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C216. Has there been a land reform program in the past ten years? A. YES... 1 NO... 2 B. If yes, when did it occur? C217. Is there an agricultural cooperative, a farmers syndicate, or similar organization in this village? Did this organization exist ten years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 A. Currently? 12

13 B. 10 years ago? C218. What are the three most important government programs that provide support to farmers? Did these programs exist ten years ago? A. Government Program B. Did these programs exist 10 years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 i. ii. iii. C219. Over the last ten years, how have things changed for farmers with respect to the following? IMPROVED SUBSTANTIALLY....1 IMPROVED SLIGHTLY STAYED ROUGHLY THE SAME.3 DETERIORATED SLIGHTLY.4 DETERIORATED SUBSTANTIALLY.5 i. Access to Credit ii. iii. iv. Access to Agricultural Inputs Irrigation Technical support v. Markets/Market Outlets vi. Other (Please specify) C220. Are there typically severe food shortages in this village in the period before the harvest? YES... 1 NO... 2 C221. Are there typically severe food shortages in this neighborhood or periods of scarcity? YES

14 NO... 2 C222. What sources of credit are currently available to people in this village/neighborhood? And 10 years ago? (Check all that apply) RELATIVES... 1 FRIENDS... 2 MONEYLENDER... 3 TRADER/STORE... 4 EMPLOYER... 5 LANDLORD... 6 COMMUNITY CREDIT GROUP/ASSOCIATION... 7 COMMERCIAL BANK... 8 GOVERNMENT BANK... 9 NGO ETHNIC ASSOCIATION/ORGANIZATION RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATION/ORGANIZATION OTHER A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C223. Of the above sources, which are the two most important within this village/neighborhood? Which were the two most important sources 10 years ago? RELATIVES... 1 FRIENDS... 2 MONEYLENDER... 3 TRADER/STORE... 4 EMPLOYER... 5 LANDLORD... 6 COMMUNITY CREDIT GROUP/ASSOCIATION... 7 COMMERCIAL BANK... 8 GOVERNMENT BANK... 9 NGO ETHNIC ASSOCIATION/ORGANIZATION RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATION/ORGANIZATION OTHER

15 (I) (II) A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C224. What is the primary reason that people do not apply for/receive credit when they need it? What was the primary reason 10 years ago? LACK OF SOURCES OF CREDIT... 1 FRIENDS OR RELATIVES PROVIDE CREDIT... 2 TOO POOR... 3 FEAR OF ETHNIC OR OTHER DISCRIMINATION.. 4 UNABLE TO PROVIDE GUARANTEE... 5 PREVIOUS DEFAULT ON LOAN... 6 OTHER A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 15

16 Section 3: Education and Health 3A. Education C301. Which of the following educational institutions are present in this village/neighborhood today? And which were present ten years ago? School i. Primary school ii. Lower secondary school iii. Upper secondary school iv. Technical or vocational school v. College or University vi. Other (Specify) A. Present currently? YES... 1 NO... 2 B. Present 10 years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 C302. How would you rate the quality of the education available in this village/neighborhood today? Please rate this on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is very good and 5 is very bad. And how would you rate the quality that was available ten years ago? Please use the same scale. VERYGOOD... 1 GOOD... 2 OKAY... 3 BAD... 4 VERYBAD... 5 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C303. Is there a parent-teacher association, or similar organization, in this village/neighborhood? Was there one 10 years ago? YES... 1 NO

17 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C304. A. Do you think that boys and girls are treated more or less equally by teachers and school authorities in the schools in your village/neighborhood? YES, MOST CHILDREN ARE TREATED EQUALLY NO, SOME CHILDREN ARE TREATED BETTER THAN OTHERS... 2 B. Compared to 10 years ago, do you think that the extent to which teachers treat boys and girls the same in school has improved, deteriorated, or stayed about the same? IMPROVED... 1 STAYED ABOUT THE SAME 2 DETERIORATED... 3 C305. A. Do you think that children of different ethnic and religious groups are treated equally by teachers and school authorities in the schools in your village/neighborhood? YES, MOST CHILDREN ARE TREATED EQUALLY... 1 NO, SOME CHILDREN ARE TREATED BETTER THAN OTHERS... 2 B. Compared to 10 years ago, do you think that the extent to which teachers treat all children the same in school has improved, deteriorated, or stayed about the same? IMPROVED... 1 STAYED ABOUT THE SAME. 2 DETERIORATED

18 3B. Health C306. Which of the following health care providers is available in this village/neighborhood today? And which ones were present ten years ago? Health Care Provider i. Doctor ii. Nurse iii. Public health clinic iv. Private health clinic A. Currently? YES... 1 NO... 2 B. 10 years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 C307. How would you rate the quality of the health care available in this village/neighborhood today? Please rate this on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is very good and 5 is very bad. And how would you rate the quality of the health care that was available ten years ago? Please use the same scale. VERYGOOD... 1 GOOD... 2 OKAY... 3 BAD... 4 VERYBAD... 5 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 18

19 Section 4: Social capital 4A. Collective action and cooperation Now I would like to talk to you about the groups or associations, networks, and organizations that exist in this village/neighborhood. These could be formally organized groups or just groups of people who get together regularly to do an activity or talk about things. C401.How many groups or associations exist that relate to this village/neighborhood s main economic activity (for example, farming, fishing, trade, manufacturing, etc)? A. Currently B. 10 Years Ago C402.How many groups or associations exist that deal with finance, credit or savings? C403.How many groups or associations exist that deal with health or education issues? C404.How many political groups or associations exist in this village/neighborhood? C405.How many religious groups or associations exist? C405i. How many ethnic groups or associations exist? C406.How many other groups or associations exist? (Please list these down) TOTAL (If the total for both columns is zero, skip to question 410) 19

20 C407. Of all the groups and associations that exist, which one of them is currently the most important to the local residents? Which one of them was the most important 10 years ago? A. Currently? i. Name of group ii. Type of group B. 10 years ago? i. Name of group ii. Type of group PRODUCTION OR TRADE... 1 FINANCE, CREDIT OR SAVING... 2 HEALTH OR EDUCATION... 3 POLITICAL... 4 RELIGIOUS... 5 ETHNIC... 6 OTHER C408. Thinking about the members of this group, are/were most of them of the same i. Gender ii. Religion iii. Ethnic or linguistic background/ iv. Race/caste/tribe A. Currently YES.1 NO...2 B. 10 Years Ago YES.1 NO

21 C409. Thinking about the members of this group, do/did members mostly have the same i. Occupation ii. Educational background or level C410 A. In the past year, how many times were there communal activities/organized meetings of residents, in which people came together to do some work for the benefit of the village/neighborhood? Number of times (If zero, skip to question 410 B) C410ai. What percentage of village residents attended these meetings? C410aii. What percentage of participants were women? C410aiii. Was the attendance concentrated in certain ethnic/religious/language groups? YES... 1 NO... 2 C410iv. What percentage of participants represented the poor? C410 B. Ten years ago, were there organized meetings of residents to discuss community issues? YES... 1 NO... 2 (If no, skip to question 411) C410bi. Number of times such meetings were held C410bii. What percentage of village residents attended? C410biii. What percentage of participants were women? C410biv. Was the attendance concentrated in certain ethnic/religious/language groups? YES... 1 NO... 2 C410bv. What percentage of participants represented the poor? C411. When community meetings and activities take place, is there cooperation with local leaders and local politicians? And ten years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 A. Currently? 21

22 B. 10 years ago? C412. If there was a problem with getting enough water in this village/neighborhood, how likely is it, in your view, that people would cooperate to try to solve the problem? Please rate your answer on a scale of 1 to 4, where 1 is very likely and 4 is very unlikely. Has this changed from ten years ago? Please rate your assessment of the situation of ten years ago on the same scale. VERY LIKELY... 1 LIKELY... 2 UNLIKELY... 3 VERY UNLIKELY... 4 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C413. Suppose something unfortunate happened to someone in this village/neighborhood, such as a serious illness, or his house burning down. How likely is it, in your view, that people in the community would get together to help this person? Please rate your answer on a scale of 1 to 4, where 1 is very likely and 4 is very unlikely. Has this changed from ten years ago? Please rate your assessment of the situation of ten years ago on the same scale. VERY LIKELY... 1 LIKELY... 2 UNLIKELY... 3 VERY UNLIKELY... 4 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 22

23 4B. Social cohesion C414. There are often differences in characteristics between people living in the same village/neighborhood such as differences in religion, ethnicity, social status or wealth. To what extent do factors like religion, ethnicity, social status or wealth divide people in the village/neighborhood from one another today? And ten years ago? Use a five point scale where 1 means no division and 5 means to a very great extent. NO DIVISION... 1 TO A VERY SMALL EXTENT... 2 TO A SMALL EXTENT... 3 TO A GREAT EXTENT... 4 TO A VERY GREAT EXTENT... 5 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C415. In the past ten years, have any of these differences in this village/neighborhood ever led to violence? YES... 1 NO... 2 (If no, skip to Section 5) C416. How often in the past 10 years has this happened? RARELY...1 SOMETIMES...2 OFTEN...3 4C. Capacities for Mediating Conflict (Questions in this section Questions C417 C422 - are only for countries affected by conflict) C417. Over the past ten years, have there been any difficult disputes between two or more local people who have been unable to resolve the dispute themselves and have had to seek help with mediating their conflict? YES... 1 NO... 2 (If no, skip to question C420) 23

24 C418. If yes, where did local people turn for help with mediating their disputes (circle any that apply, not just one)? Type of Mediator* i. Community Leader (if inter-ethnic or inter-religious) ii. Respected elder (if different from 1) iii. Religious leader (if different from 1 and 2) iv. Ethnic leader (if different from 1 and 2) v. The police vi. The courts vii. Other government officials from any level viii. Head of associational groups (e.g. micro finance group, or burial group) ix. Teacher x. Armed opposition group xi. Self-defense group xii. Others (specify and code) C419. Effectiveness Rating (see C419 below) *Substitute local terms where appropriate. C419. Above, in the second column on the right, indicate how effective each type of mediator you identified has been in helping local people to resolve disputes and overcome the potential for more serious conflict. Effectiveness Rating 1. Always succeeds in solving local disputes 2. Mostly succeeds in solving local disputes 3. Sometimes succeeds and sometimes fails to resolve local disputes. 4. Mostly fails in solving local disputes. 5. Always fails in solving local disputes. C420. Are local youth involved in crime and violence in this community? YES... 1 NO... 2 (If no, skip to Section 5) 24

25 C421. Please identify below the actors who work most closely with youth in the community to keep youth on a good path and away from involvement in crime and violence. (Please circle any that apply, not just one.) Name of Actor i. Parents ii. Community leader iii. Respected elder in community iv. Religious leader v. Ethnic leader (substitute local terms) vi. The police vii. The courts viii. Other government officials from any level ix. Head of Associational groups (e.g. micro finance group; sports group) x. Teacher xi. Armed opposition group xii. Self-defense group xiii. Others (specify and code) C422. Effectiveness Rating (see C422 below) C422. Above, in the second column on the right, indicate each of these actor s effectiveness in reducing crime and violence among youth on the following scale: Effectiveness Rating 1. Very effective 2. Effective 3. Neither effective nor ineffective 4. Ineffective 5. Very ineffective 25

26 Section 5: Power, governance and access to information 5A. Power and governance C501 A. Is there an elected village/neighborhood leader? YES... 1 NO... 2 i. If no, how is the village leadership determined? APPOINTED BY ELDERS... 1 APPOINTED BY ADMINISTRATION... 2 INHERITED... 3 OTHER If other (4), specify ii. If yes, is the election run in a fair manner? YES...1 NO...2 B. Was there an elected village/neighborhood leader ten years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 i. If no, how was village leadership determined? APPOINTED BY ELDERS... 1 APPOINTED BY ADMINISTRATION... 2 INHERITED... 3 OTHER If other (4), specify ii. If yes, was the election run in a fair manner? YES...1 NO

27 C502 A. Is there a council in the village/neighborhood? YES... 1 (If no, skip to question 50 2B) NO... 2 C502ai. What percentage of council members are women? C502aii. Are all religious/ethnic/language groups represented? YES... 1 NO... 2 C502aiii. What percentage of the council members represent the poor? C502B. Was there a council in the village/neighborhood ten years ago? YES... 1 (If no, skip to question 503) NO... 2 C502bi. What percentage of council members are women? C502bii. Are all religious/ethnic/language groups represented? YES... 1 NO... 2 C502biii. What percentage of the council members represent the poor?) C503. We now want to discuss the intermediate level of political representation, between the village/community and the province. A. Is there an elected leader currently? YES... 1 NO... 2 i. If no, how is the leadership determined? APPOINTED BY ADMINISTRATION... 1 INHERITED... 2 OTHER If other (3), specify 27

28 ii. If yes, is the election run in a fair manner? YES...1 NO...2 B. Was there an elected leader ten years ago? YES... 1 NO... 2 i. If no, how was the leadership determined? APPOINTED BY ADMINISTRATION... 1 INHERITED... 2 OTHER If other (3), specify ii. If yes, was the election run in a fair manner? YES...1 NO...2 C504 A. To what extent do local government and local leaders take into account concerns voiced by you and people like you when they make decisions that affect you? A LOT... 1 A LITTLE... 2 NOT AT ALL... 3 B. Compared to 10 years ago, does the local government now pay more, about the same, or less attention to what people like you think when it decides what to do? MORE... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 LESS... 3 C505. What proportion of government officials/civil servants in this country are corrupt? And ten years ago? ALMOST NONE... 1 A FEW... 2 MOST... 3 ALMOST ALL

29 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? C506. What proportion of government officials/civil servants in this village/neighborhood take or demand bribes? And ten years ago? ALMOST NONE... 1 A FEW... 2 MOST... 3 ALMOST ALL... 4 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 5B. Access to information C507. Does the village/neighborhood have access to the following? And was this the case 10 years ago? YES 1 NO.2 Information Source A. Currently B. 10 years ago i. Local newspaper ii. National newspaper iii. National television station iv. National radio station v. Community bulletin board vi. Public telephones C508. What percentage of the residents of this village/neighborhood have home telephone service? What was this percentage ten years ago? 0-25% % % %

30 A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? 30

31 Section 6: Freedom and Violence C601. In your opinion, is/was this village/neighborhood generally peaceful or marked by crime and violence? A. Currently B. 10 years ago VERY PEACEFUL... 1 MODERATELY PEACEFUL... 2 MODERATELY VIOLENT... 3 VERY VIOLENT... 4 C602. In general, in this village/neighborhood, how safe from crime and violence do people feel when they are alone at home? A. Currently B. 10 years ago VERY SAFE... 1 MODERATELY SAFE... 2 MODERATELY UNSAFE... 3 VERY UNSAFE... 4 C603. In general, in this village/neighborhood, how safe do people feel when walking down a street alone after dark? A. Currently B. 10 years ago VERY SAFE... 1 MODERATELY SAFE... 2 MODERATELY UNSAFE... 3 VERY UNSAFE

32 C604. During the past ten years, were there any periods of violent conflict in the community? By conflict, we do not only mean major violent events, but also conflicts that resulted in a small number of deaths or injuries or limited property damage 3 YES... 1 NO... 2 (If no, skip to Section 7) C605. If yes, what kind of conflict? (circle any that apply, not just one) 1. Ethnic 2. Religious 3. Land-based 4. Resource based 5. Political (local election) 6. Use of public goods such as water and roads 7. Other C606. Did these conflicts result in property damage, injuries or deaths? (circle any that apply, not just one) 1. property damage (agricultural assets, home, bicycle) 2. injuries 3. deaths C607. How many different periods of violent conflict were there in the past 10 years? (number) C608. When violence occurs in this community how long does it generally last? 1. Less than 1 hour 2. Between 1 and 6 hours 3. Between 6 and 12 hours 4. Between 12 and 24 hours 3 Questions only for countries affected by conflict 32

33 5. More than 24 hours. C609. If you think back over the past ten years, what would you say is the extent of time that this community faced a risk of experiencing violent conflict? 4 1. Less than one day 2. Less than one week 3. Less than two weeks 4. Less than one month 5. Less than six months 6. Less than one year 7. Less than two years 8. Less than three years 9. Less than four years 10. Less than five years 11. More than five years C610. How did the conflicts and the risks of violent conflict affect the daily functioning of local markets? 1. Almost no effect. Markets remained opened daily for business. 2. Some harmful effects. Some markets had to close or lost some business. 3. Important harmful effects. Nearly all markets had to close or lost business for extended periods of time. Some shop owners and traders went out of business permanently. 4. Large harmful effects. Markets continuously faced extended closures and many shop owners and traders went out of business permanently. Questions only for countries affected by conflict 33

34 C611. Again, if you think back over the past ten years, who are the actors most directly responsible for the violent conflicts in the community? Please rank in order of importance from 1 to 3. 5 i. Principal actors involved in violent conflict ii. Geographic reach of actors at height of conflict a. This community b. Regional c. National 1. Political groups outside the government 2. Criminal organizations 3. Economic elites 4. Government authorities 5. Ethnic groups 6. Religious groups 7. Social or cultural groups 8. Youth 9. Other (specify) 5 Questions only for countries affected by conflict 34

35 Section 7: Environment C701. How serious is each of the following environmental problems for your village/neighborhood today? And 10 years ago? Rank the seriousness of each using the following scale: NOT A SERIOUS PROBLEM...1 SOMEWHAT SERIOUS...2 VERY SERIOUS...3 CRITICALLY SERIOUS...4 Urban Area Environmental Problem A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? i. Air pollution ii. Poor garbage collection and solid waste disposal iii. Poor drainage/flooding iv. Water pollution in rivers and along seashore v. Improper disposal of hazardous wastes from industry C702. How serious is each of the following environmental problems for your village/neighborhood today? And 10 years ago? Rank the seriousness of each using the following scale: NOT A SERIOUS PROBLEM...1 SOMEWHAT SERIOUS...2 VERY SERIOUS...3 CRITICALLY SERIOUS...4 Rural Area Environmental Problem A. Currently? B. 10 years ago? i. Poor garbage collection and solid waste disposal ii. Poor drainage/flooding iii. Water pollution in rivers and along seashore iv. Improper disposal of hazardous wastes from industry 35

36 v. Deforestation vi. Desertification vii. Soil Erosion viii. Loss of Wildlife 36

37 Section 8: Aspirations C801. Do you think that 10 years from now, your village/neighborhood will be better, worse, or about the same as today? BETTER... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 WORSE... 3 C802. Do you think that in the future the next generation will live better, worse, or about the same as you? BETTER... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 WORSE... 3 C803. Ten years from now, do you expect the economic conditions in this village/neighborhood to be better, worse, or about the same? BETTER... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 WORSE... 3 C804. Ten years from now, do you expect the social conditions in this village/neighborhood to be better, worse, or about the same? BETTER... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 WORSE... 3 C805. Ten years from now, do you expect the political conditions in this village/neighborhood to be better, worse, or about the same? BETTER... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 WORSE

38 Section 9: Questions to be quantified and added from the focus groups to the computerized coding at the end of the Community Profile (Note: You will have to set up coding categories for questions 901, 902,906,907, and 920 in this section, depending on what you find in the field. Each code must be clear and coding categories must be mutually exclusive. This means that when the coder comes across a reason, each coding category must be different enough for the coder to know which code to select. The coding categories should be comprehensive so that they include most reasons that researchers expect to come across. The last category should be Other. Please develop these codes before you go out into the field and expand them while you are in the first two villages. The coding categories can be developed based on your experiences on different parts of the country). Activity 4. Key Informant Interview: Community Timeline C901. Let s start with your community/neighborhood and what has been happening over time. Can you please identify the top two events/factors that had a positive effect on the economy or prosperity of the community and movements out of poverty? (i) (ii) (Codes need to be set-up) C902. Which two events/factors had the most negative or harmful effect on the economy or prosperity of the community? (i) (ii) (Codes need to be set-up) Activity 5. Focus Group Discussion: Ladder of Life C903. Compared to ten years ago, do you think this community is: MORE PROSPEROUS... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 LESS PROSPEROUS... 3 C904. Is it easier or harder for people to make a living and get ahead than it used to be? EASIER... 1 HARDER

39 C905. Is it easier or harder for people in this community to fall back down? EASIER... 1 HARDER... 2 C906. What events or factors have most helped the community to prosper over the last ten years? Of these factors, which two are the most important? (i) (ii) (Codes need to be set-up) C907. Have any events or factors harmed the prosperity of the community over the last ten years? Of these factors, which two are the most important? (i) (ii) (Codes need to be set-up) C908. Ten years from now, do you think the community/neighborhood will be: MORE PROSPEROUS... 1 ABOUT THE SAME... 2 LESS PROSPEROUS... 3 C909. Imagine a Ladder of Life, with the bottom step being the very poorest and worst off households in the region, and the top step being the very best off and richest in the region. We now want to know the current status and the status ten years ago of individual households in this community/neighborhood. We will call out names of each household in this area. We want to know what step or category the household is at today according to the Ladder of Life. We also want to know what category the household was at ten years ago. (Note: The interviewer will need to work with the focus group members to create the Ladder of Life for the community. This will include asking them for characteristics of households at the top and bottom steps as well as for those at steps in between, and categories that exist in the nearby geographic area and those that existed 10 years ago. Once the movement status of all households in the community/neighborhood area has been identified as per the steps in the ladder, the interviewer can record the answers in a matrix as suggested below. For instance, if a household in the community (say hha) was at step 1 10 years ago; and now is at step 5, please put the household number in the cell at the intersection of the first row, fifth column. If a household in the community has remained at step 2 over 10 years (say hhb), please put its household number in the cell at the intersection of the second row, second column. This matrix needs to be computerized for calculating percentages for the community synthesis report.) 39

40 Steps Now Total HH 10 yrs ago C909(1,1) hha C909(1,10) (Total HH on Step 1 10 years ago) 2 hhb C909(10,10) Total HH (Total HH on Step 1 now) Each cell has a variable name: C909(row,column) as illustrated C909(1,1) and C909(10,10) (Total HH sorted) C910. There is a big gap between the poorest and worst off households and the richest and best off. Over the last 10 years, has this gap between the top and bottom: INCREASED... 1 STAYED ABOUT THE SAME... 2 DECREASED... 3 C911. What is the relationship between the step on the Ladder of Life where households are no longer considered poor and the official poverty line? Is the former above; at the same level; or below the official poverty line? ABOVE... 1 AT THE SAME LEVEL... 2 BELOW

41 Activity 6. Focus Group Discussion: Livelihoods, Freedom, Power, Democracy and Local Governance C912. Compared to ten years ago, people in the community have: MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES 1 THE SAME AMOUNT OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES.. 2 FEWER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES..3 C913. In some places, freedom may be limited by fear of crime or violence. On a scale of one to five, with one being a very safe community and five a very dangerous one with frequent thefts and assaults, how would you rate the safety of this community? i. This community is very safe with no crime and people can leave their doors open 1 ii. This community is safe with only minor crimes once in a while..2 iii. This community is neither dangerous nor safe with some thefts and assaults on a regular basis 3 iv. This community is dangerous with many thefts and assaults...4 v. This community is very dangerous with frequent thefts and assaults at all times of day 5 C914. Using this same scale, how would you rate the safety of the community ten years ago? i. This community is very safe with no crime and people can leave their doors open...1 ii. This community is safe with only minor crimes once in a while.2 iii. This community is neither dangerous nor safe with some thefts and assaults on a regular basis... 3 iv. This community is dangerous with many thefts and assaults..4 v. This community is very dangerous with frequent thefts and assaults at all times of day 5 C915. Let s focus for a moment on political inequality. Do you think that decisions on important community affairs are: MADE WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF MANY PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY?..1 MADE BY A FEW PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY?....2 C916. How has decision making on important community affairs changed in the last 10 years? MORE PEOPLE PARTICIPATE NOW IN IMPORTANT COMMUNITY DECISIONS THAN 10 YEARS AGO...1 ABOUT THE SAME NUMBER OF PEOPLE PARTICIPATE IN IMPORTANT COMMUNITY DECISIONS...2 FEWER PEOPLE PARTICIPATE IN IMPORTANT COMMUNITY DECISIONS.3 41

42 C917. Now, let s discuss economic inequality. Compared to 10 years ago: DO MORE PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY HAVE ACCESS TO NEW ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES?..1 ABOUT THE SAME NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY HAVE ACCESS TO NEW ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES? 2 FEWER PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY HAVE ACCESS TO NEW ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES?...3 C918. Now I want to talk about social inequality. Do you think the most important networks and associations in this community: ARE OPEN TO MANY PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY?..1 ARE OPEN TO FEW PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY?..2 C919. Compared to 10 years ago, do people in the community have: MORE ACCESS TO NETWORKS AND ASSOCIATIONS IN THE COMMUNITY?...1 ABOUT THE SAME ACCESS TO NETWORKS AND ASSOCIATIONS IN THE COMMUNITY?. 2 LESS ACCESS TO NETWORKS AND ASSOCIATIONS IN THE COMMUNITY?...3 C920. Which three features of democracy are most important to making it work? (i) (ii) (iii) (Codes need to be set-up) C921. Have you seen any changes in the way democracy has been working over the past 10 years? YES... 1 NO... 2 (If no, skip to question 9 27) C922. Have these changes in democracy affected the community positively, negatively or have had no impact? POSITIVE IMPACT... 1 NO IMPACT... 2 NEGATIVE IMPACT

43 C923. Do any events, activities, policies or other important factors as related to democracy and the way your local government works, come to mind which have had a very positive impact on the well-being of people in this community? (only include events rated at +5 or +4 on the democracy timeline) (Codes need to be set-up) C924. Do any events, activities, policies or other important factors as related to democracy and the way your local government works, come to mind which have led to a very small improvement on the well-being of people in this community? (only include events rated at +2 or +1 on the democracy timeline) (Codes need to be set-up) C925. Do any events, activities, policies or other important factors as related to democracy and the way your local government works, come to mind which have had a very negative impact on the well-being of people in this community? (only include events rated at -5 or -4 on the democracy timeline) (Codes need to be set-up) C926. Do any events, activities, policies or other important factors as related to democracy and the way your local government works, come to mind which have led to a small decline in the well-being of people in this community? (only include events rated at -5 or -4 on the democracy timeline) (Codes need to be set-up) C927. Over the past 10 years, do you think that your ability to contact your local government and influence its actions has: INCREASED?..1 STAYED ABOUT THE SAME?..2 DECREASED?.3 C928. How widespread do you think bribe-taking and corruption are in this community? How many government officials are engaged in it? ALMOST NO GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ARE ENGAGED IN IT..1 A FEW GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ARE ENGAGED IN IT..2 43

44 MOST GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ARE ENGAGED IN IT..3 ALMOST ALL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ARE ENGAGED IN IT.4 44