GA Committee 2 Topic Preparation Guide. Topic 1. Political Corruption and Bribery

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1 GA Committee 2 Topic Preparation Guide Topic 1. Political Corruption and Bribery Topic Background Political corruption is the abuse of public power for private gain. 1 Bribery is a type of political corruption that refers to one person paying an official (like an elected politician or a police officer) to do something illegal or not in the public interest. Bribery happens all over the world: Wal-Mart is currently being accused of bribing political leaders in Mexico in order to build stores there. Walmart executives gave money for years to various Mexican officials in order to obtain construction permits to build Walmarts all over the country. 2 Politicians in China have made fighting corruption a top priority. The government has punished 668,400 people for corruption and bribery. Some politicians have nicknames like Brother Watch and Uncle House because they have nice watches and many houses despite being paid meager salaries. 3 In 2005, a vote buying scandal in Brazil brought down former President Lula da Silva and other political leaders. 38 former ministers, legislators, businessmen, and bankers were prosecuted for exchanging money and favors. 4 Political corruption and bribery threaten democracy and good government. All governments, democratic or not, are supposed to represent the people. But politicians fail to act in the public interest if they are corrupt and accepting bribes. If the international community does not act, millions of people around the world will continue to face the consequences of political corruption and bribery. Past International Action In 2005, the international community created the United Nations Convention against Corruption. It provides a code of conduct for public officials and measures that require them to make declarations to appropriate authorities regarding substantial gifts or benefits from which a conflict of interest may result with respect to their functions as public officials. 5 This means that they must reveal any funding that could result in working for something other than the population. The convention also encourages public distribution of information and promoting more participation of the public in decision-making process. The lead UN agency that fights political corruption and bribery is the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The UNODC reports on corruption, promotes treaties like the Convention Against Corruption, and supports governments and NGOs in anti-corruption efforts. The UNODC also works on issues related to drug trafficking, criminal justice, and international terrorism. A major NGO that addresses political corruption and bribery is Transparency International. This NGO works with international organizations, governments, and other NGOs to hold politicians accountable and implement anti-corruption programs. Transparency International also addresses corruption in business, education, the military, and the environment. Possible Solutions The goal of the committee is to pass a resolution that helps governments fight political corruption and bribery. 1 Strategy 2015, p. 6. Transparency International Barstow, David. Vast Mexico Bribery Case Hushed Up by Wal-Mart After Top-Level Struggle. New York Times. April 21, FlorCruz, Jaime A. Opinion: Corruption as China's top priority. CNN. January 6, Brazil 'vote-buying' corruption trial begins. Al-Jazeera. August 3, United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Text of treaty:

2 A strong resolution will address the following three issues: Transparency: How can the international community hold governments, political leaders, and officials accountable? Can the international community make government spending practices public? Fundraising: In elections, individuals and corporations contribute money to candidates and campaigns that promise changes in various government policies. But if this money is given in secret or not properly reported, then it could be considered bribery. Where does the international community draw the line between campaign fundraising and bribery? Participation: How can individual citizens be empowered to hold political leaders accountable and prevent corruption? Can the international community teach the youth of every country in how to recognize bribery and not participate in it when they get older? Regardless of their type of government, virtually every government recognizes that corruption is a problem around the world and in their own country. The question facing the committee and the international community is whether governments and the people have the political will to do anything about it. Bloc Positions Transparency International has published various reports over the years on corruption levels in each region of the world. They ve given various countries a score ranging from 100 for very clean) to 0 for highly corrupt. 6 The NGO has also survey the population in various countries to get their input on which part of society is the most corrupt. 7 The Americas: Two-thirds of countries scored below 50. Haiti and Venezuela are considered the most corrupt. Political parties and the police are identified are main sources of corruption in many South American countries. Asia Pacific: More than two-thirds of countries scored below 50. Afghanistan and North Korea in particular were tied for most corrupt countries in the world (along with Somalia). Businesses drive corruption in China and Hong Kong, whereas political parties and the police are the cause of corruption in the Philippines. The cleanest country is Singapore. Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Almost all countries scored below 50 in this category. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan rank among the most corrupt countries in the world. Western Europe: Only one-fifth of these countries scored below 50. Denmark and Finland are tied for the cleanest countries in the world (along with New Zealand), whereas Greece s political parties make it the most corrupt country in this region. Middle East and North Africa: About four-fifths of these countries scored below 50. Iraq is one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Sub-Saharan Africa: 90% of these countries scored below 50. The police in many African counties are seen as the primary source of corruption. Somalia might be the number one most corrupt country in the world. Further Research Guiding Questions What is political corruption and bribery? Why would someone pay a bribe? Does political corruption and bribery take place in your country? How does it normally take place? Does your country have any anti-corruption programs in place? Could those programs work in other countries? Research Sources UN Convention Against Corruption UN Office on Drugs and Crime Transparency International 6 Corruption Perceptions Index Transparency International. December 5, Global Corruption Barometer Transparency International.

3 Topic 2. Extreme Poverty and Hunger Topic Background Extreme poverty and hunger is the lack of basic necessities and nutrition, and affects many aspects of life including education, health, and protection. Poverty and hunger fuels malnourishment and unemployment, which results in a never-ending cycle if it is not addressed. Millennium Development Goal 1 pledges to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty through projects that address the specific needs of nations suffering from this issue. Over 1.4 billion people in developing countries live on $1.25 a day or less and 870 million people are starving. 8 A few reasons behind the increasing poverty and hunger in the world include the lack of basic necessities and the neglect to adequately distribute currently existing resources, which leads to the decreasing number of self-sustainable households, mostly in under developed nations. Hunger and poverty has many influences on social and economic factors of a nation in addition to gender equality and family environments. Hunger and poverty is widespread in Ethiopia, due to food shortages, famine, and epidemics, which hinder its development. 9 Many factors including poor sanitation, lack of economic empowerment, and the increasing population contribute to the condition in this nation, and resources must be appropriated immediately to combat this issue. Food aid, employment opportunities, and water sanitation must be targeted in Ethiopia in order to reduce hunger and poverty. According to Food and Agricultural Organization, currently about 45% populations in Bangladesh are below the poverty level while around 20% are financially unstable. 10 Bangladesh has challenges such as malnutrition and crop failures, and is currently depending on NGO s and regional bodies to determine geographic-specific action plans to increase employment opportunities, increase sanitation, and promote individual financial independence. Another nation taking initiative to carry out Millennium Development Goal 1 is India, which suffers from environmental deterioration, lack of financial independence, and illiteracy. 11 Poor health care benefits and medical assistance also elucidate the improvement that is necessary in order to eradicate hunger and poverty. India has been progressing towards its goal by improving education, accessibility to sanitation facilities, and increased funding for distributing basic necessities. Past International Action The United Nations established "eradicating hunger and poverty" as the 1st Millennium Development Goal because of its prevalence in developing nations, since protecting the basic rights of people is imperative for a stable international community. This MDG aims to increase the income of people living in poor households, increase employment and to halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. 12 The United Nations Development Programme is a network that connects nations to the resources and contacts they need to improve the conditions in their countries, and contributes to reaching the UN Millennium Development Goal 1 by providing nations with resources such as microfinance, financial literacy initiatives, agricultural assistance, and more through its projects. The UNDP has supported the National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme in India, which provides the right to 100 days of paid work a year for laborers and farmers without land, which benefits many low-earning workers, including many women, escape poverty. 13 The UNDP has also helped other nations empower low wage workers, through many projects including the establishment of the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange, which increases communication between farmers by creating farming and agricultural co-operatives to maximize the use of existing resources Know Your World: Facts About Hunger and Poverty. The Hunger Project. 9 Bevan, Philippa; Pankhurst, Alula. Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia: local perceptions of famine and famine response. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine. Issue 27, July Humanitarian Practice Network Extreme Poverty and Hunger in Bangladesh Today. AFRICAW Rural poverty in India. Rural Poverty Portal Millennium development goal one: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. The Guardian Support to Operationalization of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme. UNDP India Addis, Sheraton. Commodity Exchange in Africa - it is all about transformational through a development lens UNDP Ethiopia.

4 One NGO that focuses on this goal is the Global Poverty Project, which aims to eradicate poverty and hunger through its various projects including awareness campaigns, medical assistance, and research. By involving other groups in its poverty reduction initiatives, the Global Poverty Project is taking the Millennium Development Goal one more step in the right direction. Possible Solutions Poverty and hunger can be decreased by investing in agriculture and by creating ample resources and jobs for the poor, thereby stimulating the economy and reducing unemployment. In order for individuals to retain jobs, however, it is imperative to universalize education and stress that every person receive a basic education, and for those wishing to pursue a regular job- vocational training. 15 By doing this, more families will receive a steady income to help supply food and other basic necessities. To maximize the efficiency of currently existing resources for the underprivileged, it is important to expand social security nets and protect the rights of citizens living in countries of conflict, so poverty does not spread during time of crises. As mentioned earlier, the access to healthcare facilities and services is important as well, to rid communities of disease and illnesses. UN Millennium Development Goal 1 is eradicating extreme hunger and poverty by encouraging agricultural development, better nutrition, and ready access to food and basic necessities. The role of all nations is to effectively utilize currently existing resources and implement new methods of empowering citizens that are poor, unemployed, and in need of assistance. Increased government response and education of individuals to reduce poverty will help the international community attain this goal. Because many nations still do not have access to the resources and facilities necessary to attain this goal, this committee must focus on solutions to reach this goal. Bloc Positions Developed Countries: Much of the developed world has the resources to fight the poverty and hunger within their nation. However, in the interest of saving a lot of resources and finances, these nations would seek to create some sort of cooperation between the developed and developing nations to share the latest technology and increase efficiency. Many governments will seek to provide financial incentives, such as tax breaks, to encourage people to move into the sectors that the governments needs them in. For example, many nations provide subsidies for certain crops or businesses, and thereby make it cheaper for these business owners, and allow them to decrease prices. This makes it significantly easier for the general population within a nation to buy the necessary food and moves to fight hunger. Finally, developed nations will seek to make education a primary and long-lasting solution by increasing access to education, and providing vocational training for the necessary fields. Developing Countries: Many developing nations have a wide range of problems to deal with, and thus, don't have the economic resources to deal with a problem as prevalent as hunger and poverty. So, these developing nations will seek partnerships with developed nations in hope of securing the resources necessary to tackle some of the largest problems. In addition to aid, many developing nations will work with NGOs to increase food production by using the latest in crop, and farming technology. This will also entail educating the agricultural industry in the most efficient farming methods and food production. Many areas that have concentrated amounts of poverty will be targeted first in hopes of assuaging poverty in the entire area. Developing nations will seek aid from developed nations, and will ultimately hope to increase food production and education. Further Research Guiding Questions What measures has your nation taken in the past to eradicate poverty and hunger, and how effective have they been? How can we educate and inform individuals so they will eventually become independent with regards to food and household stability? How can we make basic resources accessible and sustainable? How does extreme hunger and poverty affect democracy in developing nations? 15 Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger by The World Bank.

5 Research Sources UN Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicating Extreme Poverty and Hunger The Hunger Project WHO- MDG 1, eradicate extreme poverty and hunger UNICEF - Eradicating Poverty and Hunger The World Bank- Goal 1, Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger by 2015 The Food and Agricultural Organization: Eradicating Extreme Poverty and Hunger

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