THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

Transcription

1 THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Brief Sixth Edition Chapter 18 Industry, Immigrants, and Cities

2 Industry, Immigrants, and Cities New Industry New Immigrants New Cities Conclusion

3 Hine s portrait of a young Jewish woman arriving from Russia at Ellis Island in 1905.

4 Learning Objectives How did workers respond to the changing demands of the workplace in the late nineteenth century? What kinds of communities did new immigrants create in America? How did the new cities help create the new middle class?

5 Introduction The promise and failure of late-nineteenthcentury America involved a mixture of great prosperity and opportunity contrasted by materialistic excesses and the masking of deep economic and social divisions. Gilded Age - Term applied to late-nineteenth-century America that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of the period.

6 New Industry

7 New Industry Between 1870 and 1900, the United States transformed itself into the world s foremost industrial power. However, the increased concentration of economic power was challenged by workers, reformers, and eventually government.

8 FIGURE 18 1 Changes in the American Labor Force,

9 Inventing Technology: The Electric Age Technology played a major role in transforming factory work and increasing the scale of production as steam and later electricity freed manufacturers from dependence on water power. In the late 19th century, the United States became a technological innovator. Between 1870 and 1900, 900,000 patents had been issued in the United States.

10 Inventing Technology: The Electric Age (cont'd) Thomas Edison s success stimulated research and development in Europe and the United States. Invention gave the United States a commanding technological lead.

11 An emerging entertainment district in lower Manhattan at the end of the nineteenth century.

12 The Corporation and Its Impact The modern corporation supplied the structural framework for the transformation of the American economy. The corporation became a significant factor in the American economy in the 1850s when railroad companies grew.

13 The Corporation and Its Impact (cont d) The two major advantages of the corporation were that a corporation can outlive its founders and its officials and shareholders are not personally liable for its debts. Large corporations changed the nature of work and stimulated urban growth.

14 The Corporation and Its Impact (cont d) Vertical and horizontal integration helped successful corporations reduce competition and dominate industries. Vertical integration - The consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm. Horizontal integration - The merger of competitors in the same industry.

15 The Corporation and Its Impact Trusts (cont d) - In late 19th- and early-20th-century usage, refers to monopolies that eliminated competition and fixed prices and wages in a given industry. Increasing numbers of American viewed these entities as threats to the free enterprise system.

16 The Changing Nature of Work By 1906, industrial labor had been reduced to minute, low-skilled operations, making skilled artisans obsolete. Mechanization and technological innovation did not reduce employment but they did eliminate some jobs.

17 The Changing Nature of Work (cont d) Industrial workers shared little of the wealth generated by industrial expansion. They labored under unsafe conditions, generally working 10 hours a day, six days a week for low wages. Workers lived close to factories in poor environments.

18 The Changing Nature of Work (cont d) Many workers labored in small, cramped, poorly ventilated sweatshops. Sweatshops - Small, poorly ventilated shops or apartments crammed with workers, often family members, who pieced together garments.

19 Smoke belching from Pittsburgh steel mills in the 1890s

20 Child Labor Many industries employed children, including mining, garment trades, and textile mills.

21 Working Women Low wages for men often required women to work. Women earned lower wages than men and while more job opportunities opened, low wages and poor working conditions continued.

22 Working Women (cont d) Women also found employment in downtown department stores. By the beginning of the 20th century, women had gained increased access to higher education.

23 Responses to Poverty and Wealth The growing gap between rich and poor and concerns about working women led to reform movements. Tenement apartments crammed the urban poor into crowded apartments in urban slums. The settlement house arose to deal with the wretched conditions under which the urban poor lived.

24 Responses to Poverty and Wealth (cont d) Industrialists, intellectuals, and some politicians supported the Gospel of Wealth theory that helping the poor was of doubtful value.

25 Responses to Poverty and Wealth (cont d) Social Darwinism was a flawed attempt to apply Charles Darwin s theories to human society with wealth reflecting fitness and poverty weakness. Tenement - Four- to six-story residential dwelling, once common in New York and certain other cities, built on a tiny lot without regard to providing ventilation or light.

26 Responses to Poverty and Wealth Hull House (cont d) - Chicago settlement house that became part of a broader neighborhood Revitalization and immigrant assistance project led by Jane Addams. Gospel of Wealth - Thesis that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth, implying that poverty is a character flaw.

27 Responses to Poverty and Wealth Social Darwinism (cont d) - The application of Charles Darwin s theory of biological evolution to society, holding that the fittest and the wealthiest survive, the weak and the poor perish, and government action is unable to alter this natural and beneficial process.

28 Responses to Poverty and Wealth (cont d) Horatio Alger Stories - A series of best-selling tales about young rags-toriches heroes first published in 1867 stressing the importance of neat clothes, cleanliness, thrift, and hard work. The books also highlighted the importance of chance in getting ahead and the responsibility of those better off to serve as positive role models.

29 Here a modest Fifth Avenue mansion in turn-of-the-century New York City; farther downtown, Jacob Riis found this tenement courtyard.

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31 Workers Organize Economic cycles combined with the growing power of industrial corporations and the decreasing power of workers created social tensions. The Great Uprising of 1877 was a railroad strike notable for the way workers cooperated with one another.

32 Workers Organize (cont'd) The Knights of Labor was founded in 1869 and led the movement for an eight-hour day but employers responded with court orders and arrests. The American Federation of Labor became the major union for skilled workers and stressed collective bargaining.

33 Workers Organize (cont'd) Violent strikes at Homestead and Pullman were major setbacks for unions. Immigrants also weakened labor radicalism.

34 Workers Organize (cont'd) Molly Maguires - Secret labor organization of mostly Irish miners in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal region in the decade after the Civil War. Named after a woman who led a massive protest against landlords in Ireland in the 1840s, the Maguires carried out selective murders of coal company officials until an infiltrator exposed the group in 1877 and its leaders were arrested, tried, and executed.

35 Workers Organize (cont'd) Great Uprising - Unsuccessful railroad strike of 1877 to protest wage cuts and the use of federal troops against strikers; the first nationwide work stoppage in American history. Knights of Labor - Labor union that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender; founded in 1869, peaked in the 1880s, and declined when its advocacy of the eight-hour workday led to violent strikes in 1886.

36 Workers Organize (cont'd) American Federation of Labor (AFL) - Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program. Collective bargaining - Representatives of a union negotiating with management on behalf of all members.

37 Workers Organize

38 Here the Maryland militia fires at strikers in Baltimore, killing 12

39 New Immigrants

40 New Immigrants The late nineteenth century was a period of unprecedented worldwide population movements. Between 1870 and 1910, the U.S. received more than 20 million immigrants.

41 MAP 18 1 Patterns of Immigration,

42 FIGURE 18 2 Immigration to the United States,

43 Old World Backgrounds Economic hardship and religious persecution triggered migration from central and southern Europe. Economic hardship prompted Chinese immigration while a land shortage drove Japanese immigration. Initially most immigrants were young men but by 1900 the number of women immigrants equaled men.

44 Old World Backgrounds (cont d) Chain migration involved the migration of an entire village that followed a small number of early migrants to a location. Pogroms - Government-directed attacks against Jewish citizens, property, and villages in tsarist Russia beginning in the 1880s; a primary reason for Russian Jewish migration to the United States.

45 Old World Backgrounds (cont d) Chain migration - Process common to many immigrant groups whereby one family member brings over other family members, who in turn bring other relatives and friends and occasionally entire villages.

46 Victoria de Ortiz came to Nebraska with her family The black lines are part of the photograph.

47 Mulberry Street, New York, 1905.

48 Cultural Connections in a New World Immigrants maintained their cultural traditions through the establishment of religious and communal institutions. These institutions reinforced Old World culture but informed immigrants about American ways and encouraged assimilation into American society.

49 The Job Immigrants perceived the job as a way to independence. Typically, immigrants received their first job with the help of a countryman. Skills, the local economy, and local discrimination often determined the type of work available.

50 The Job (cont d) Stereotypes also channeled immigrants into certain jobs and industries. The goal of most immigrants was to work for themselves.

51 Nativism Antiforeign sentiment resurfaced when immigration swelled after the Civil War. Post-Civil War nativism targeted southern and eastern European Catholics and Jews and had a pseudoscientific underpinning. Nativism stimulated proposals to restrict immigration, leading to bans on Asian citizenship and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

52 Nativism (cont'd) Immigrants fought attempts to restrict immigration. The immigrant experience of the late 1800s and early twentieth century involved a process of adjustment between the old and new. Nativist/Nativism - Favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants.

53 Throwing Down the Ladder by Which They Rose,

54 Roots of the Great Migration Between 1880 and 1900, African Americans began moving into the industrial cities of the Northeast and Midwest. Economic promise and appeals of black Northerners combined with increasing persecution in the South, stimulated African American migration north.

55 Roots of the Great Migration (cont d) Immigrants took over many traditional black jobs. Black women had few job options outside of domestic service. African American migrants were restricted to segregated urban ghettos.

56 Roots of the Great Migration (cont d) Great Migration - The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North, spurred especially by new job opportunities during World War I and the 1920s.

57 An African American religious meeting

58 New Cities

59 New Cities Despite the hardship associated with urban life, the American city was a magnet for immigration from abroad and migration from rural areas. Distinctive urban systems began to emerge in cities across the nation, while urban growth highlighted the growing divisions in American society.

60 MAP 18 2 The Growth of American Cities,

61 Centers and Suburbs Downtowns extended up and out pushing residential neighborhoods out and leaving the center dominated by corporate headquarters and retail and entertainment districts. The residential neighborhood emerged as homes were crowded out of the city center. Advances in rapid transit technology eased commuting for workers.

62 Centers and Suburbs (cont'd) Suburbs became the preferred residence of the urban middle class after Privacy, aesthetics, and home ownership stimulated suburban growth.

63 The New Middle Class The traditional urban middle class included professionals, doctors, lawyers, educators, editors, and ministers, as well as merchants and shopkeepers. Artisans had dropped out in the late 1800s.

64 The New Middle Class (cont d) The new urban middle class expanded to include salespeople, factory supervisors, managers, civil servants, technicians, and white collar office workers performing various jobs. The wealthier members of the new middle class lived in the suburbs.

65 A Consumer Society The new middle class changed American into a consumer society and goods became a symbol of prestige. Technology stimulated numerous household appliances and new products eased food preparation. Advertising created demand and helped develop loyalty for brand-name products.

66 A Consumer Society (cont'd) The department store was a middle-class retail establishment that became a center of urban downtowns after 1890.

67 Window shopping at Marshall Field s department store

68 The Growth of Leisure Activities Leisure and recreation both separated and cut across social class divisions. College football was popular among the elite, but baseball was the spectator sport of the middle class, which took it over after the Civil War. The tavern was the workingman s club. Amusement parks were another hallmark of the industrial city.

69 Luna Park in Coney Island, Brooklyn

70 General Plan of Riverside, IL

71 Seaside, FL, The prototype for the New Urbanism.

72 The Ideal City For all its problems, the American city was the locus of the nation s energy, generating a sense of limitless possibility and innovation exemplified by urban skylines.

73 Conclusion

74 Conclusion The United States changed in the late 19th century as industrialization and urbanization proceeded at a rapid pace. Immigrants came to America to realize dreams of freedom and did so to some degree, but many also experienced the dark side of American life.

75 Conclusion (cont'd) A variety of organizations and institutions had emerged to address the worst abuses of the new urban, industrial order.