Karl Ulrich Mayer. Global Pressures and Transformation Turbulences? Work Biographies and Skill Formation of West and East German Men Born 1971

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1 Karl Ulrich Mayer Global Pressures and Transformation Turbulences? Work Biographies and Skill Formation of West and East German Men Born 1971 CAPRIGHT Workshop Sensitizing Life Course Research? Göttingen, September 2008 CIQLE

2 When I was fired, a whole world broke down for me. Rainer Schirmer: precarious career in a boom sector data bank administrator in an IT service firm Gymnasium up to grade 12 apprenticeship as IT-systems electronic military service trade union member lives in his own apartment in the house of the parents together with his unemployed partner Northern German small town 1400 Euro net CIQLE

3 Rainer Schirmer 8/78 4/82 elementary school 9/82 7/84 middle school (Orientierungsstufe) 8/84 7/89 Realschule;mittlere Reife 8/89 7/91 Gymnasium until grade 12 8/91 1/95 apprenticeship: communication technology 2/95 3/95 electronic worker; fixed term 4/95 3/96 draftee military 4/96 7/97 unemployed 8/97 3/98 electronic sales employee; fixed term 4/98 4/99 customer support; fixed term 5/99 8/01 network administrator and customer support; fixed term 9/01 12/01 deputy head of dispatch; fixed term 3/02 2/04 unemployed and further training as network administrator 7/03 network administrator; permanent contract CIQLE

4 Rainer Schirmer: I first was responsible for a client network and then for the internal network but after a customer left, my task was redundant. They then kept me on in logistics until I was laid off. This was very tough. It was a real turning point in my life, because I had so much invested in this firm and job. Often I was the first to arrive in the morning and the last one to leave. When I was laid off, a world broke down for me. It is hard for me to talk about it even now CIQLE

5 Rainer Schirmer: What are the logics of Rainer Schirmer`s career? Personal assets: 12 year schooling Apprenticeship in a modern occupation Work committment Personal network Lives at parental home Institutional opportunities/risks: Training market (Hillmert/mayer 2004) new vocation Failing training firm Military draft Firm ownership change BA retraining; firm fluctuation Outsourcéd industrial services CIQLE

6 It is even worse than in socialism, only that they do not call it now the Politbureau, but the corporation executive board Karsten Meckel : from socialist public prosecutor to capitalist banker parents farm workers; grandparents small holders banker quality expert EOS small East German cities separated 1 child works in West Germany 4000 Euro net CIQLE

7 Karsten Meckel: In the GDR one could not simply apply to study law, but one had to get the support from the county prosecutor, the regional prosecutor and the national prosecutor who in the end decided about the university slots. One could study this only in Berlin and Jena. Those who studied law in Berlin went on to become lawyers, and those who studied law in Jena became prosecutors and judges. And I wanted to become a prosecutor. I tried to get the support early, and of course they also checked whether one was politically loyal and carried the banner of socialism. So in grade 11 my entire career was fixed, I had my place of study and knew when I would start. Such a career also required that one would serve 3 years in the army. It was clear that I would complete my Abitur in 1989 and would start to study in CIQLE

8 Karsten Meckel 7/77 6/87 POS 7/87 6/89 EOS 9/89 3/90 sales assistant, supermarket 4/90 7/90 intern, prosecutor`s office 10/90 12/92 banking apprenticeship 2/91 birth of a son 1/93 5/96 bank clerk:cashier 6/96 4/97 branch manager 5/97 10/02 branch manager, other local bank 11/02 4/06 branch manager, other city 5/06 quality expert, head office, West Germany 2006 separation from his wife CIQLE

9 Karsten Meckel: That is even worse than in socialism, only that they do not call it now the Politbureau, but the corpotation executive board and there is in both systems lying from the people at the bottom to the people higher up but, still, I would not want to be back in the GDR, because I have so many opportunities now, drive an AUDI and not a Trabbi. CIQLE

10 The debates on career flexibilization Individualization thesis (Beck 1992) Globalization thesis (Blossfeld/Mills 2006) New capitalism (Sennett 2000) IT - permanent restructuring of skill mix (Levy and Murnane 2003) Erosion of the standard employment relationship (Dombois 1999, Mückenberger 1989) De-standardization of the life course (Held 1986, Kohli 1987, Macmillan 2005, Brückner/Mayer 2005, Heinz 2003) CIQLE

11 Analytical perspectives Dispositions towards continuity in working lives Individual investments of time, money (opportunity costs), etc. (human capital theory) Occupational identity Common experiences, understandings and expertise (i.e. Evetts 2006) Occupational prestige Gains from social appreciation (self-)worth, honor Institutional closure Standardization, stratification of the educational and occupational system CIQLE

12 Analytical perspectives Career dynamics Inner-organizational careers Education/training reward balance (Sorensen/Tuma 1982, Carroll/Mayer 1986) Compensatory mobility (Sicherman 1992) Cumulative advantage (DiPrete 2007) Asset specificity (Iversen 2002, Estevez-Abes/Iversen/Soscice 2005) Segmented labor markets CAPABILITIES? (Sen 1992) CIQLE

13 Analytical perspectives Institutional aspects continuity vs. mobility in the German context Dual system Vocational schools Technical colleges Universities Rules of access and performance State-licensed training and credentials Example: Dual system Training regulations ( Ausbildungsordnungen ) Employers organizations Unions State CIQLE

14 Analytical perspectives Historical changes continuity vs. mobility in the (West) German context Economic and firm restructuring Occupational upgrading Spread and innovations in IT Spread of gaps in work trajectories Increase in unemployment Increase in further training CIQLE

15 Analytical perspectives Historical changes continuity vs. mobility in the (East) German context Economic and firm restructuring Privatization Retraining campaign Take over by West German firms (accelerated modernization) Unification treaty: credential guarantees More liberalized labor markets High level of unemployment CIQLE

16 CIQLE

17 Data German Life History Study 1996/1997 MPIfB/IAB 1964/1971 Cohort Study West Germany 1997 East German 1971 Cohort Study East and West German 1971 Cohort Panel Study Qualitative study (subset of 1971 cohort) 2005 Cross-Sectional Survey on Career Perception CIQLE

18 Collaborators: Steffen Hillmert (MPifB Berlin/Tübingen) Geboren 1964 und Wiesbaden: VS 2004 Britta Matthes (MPIfB Berlin/ IAB) Eva Schulze (Berlin Institute for Social Research BIS Berlin) Jörg Lüdicke ( CIQLE Yale) Natalie Nitsche (CIQLE Yale) Daniela Grunow (CIQLE Yale/Free University Amsterdam) Ralf Künster (MPIfB/WZB) Karola Rockmann (MPIfB Berlin) Petra Spengemann (MPIfB Berlin - died September 4,2008) CIQLE

19 Career Perceptions A B C E D F A B C D E F G H stable steady upward steady downward irregular steady,then down up, the steady steady, irregular up/steady/down G H Source: SOFI CIQLE

20 Perceptions of Past Career 2005, in % A B C D E F G H stable steady upward steady downward irregular steady,then down up, then steady steady, irregular up/steady/down All Men Women Source: MPIfB/IPSOS Survey 2005, Mayer/Nitsche 2008 CIQLE

21 Perceptions of Past Career, West and East Germany 2005, in % A B C D E F G H stable steady upward steady downward irregular steady,then down up, then steady steady, irregular up/steady/down West East Source: MPIfB/IPSOS Survey 2005; Mayer/Nitsche 2008 CIQLE

22 share Occupational Mobility - Men months KOH = 1930 KOH = 1940 KOH = 1950 KOH = 1955 KOH = 1960 KOH = 1964 KOH = 1971 CIQLE

23 share Occupational Mobility - Men months KOH = 1930 KOH = 1940 KOH = 1950 KOH = 1955 KOH = 1960 KOH = 1964 KOH = 1971 CIQLE

24 share share Occupational Occupational Mobility - Direct Mobility Job-to-Job - Men - Men months KOH = 1930 KOH = 1940 KOH = 1950 KOH = 1955 KOH = 1960 KOH = 1964 KOH = 1971 CIQLE

25 share share Occupational Occupational Mobility - Indirect Mobility Job-Gap-Job - Men - Men months KOH = 1930 KOH = 1940 KOH = 1950 KOH = 1955 KOH = 1960 KOH = 1964 KOH = 1971 CIQLE

26 CIQLE

27 CIQLE

28 CIQLE

29 CIQLE

30 Durchschnittliche Anzahl der Stellen, Berufswechsel und Ausbildungen von Personen der Geburtskohorte 1971 nach Geschlecht und Landesteil Anmerkung: Fehlerbarren indizieren das Konfidenzintervall (95%). *Erwerbstaetigkeiten mit einer Arbeitszeit von > 12 Stunden/Woche. **Nur Personen mit mindestens einer Erwerbstaetigkeit > 12 Stunden/Woche; Aenderung des BA88 3-Stellers. ***Vollzeitausbildungen, die zwei Monate oder laenger andauerten.

31 Average Number of Jobs, Occupations and Training Periods of West and East Germans Born 1971 for Gender and Region # Jobs* # Occupational #Training Shifts** Periods*** West Germany Men Women East Germany Men Women * Jobs of more than 12 hours per week. ** Only persons with jobs of more than 12 hours per week, ISCO 3 digit occupational code *** Training periods of durations two months and longer. CIQLE

32 First Job Shift - East Germany - LV Median men: 32 months Median women: 45 months Months 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich CIQLE

33 First Job Shift - West Germany - LV Median men: 43 months Median women: 50 months Months 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich CIQLE

34 First Occupational Shift - East Germany - LV Median men: 70 months Median women: 106 months Months 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich CIQLE

35 First Occupational Shift - West Germany - LV Median men: 94 months Median women: 145 months Months 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich CIQLE

36 First Job Shift - East Germany - LV Median men: 32 months Median women: 45 months Months Median men: 43 months First Job Shift - West Germany - LV71 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich Median women: 50 months Months 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich CIQLE

37 First Occupational Shift - East Germany - LV Median men: 70 months Median women: 106 months Months First Occupational Shift - West Germany - LV71 Median men: 94 months 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich Median women: 145 months Months 95% CI 95% CI sex = männlich sex = weiblich CIQLE

38 Kaplan-Meier Estimates for the transition between first and second job, East and West German birth cohort of 1971 (quartiles, in # of months) 25% 50% 75% West Germany Men Women East Germany Men Women Note: Job changes are included only if respondent was at least six months in prior job. CIQLE

39 Kaplan-Meier Estimates for the transition from first to second occupation (quartiles, # of months), East and West German birth cohort of % 50% 75% West Germany Men / Women / East Germany Men Women Note: Job changes are included only if respondent was at least six months in prior job. CIQLE

40 Narrative Interviews Sample Selection Cases selected from 2005 retrospective panel survey of 1971 birth cohort all for this study West Germany Men 8 3 Women 8 East Germany Men 8 3 Women 8 additional stratification criteria: North/South, urban/rural; high/middle/ low skill. CIQLE

41 I always had this problem that I did not know what I really wanted to do. Max Berghuber: professional without an occupational identity Abitur and university degree computing network consultant unmarried cohabiting South German big city 2600 Euro net CIQLE

42 Max Berghuber 9/81 9/90 Gymnasium 10/90 9/91 civil service 10/91 9/92 university: physics 10/92 12/98 university: geology 9/77 8/81 elementary school 3/99 1/99 self-employed soil consultant 12/99 1/00 Asian tour 6/00 6/01 further training: IT management 8/02 1.cohabitation 8/01 5/04 systems engineer 6/04 technical IT consultant CIQLE

43 Max Berghuber: and it was pretty clear after half a year that it was not for me it soon became apparent that there was not a lot of variety. And in the reports one could not relay in writing what one wanted and had to be cautious so I did not find it so great. And because I wanted to take a big vacation anyhow and since I did not know what to do, I decided to go on vacation for several months And to some extent it was a trip to find myself and I said to myself..i had find out what I wanted, I was 28 years old, and I did not want to do another university degree.. And then there was the IT Boom and I was always interested in computers, so I had some inclination in that direction CIQLE

44 Every five or six years I need to do something new I am happy all around Martin Haeberle: a firm - internal career of an industrial skilled worker technical sales representative for tool making machines married 3 children South German small town 3250 Euro net CIQLE

45 Martin Haeberle 9/78 6/82 elementary school 8/82 6/84 Gymnasium 8/84 1/88 Realschule; mittlere Reife 8/88 2/92 apprenticeship in home appliances firm: electronics worker 2/92 6/02 electromechanic in toolmaking firm: permanent contract 10/92 marriage 3/93 birth of son 2/95 birth of daughter 7/96 birth of daughter 7/02 6/03 assembly machine programmer; same firm 7/03 technical sales representative, same firm CIQLE

46 Der Weg ist das Ziel. ( The journey is the destination ) Ronny Luborg: tumblerdoll: double career loss due to the transformation EOS combined with military pilot training and control technology apprenticeship (Regelungstechnikerlehre) city councilor software manager not married or cohabiting,no children new partner has a child from marriage East German small city 2100 Euro net CIQLE

47 Ronny Luborg POS vocational training (control engineering), military pilot training, Abitur 7/91 3/92 ABM factory worker in father s firm 4/92 8/93 civil service, fire department 9/92 8/93 skilled assembly worker in father s firm 9/93 4/97 clerk in father s firm 5/97 1/98 unemployed/retraining as network supporter 2/98 IT-Service software support, 2100 Euro net CIQLE

48 Ronny Luborg: My vocational training was in control technology, i.e. steering panels for power stations, measuring and regulating water, air and electricity. These laid the foundations for my qualifications. And electronics and that stuff always interested me Technik ist doch schön, vielseitig. Das, was eigentlich den Job, den ich zur Zeit mache hier, ausmacht. Man bleibt nicht stehen. Ich hab jeden Tag mit anderen Leuten, mit anderen Aufgaben zu tun. Die Technik ändert sich auch ständig. Wenn man sich nicht permanent weiterbildet oder abends noch, ist es schwierig. Wenn man dann nur auf einem bestimmten Teilbereich einen Kenntnisstand hat, dann kann man nur diesen kleinen Bereich sehen. Und mein Spektrum ist eben ein bißchen breiter. Das kommt daher, weil man schon oft rumprobiert hat, auch zu Hause. Ja, spannend. CIQLE

49 Looking back at my life, I could not say that I general went somewhere of the wrong track, in the sense that I I wouod have done something else at some point, then everything would have come different. I could not say that. Mario Krenz: two setbacks by unification, delayed (partial) career take-off; car-technician cohabiting 1 child small East German town 2300 Euro net CIQLE

50 Mario Krenz POS EOS navy officer s training 90 9/93 car- mechanic apprenticeship; 10/93 3/02 car mechanic in training firm; fixed term contract further (evening) education for technician 3/02 3/03 firm change; car technician in construction and development;fixed term contact 4/03 same firm; technician; permanent contract 2/02 cohabitation 1/04 birth of a son CIQLE

51 Mario Krenz: Looking back at my life, somehow I also managed in the end to turn things in the right direction. I could not say that I general went somewhere of the wrong track, in the sense that I would have done something else at some point, then everything would have come different. I could not say that. CIQLE

52 CAREER LOGICS traditional manufacturing (Haeberle, Krenz) privileged GDR selection (Krenz, Luborg, Meckel) internal firm promotion (Meckel, Haeberle) firm market turbulences (Luborg, Berghuber, Schirmer) occupational identity and continuity (Haeberle, Schirmer) unification victims (Meckel, Luborg, Krenz) new flexibility (Krenz, Schirmer) private and public human capital (retraining) investments (Berghuber, Haeberle, Schirmer, Krenz, Luborg) CIQLE

53 CAREER LOGICS traditional manufacturing (Haeberle, Krenz) privileged GDR selection (Krenz, Luborg, Meckel) internal firm promotion (Meckel, Haeberle) firm market turbulences (Luborg, Berghuber, Schirmer) occupational identity and continuity (Haeberle, Schirmer) unification victims (Meckel, Luborg, Krenz) new flexibility (Krenz, Schirmer) private and public human capital (retraining) investments (Berghuber, Haeberle, Schirmer, Krenz, Luborg) CAPABILITIES as the fdreedom to choose between career alternatives or to get out of career traps general skills (Berghuber; Luborg; Krenz, Meckel) occupational skills (Haeberle;Krenz) motivation /agency (Haeberle, (Schirmer), Meckel, Luborg, Krenz) CIQLE

54 Retrospective Perceptions: Aspired and Realized Stability - All

55 Future Perceptions: Desired Stability West and East