Is Economic Development Good for Gender Equality? Income Growth and Poverty
|
|
- Roderick Hill
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Is Economic Development Good for Gender Equality? February 25 and 27, 2003 Income Growth and Poverty Evidence from many countries shows that while economic growth has not eliminated poverty, the share of people who are poor has decreased where average incomes have grown. This does not imply that economic growth necessarily improves gender equality To the extent that economic growth betters the lives of the poor - by increasing incomes and income earning opportunities or expanding the availability of such public services as schools, transportation, and health clinics - avenues for improving the wellbeing of girls and women and increase gender also open.
2 Economic Change and Gender Economic change affects women and men differently Economic development expands job opportunities and raises worker productivity in labor markets - and leads to the emergence of labor markets where none has existed (an increase the opportunity cost of unemployment) Economic growth is typically accompanied by more investments in infrastructure - for safe water, roads, transportation, and fuel sources. This can lighten women s non-market work and allow more opportunities for paid work and leisure, helping to break down rigid gender divisions of labor. Reducing the burden of housework also has potential benefits for women s health, for household income, and for girls schooling. Economic Change and Gender Higher household incomes relax tight budget constraints to investments in human capital. When household incomes rise, gender disparities in education, health, and nutrition tend to fall. Low income families that have been forced to ration spending on education, health care, and nutrition are likely to increase such spending. With this happens, gender disparities in human capital tend to decrease. When economic development increases the availability and quality of public services, such as health clinics, schools, and roads, it lowers the cost of investments in human capital for the household. If costs decline more for females than males - or if, as evidence from a range of countries suggests, investments in female are more sensitive to price changes than investments in males - females benefit more.
3 Gender Divisions of Labor Breakdown Economic development introduces incentives and opportunities that can break down entrenched gender roles in the economy Lighter household work: as household income or wealth rises, women s work hours decline more than men s work hours More labor market opportunities: development brings shifts in the structure of employment in and worker productivity - these labor shifts can impact men and women differently (as possess unequal skills, experience, assets, information, and social connections Men move to higher wage sectors Men migrate to cities leaving women on the farms Men take over small-scale crop production, traditionally the domain of women, after the crop becomes a major cash crop Potential Gains for Women Rise of export-oriented industries (textile, footwear) resulting in increased wage opportunities for young women. Evidence has shown that these formal sector job opportunities has changed the view of women s economic sphere resulting in increased social prestige, control over their income and their decision-making power in the family. Women are moving into some areas traditionally male dominated (like gem-cutting in South India), as more opportunities open in other sectors for the men
4 Two important trends A subset of the informal sector - industry homebased work - is transforming the structure of employment, even in more industrial countries, with significant implications for women s participation. Not beneficial if firms operate outside labor laws Increase in skill-intensive industries, particularly the more intensive use of computers by workers, raising productivity and wages Leave behind those without appropriate skills, so could be notable gender disparities as gaps are compounded by differences between the poor and the non-poor and between urban and rural residents. Incentives for Investments in Human Capital Lower costs of investments Households make decisions toward investments based on price Economic growth can lower the cost of investments (for example through higher taxes and also private sector alternatives) Higher perceived returns to investments Factors that increase returns to these investments and improve the perceptions of those returns are important incentives for more equal investments across gender Better markets improve information gaps and improve incentives
5 Incentives for Investments in Human Capital Higher household incomes: economic development can improve gender equality in investments through both supply and demand by increasing service provision raising the expected rates of return to human capital expanding household resources Gender disparities are more pronounced in poorer households: Underdeveloped capital markets prevent borrowing Increases in household income can increase investments in human capital - especially among the poor. Poorer households invest more in sons, but as incomes rise daughters increase their share of investment Reducing Discrimination through Competitive Markets Forces that widen access to basic knowledge in science, medicine, and engineering and engender freer cultural exchanges also tend to expand and open markets. This brings with it potential for economic gains as well as risks Potential gains: Trade openness and gender differences in wages Evidence shows reduction in gender differences in wages during times of trade liberalization (not a lot of data or studies)
6 Growth and Gender: Macro Studies Micro evidence on the households investments in human capital with rising household income, might suggest a link between economic growth and gender equality at the national level. What is the link between economic growth and gender equality? Countries with higher per capital income have higher school enrollment rates for both girls and boys - greater life expectance for males and females, and political participation This does not mean one causes the other there is a correlation Today s higher income countries might have had a more equalitarian tradition when development started Things may not progress in a linear fashion Development Paths: Europe/North America Industrial revolutions of Europe and North America demonstrated how new modes of production transform gender relations and outcomes. New jobs in factories as people moved out of agriculture. Although working conditions were oppressive, the expansion of factory jobs eventually led to urbanization, new goods and services, and later to higher schooling levels. The subsequent expansion of the service sector, where education could substitute for work experience, further increased women s economic options. More schooling also had the effect of keeping children in school during the day, allowing more mothers to work Nordic countries have successfully combined private ownership and market competition with deliberate policies for achieving an egalitarian income distribution and consensus in political and economic life. This strategy, however, gives generous family support reducing the costs of non-market and care activities for women.
7 LDCs: Growth of Manufacturing and Service Sectors Growth of these sectors today has increased the demand for female labor - and slowly changes gender roles and relations in the process Sub-Saharan African countries: adjustment too harsh, too fast? Eastern Europe: too quick? Others? New concerns for women: More families, now with two working parents, must balance work and home activities; working women face greater risk of violence, sexual harassment in the workplace and occupation-related health risks and stress Growth and Crisis in East Asia From the 23 economies of East Asia grew faster than did all others How did they do this? Opening of markets with some government intervention Export orientation (share of world exports grew from 8% in 1965 to 18% in 1990), with manufacturing goods the lead Region s rapid economic growth was accompanied by declining income disparities and lower poverty rates than in other developing countries
8 Did Gender Inequality Fall in East Asia? Did gender inequality fall while growth accelerated? Did sound macroeconomic policy and getting prices right help achieve gender equality? Results: Region eliminated gender gaps in schooling - through universal education, not targeting women Sustained increase in demand for labor during the period of rapid growth drew large numbers of women into the labor force. (Key export industries as textiles and electronics relied heavily on the relatively unskilled, but generally literate, women.) Faster growing demand for women s labor supply increased women s earnings relative to men s, but at a slower rate than would have been expected given the relative gains in women s education and experience levels (thus giving support for labor market discrimination). Gender gaps not only found in wages, but also in working conditions. (Women fired because of marriage, pregnancy, or birth - with little rights to claim paid leave, vacation, etc.) East Asia: Shifts in other measures of well-being Increases in life expectancy Because of more schooling and higher labor force participation, the transition period between schooling and marriage and parenthood lengthened, enabling more young women to earn income and enjoy some autonomy in many countries (evidence from Hong Kong and Indonesia) Mixed evidence from China showing less autonomy as parents tightened their control of daughters and expected remittances as repayment for their investments in them. Traditional division of labor in the home very strong creating a burden on women. A 1990 survey in Korea showed women working 5 hours per day on household chores and child care while men worked 37 minutes (on average).
9 East Asia: Effects of the Economic Crisis of the 1990s The crisis reversed some of the gains form the period of sustained growth. Some of the impacts on gender (although too soon to tell): Thailand male employment was reduced more than female employment because the construction sector, dominated by men, lost the most workers. (Although note that the same gender division of labor that limited women s employment in the boom of the construction protected them in the downturn.) In Indonesia the fall in real wages induced women who were in the informal sector to enter the formal sector In Korea the crisis decreased the employment of men and women in formal sector jobs but increased women s employment as daily workers by 16 percent In Indonesia enrollment in schools fell more for girls than boys In Indonesia nutritional decline greater for girls than for boys Structural Adjustments Structural adjustment typically refers to a set of economic policy reforms undertaken by countries beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s to reverse economic decline or respond to external economic shocks. Such programs aim to stabilize the economy in the short run and put it on a steady growth path for the long run. Stabilization measures focus on bringing aggregate national demand in line with national product plus external financing. In most cases this means: reducing the fiscal deficit by removing subsidies introducing user fees for public services downsizing the public sector. Sometimes devaluating the currency Structural reforms have tended to focus on creating more appropriate incentives for sustained economic growth - deregulating trade and domestic good markets, privatizing government enterprises, and removing regulatory constraints to saving and investment.
10 Impact of Adjustments on Gender One of the most vigorous debates in the gender and development literature has focused on whether structural adjustment programs have harmed or benefited women and girls, especially in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. A large literature argues that women bear the brunt of the costs of structural adjustment programs and are unable to reap many of the benefits from improved economic performance in the long run. Another set of evidence, however, indicates that these broad reforms have improved living conditions for both women and men. How adjustment harms gender equality Cut-backs in public spending has reduced the availability of public services or raised the prices of those services through user fees has had the greatest impact on females access to services and on their care activities Household investments in women s and girls education, health, and nutrition appear to be more sensitive to policy-induced income shocks and prices changes than similar investments in men and boys. Macro-economic polices have also had an impact: In Sub-Saharan Africa, where women s activities are concentrated in non-tradable sectors (like food crop production) and men s work in tradable sectors (such as cash crops) - reforms that raise the price of tradables relative to nontradables would increase men s income relative to women s. Evidence from Chile suggests that following trade liberalization women were laid offer first when business declined (although hired again as businesses expanded.)
11 How adjustment benefits gender inequality Adjustment can promote new patterns of growth that create new opportunities that break down established economic interests that traditionally discriminate on the basis of gender. Where adjustment has resulted in growth in export manufacturing, this has often lead to substantial job growth for literate, often single women, frequently at wages above previously prevailing market levels. In Africa some evidence that movement into nonfarm employment helped reduce the incidence of poverty among female-headed households faster than among male-headed housholds. Transition to a Market Economy The collapse of communist rule in Europe lead to the emergence of 27 countries from the original 8 - how did this transformation impact gender? The first 5 years say a severe drop in BDG, with sharp drops in the demand for labor and wages - for both men and women. But the economies are beginning to grow again. Evidence is mixed on the impact on gender. Short-run impacts have been different from longer-run impacts. Before the transition the central mandate of redirecting the family s energies and loyalties from the private to the public domain helped women achieve a level of parity with men. Women s rights were high on the social agenda and created the basis for women s empowerment. Education levels were high and equal for women and men. Women were expected to work full-time, and the state supported them with lengthy paid maternity leave and child care services.
12 Transition to a Market Economy Whether women or men have lost more in employment depends on the gender composition of the industrial sectors hit hardest by restructuring. Early studies of Eastern Europe show that administrative jobs, dominated by women, suffered more than production line jobs, usually held by men. Later studies showed that heavy industry lost the most jobs (held by men) so that men were laid off in larger numbers - although women s wages have declined relative to men s. Impacts also felt in the home with the reduction of child care services. Share of women in parliament has also fallen, but showing signs of increasing Transition to a Market Economy: China Chinese economy has grown an impressive 8-9 percent a year for over a decade Evidence is mixed if women or men have equally gained. Some women seem to have lost ground: urban women appear to have been disproportionately laid off from jobs in the state-owned sector and average gender wage gaps have increased as employment has shifted away from the state to the collective and private sectors. At least in the early years of reform, women were left to work on farms while men gained access to newly created off-farm jobs. Gender gaps in education have narrowed Men and women talk explicitly about changing gender roles with men agreeing with women that relations within household have become more equal.
CHAPTER 10: Fundamentals of International Political Economy
1. China s economy now ranks as what number in terms of size? a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth 2. China s economy has grown by what factor each year since 1980? a. Three b. Five c. Seven d. Ten 3.
The term developing countries does not have a precise definition, but it is a name given to many low and middle income countries.
Trade Policy in Developing Countries KOM, Chap 11 Introduction Import substituting industrialization Trade liberalization since 1985 Export oriented industrialization Industrial policies in East Asia The
Migration, Gender and the Family in Asia: Recent Trends and Emerging Issues
Gender matters in migration Migration, Gender and the Family in Asia: Recent Trends and Emerging Issues Stella P. Go 46 th Session of the UN Commission on Population and Development, April 22 26, 2013,
The Demography of the Labor Force in Emerging Markets
The Demography of the Labor Force in Emerging Markets David Lam I. Introduction This paper discusses how demographic changes are affecting the labor force in emerging markets. As will be shown below, the
Global Employment Trends for Women
December 12 Global Employment Trends for Women Executive summary International Labour Organization Geneva Global Employment Trends for Women 2012 Executive summary 1 Executive summary An analysis of five
Poverty Eradication, Small Island States. Lessons from the Caribbean Experience
Poverty Eradication, Small Island States Lessons from the Caribbean Experience The paper demonstrates that long term poverty eradication requires adherence to a Golden Rule, funded primarily by internal
Emerging Market Consumers: A comparative study of Latin America and Asia-Pacific
Emerging Market Consumers: A comparative study of Latin America and Asia-Pacific Euromonitor International ESOMAR Latin America 2010 Table of Contents Emerging markets and the global recession Demographic
WORLD ECONOMIC EXPANSION in the first half of the 1960's has
Chapter 5 Growth and Balance in the World Economy WORLD ECONOMIC EXPANSION in the first half of the 1960's has been sustained and rapid. The pace has probably been surpassed only during the period of recovery
9.1 Human Development Index Development improving the material conditions diffusion of knowledge and technology Measure by HDI
9: Development 9.1 Human Development Index Development improving the material conditions diffusion of knowledge and technology Measure by HDI Standard of living Access to knowledge Life expectancy 9.1
Chapter 18: Development and Globalization Section 1
Chapter 18: Development and Globalization Section 1 Key Terms development: the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social wellbeing of its people developed nation: a nation
The impact of Chinese import competition on the local structure of employment and wages in France
No. 57 February 218 The impact of Chinese import competition on the local structure of employment and wages in France Clément Malgouyres External Trade and Structural Policies Research Division This Rue
Introduction [to Imports, Exports, and Jobs]
Upjohn Press Book Chapters Upjohn Research home page 2002 Introduction [to Imports, Exports, and Jobs] Lori G. Kletzer University of California, Santa Cruz Citation Kletzer, Lori G. 2002. "Introduction."
Chapter 10 Trade Policy in Developing Countries
Chapter 10 Trade Policy in Developing Countries Prepared by Iordanis Petsas To Accompany International Economics: Theory and Policy, Sixth Edition by Paul R. Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld Chapter Organization
Ghana Lower-middle income Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only) Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) database.
Knowledge for Development Ghana in Brief October 215 Poverty and Equity Global Practice Overview Poverty Reduction in Ghana Progress and Challenges A tale of success Ghana has posted a strong growth performance
Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Zimbabwe
Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Zimbabwe 2017 2021 Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Zimbabwe 1 1. Focus The objective of Sweden s international development cooperation
History of Trade and Globalization
History of Trade and Globalization Pre 1800 East Asian Economy Rice, textiles, metals Atlantic Economy Agricultural Products Silver Luxuries Small distance trade in necessities Rice in S-E asia, grain
Shanghai Conference: Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: Lessons and Challenges from China, Indonesia, Korea and Malaysia
Shanghai Conference: Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: Lessons and Challenges from China, Indonesia, Korea and Malaysia The Scaling Up Poverty Reduction Conference in Shanghai on May 25-27, 2004 will bring
The Comparative Advantage of Nations: Shifting Trends and Policy Implications
The Comparative Advantage of Nations: Shifting Trends and Policy Implications The Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson once famously argued that comparative advantage was the clearest example of
Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Trinidad and Tobago
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Twenty-sixth session 14 January 1 February 2002 Excerpted from: Supplement No. 38 (A/57/38) Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination
A GLOBALIZED MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR THE POOR
Public Disclosure Authorized African Development Bank G8 Genoa Summit July 2001 Public Disclosure Authorized Asian Development Bank European Bank for Reconstruction and Development A GLOBALIZED MARKET
Inequality in Indonesia: Trends, drivers, policies
Inequality in Indonesia: Trends, drivers, policies Taufik Indrakesuma & Bambang Suharnoko Sjahrir World Bank Presented at ILO Country Level Consultation Hotel Borobudur, Jakarta 24 February 2015 Indonesia
Chapter 10. Resource Markets and the Distribution of Income. Copyright 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Chapter 10 Resource Markets and the Distribution of Income Resource markets differ from markets for consumer goods in several key ways First, the demand for resources comes from firms producing goods and
Employment and Social Cohesion A B D E L W A H A B B E N H A F A I E D H
Employment and Social Cohesion A B D E L W A H A B B E N H A F A I E D H Theoretical Framework Today more than ever, the question of employment is at the center of a debate on cohesiveness and the social
University of Groningen. Income distribution across ethnic groups in Malaysia Saari, Mohd
University of Groningen Income distribution across ethnic groups in Malaysia Saari, Mohd IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it.
Specific Issues of Gender in Accessing Social Protection and Labour Market Opportunitites. Athia Yumna, The SMERU Research Institute
Specific Issues of Gender in Accessing Social Protection and Labour Market Opportunitites Athia Yumna, The SMERU Research Institute Structure Introduction Gender Inequality, Poverty and Vulnerabilities
America in the Global Economy
America in the Global Economy By Steven L. Rosen What Is Globalization? Definition: Globalization is a process of interaction and integration 統合 It includes: people, companies, and governments It is historically
Poverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom of Thailand
Poverty Profile Executive Summary Kingdom of Thailand February 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation Chapter 1 Poverty in Thailand 1-1 Poverty Line The definition of poverty and methods for calculating
Marcella Corsi. London, 20 September 2013
Marcella Corsi London, 20 September 2013 ENEGE report The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies (with F. Bettio, C. D'Ippoliti, A. Lyberaki, M.
Since the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the
Commentary After the War: 25 Years of Economic Development in Vietnam by Bui Tat Thang Since the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the Vietnamese economy has entered a period of peaceful development. The current
Test Bank for Economic Development. 12th Edition by Todaro and Smith
Test Bank for Economic Development 12th Edition by Todaro and Smith Link download full: https://digitalcontentmarket.org/download/test-bankfor-economic-development-12th-edition-by-todaro Chapter 2 Comparative
October 2006 APB Globalization: Benefits and Costs
October 2006 APB 06-04 Globalization: Benefits and Costs Put simply, globalization involves increasing integration of economies around the world from the national to the most local levels, involving trade
Education of girls vital to moving up the trade value chain
ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING NETWORK ON TRADE POLICY BRIEF BRIEF NO. 43 DECEMBER 2014 Education of girls vital to moving up the trade value chain MEGAN WAY, KENT JONES, AND LIDIJA POLUTNIK* Summary
Pro-poor Growth and Policies: The Asian Experience
The Pakistan Development Review 42 : 4 Part I (Winter 2003) pp. 313 348 The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial Lecture Pro-poor Growth and Policies: The Asian Experience HAFIZ A. PASHA and T. PALANIVEL The objective
Women s Empowerment in Nepal:
Jessica Kramer Women s Empowerment in Nepal: Literacy, Employment & Political participation Nepal, a landlocked country between India and China that is ethnically diverse with 28 million people. It ranks
Trade in Health Services in Pakistan
Trade in Health Services in Pakistan A country case study Key findings and reflections Dr Zafar Mirza Interregional Workshop on Trade and Health, WHO/SEARO, New Delhi, 12-13 October 2004 Structure of the
Globalization, economic growth, employment and poverty. The experiences of Chile and Mexico
Globalization, economic growth, employment and poverty. The experiences of Chile and Mexico Alicia Puyana FLACSO Paper presented at the Conference on Globalization and Employment: Global Shocks, Structural
Benefits and costs of free trade for less developed countries
Benefits and costs of free trade for less developed countries Nina PAVCNIK Trade liberalization seems to have increased growth and income in developing countries over the past thirty years, through lower
Creating an enabling business environment in Asia: To what extent is public support warranted?
Creating an enabling business environment in Asia: To what extent is public support warranted? Tilman Altenburg, Christian von Drachenfels German Development Institute, Bonn Bangkok, 28 December 2006 1
When Job Earnings Are behind Poverty Reduction
THE WORLD BANK POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT NETWORK (PREM) Economic Premise NOVEMBER 2012 Number 97 When Job Earnings Are behind Poverty Reduction Gabriela Inchauste, João Pedro Azevedo, Sergio
INTERNAL INCONSISTENCIES: LINKING THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICA. Rory Creedon LSE MPA (ID) GV444
INTERNAL INCONSISTENCIES: LINKING THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICA Rory Creedon LSE MPA (ID) GV444 In what way did the Washington Consensus affect poverty in Latin America? There is
TRADE POLICY REVIEW OF SOUTH AFRICA 1-2 JUNE GATT Council's Evaluation
CENTRE WILLIAM-RAPPARD, RUE DE LAUSANNE 154, 1211 GENÈVE 21, TÉL. 022 73951 11 TRADE POLICY REVIEW OF SOUTH AFRICA 1-2 JUNE 1993 GATT Council's Evaluation GATT/1583 3 June 1993 The GATT Council conducted
Frustration, and even rage, over poor socio-economic
Growth and Convergence in the Arab Region Hafez Ghanem Senior Fellow, Global Economy and Development, The Brookings Institution Frustration, and even rage, over poor socio-economic and political conditions
BRASILIA CONSENSUS. Bearing in mind that the Region has joined the United Nations Secretary-General s Campaign Unite to End Violence against Women,
16 July 2010 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH BRASILIA CONSENSUS The Governments of the countries participating in the eleventh session of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean,
Development and the Next Generation. The World Development Report 2007 March 2007
Development and the Next Generation The World Development Report 2007 March 2007 www.worldbank.org/wdr2007 Outline Motivation Structure and framework How can we help young people make better decisions?
Transition, Globalisation and Labour in the BS & CA Region
Transition, Globalisation and Labour in the BS & CA Region 20 May 2010 Chisinau Colm Foy Co-ordinator Black Sea and Central Asia Initiative Development Centre Stephanie Char Junior Policy Analyst Black
The labor market in Japan,
DAIJI KAWAGUCHI University of Tokyo, Japan, and IZA, Germany HIROAKI MORI Hitotsubashi University, Japan The labor market in Japan, Despite a plummeting working-age population, Japan has sustained its
THE MALTESE ECONOMY: STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE
THE MALTESE ECONOMY: STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE Lino Briguglio University of Malta Presentation in connection with the training of liaison officers taking part in the Presidency of the Council of the EU
Development, Politics, and Inequality in Latin America and East Asia
Institutions in Context: Inequality Development, Politics, and Inequality in Latin America and East Asia Inyoung Cho DPhil student Department of Politics and International Relations University of Oxford
Education, training and skills: Women migrant workers in ASEAN
Policy Brief Series: Women s Labour Migration in ASEAN Education, training and skills: Women migrant workers in ASEAN This Policy Brief considers skills supply and demand in ASEAN in relation to women
UNEMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA
UNEMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA Professor Sue Richardson President Introduction Unemployment is a scourge in countries at all levels of economic development. It brings poverty and despair and exclusion from
Gender Issues and Employment in Asia
J ERE R. BEHRMAN AND ZHENG ZHANG Abstract A major means of engaging women more in development processes is increasingly productive employment. This paper adds perspective on gender issues and employment
SOME FACTS ABOUT MEXICO'S TRADE
1 PART II: CHAPTER 1 (Revised February 2004) MEXICAN FOREIGN TRADE As noted in Part I, Mexico pursued a development strategy called importsubstitution industrialization for over 30 years. This means that
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND TRADE Vol. II - Globalization and the Evolution of Trade - Pasquale M. Sgro
GLOBALIZATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF TRADE Pasquale M. School of Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia Keywords: Accountability, capital flow, certification, competition policy, core regions,
Economic Development: Miracle, Crisis and Regionalism
Economic Development: Miracle, Crisis and Regionalism Min Shu School of International Liberal Studies Waseda University 18 Dec 2017 IR of Southeast Asia 1 Outline of the Lecture Southeast Asian economies
Over the past three decades, the share of middle-skill jobs in the
The Vanishing Middle: Job Polarization and Workers Response to the Decline in Middle-Skill Jobs By Didem Tüzemen and Jonathan Willis Over the past three decades, the share of middle-skill jobs in the United
SECTION THREE BENEFITS OF THE JSEPA
SECTION THREE BENEFITS OF THE JSEPA 1. Section Two described the possible scope of the JSEPA and elaborated on the benefits that could be derived from the proposed initiatives under the JSEPA. This section
CERRITOS UN WOMEN DIRECTOR: CHRISTY HWANG GENDER EQUALITY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
UN WOMEN GENDER EQUALITY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY DIRECTOR: CHRISTY HWANG TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcome Statement.... 2 A Note from Your Director... 3 Committee Introduction... 3 Gender Equality in the Global
Can free-trade policies help to reduce gender inequalities in employment and wages?
Janneke Pieters Wageningen University, the Netherlands, and IZA, Germany Trade liberalization and gender inequality Can free-trade policies help to reduce gender inequalities in employment and wages? Keywords:
PENNSILVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY. How the IMF and the World Bank Dealt with the Issue of Poverty in Bangladesh from 2000 to 2010?
Poverty in Bangladesh i PENNSILVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY How the IMF and the World Bank Dealt with the Issue of Poverty in Bangladesh from 2000 to 2010? Sarp Yanki Kalfa PLSC 440 Doctor Blackmon April 25,
How s Life in Australia?
How s Life in Australia? November 2017 In general, Australia performs well across the different well-being dimensions relative to other OECD countries. Air quality is among the best in the OECD, and average
Reducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan. Lahcen Achy. Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010
Reducing Poverty in the Arab World Successes and Limits of the Moroccan Experience Lahcen Achy Beirut, Lebanon July 29, 2010 Starting point Morocco recorded an impressive decline in monetary poverty over
Scaling Up Poverty Reduction Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework Table of Contents 1. BACKGROUND 3 2. OBJECTIVES 4 3. STRATEGIC PILLARS 6 3.1 Investment climate 6 3.2 Social inclusion 7 4. IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS 10 5. QUESTIONS FOR STUDY: 12 Conceptual
Competitiveness: A Blessing or a Curse for Gender Equality? Yana van der Muelen Rodgers
Competitiveness: A Blessing or a Curse for Gender Equality? Yana van der Muelen Rodgers Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium s (IATRC s)
2010 Human Development Report: 40-year Trends Analysis Shows Poor Countries Making Faster Development Gains
Strictly embargoed until 4 November 2010, 10:00 AM EDT (New York), 14:00PM GST 2010 Human Development Report: 40-year Trends Analysis Shows Poor Countries Making Faster Development Gains 20th anniversary
Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Fiji. Initial report
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Twenty-sixth session 14 January 1 February 2002 Excerpted from: Supplement No. 38 (A/57/38) Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination
Promoting equality, including social equity, gender equality and women s empowerment. Statement on behalf of France, Germany and Switzerland
8 th session of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, New York, 3.-7.2.2014 Promoting equality, including social equity, gender equality and women s empowerment Statement on behalf of
Informal debate of the General Assembly Promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women 6 8 March 2007
Informal debate of the General Assembly Promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women 6 8 March 2007 I. Introduction The President of the General Assembly invited Member States and observers
Demographic Change and Economic Growth in the BRICS: Dividend, Drag or Disaster?
Demographic Change and Economic Growth in the BRICS: Dividend, Drag or Disaster? Presentation based on the 215/16 Global Monitoring Report (GMR) www.worldbank.org/gmr Philip Schellekens Lead Economist,
The Nanning-Singapore Economic Corridor:
The Nanning-Singapore Economic Corridor: Challenges for China and ASEAN John WONG* To compete for GDP growth, many provinces and loccalities in China are developing their own going out strategies. Yunnan
Edexcel (A) Economics A-level
Edexcel (A) Economics A-level Theme 4: A Global Perspective 4.2 Poverty and Inequality 4.2.2 Inequality Notes Distinction between wealth and income inequality Wealth is defined as a stock of assets, such
Lecture 1 Economic Growth and Income Differences: A Look at the Data
Lecture 1 Economic Growth and Income Differences: A Look at the Data Rahul Giri Contact Address: Centro de Investigacion Economica, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM). E-mail: rahul.giri@itam.mx
Policy Brief. Decent Work and Women s Economic Empowerment: Good Policy and Practice
Policy Brief Decent Work and Women s Economic Empowerment: Good Policy and Practice UN Women is the UN organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. A global champion for women
Population & Migration
Population & Migration Population Distribution Humans are not distributed evenly across the earth. Geographers identify regions of Earth s surface where population is clustered and regions where it is
The problem of growing inequality in Canadian. Divisions and Disparities: Socio-Spatial Income Polarization in Greater Vancouver,
Divisions and Disparities: Socio-Spatial Income Polarization in Greater Vancouver, 1970-2005 By David F. Ley and Nicholas A. Lynch Department of Geography, University of British Columbia The problem of
Neo-liberalism and the Asian Financial Crisis
Neo-liberalism and the Asian Financial Crisis Today s Agenda Review the families of Political Economy theories Back to Taiwan: Did Economic development lead to political changes? The Asian Financial Crisis
FROM WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT TO GENDER AND TRADE THE HISTORY OF THE GLOBAL WOMEN S PROJECT
FROM WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT TO GENDER AND TRADE THE HISTORY OF THE GLOBAL WOMEN S PROJECT This article present an historical overview of the Center of Concern s Global Women's Project, which was founded
ARANGKADA PHILIPPINES 2010: A BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE. Figure 10: Share in world GDP,
Living in the High Growth Neighborhood The Philippines is located in the world s fastest growing region. Figure 10 shows that the ASEAN-6 plus 4 (China, India, Japan, and Korea) in 2009 had about the same
ACHIEVING INCLUSIVE AND RESILIENT GROWTH IN ARMENIA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ARMENIA SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPT STAGE
ACHIEVING INCLUSIVE AND RESILIENT GROWTH IN ARMENIA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ARMENIA SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPT STAGE March 2017 What is a Systematic Country Diagnostic? Identify key challenges
10/11/2017. Chapter 6. The graph shows that average hourly earnings for employees (and selfemployed people) doubled since 1960
Chapter 6 1. Discuss three US labor market trends since 1960 2. Use supply and demand to explain the labor market 3. Use supply and demand to explain employment and real wage trends since 1960 4. Define
Part One: Overview - 1 -
Progress made by the Chinese Government in Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Program of Action as well as the Outcome Document of the United Nations General Assembly at its Twenty-Third Special
Characteristics of Poverty in Minnesota
Characteristics of Poverty in Minnesota by Dennis A. Ahlburg P overty and rising inequality have often been seen as the necessary price of increased economic efficiency. In this view, a certain amount
Globalization and its Impact on Poverty in Pakistan. Sohail J. Malik Ph.D. Islamabad May 10, 2006
Globalization and its Impact on Poverty in Pakistan Sohail J. Malik Ph.D. Islamabad May 10, 2006 The globalization phenomenon Globalization is multidimensional and impacts all aspects of life economic
Globalization and its effects on youth employment trends in Asia
Globalization and its effects on youth employment trends in Asia Paper presented to the Regional Expert Group Meeting on Development challenges for young people Bangkok, 28-30 March 2006 Elizabeth Morris
HIGHLIGHTS. There is a clear trend in the OECD area towards. which is reflected in the economic and innovative performance of certain OECD countries.
HIGHLIGHTS The ability to create, distribute and exploit knowledge is increasingly central to competitive advantage, wealth creation and better standards of living. The STI Scoreboard 2001 presents the
DECENT WORK IN TANZANIA
International Labour Office DECENT WORK IN TANZANIA What do the Decent Work Indicators tell us? INTRODUCTION Work is central to people's lives, and yet many people work in conditions that are below internationally
Measures of Development HDI
Measures of Development HDI Big Mac Index and Purchasing Power Parity A method of measuring the relative purchasing power of different countries' currencies over the same types of goods and services. Because
THE ETHIOPIAN URBAN MIGRATION STUDY 2008:
Report No. 55731-ET THE ETHIOPIAN URBAN MIGRATION STUDY 2008: THE CHARACTERISTICS, MOTIVES AND OUTCOMES OF MIGRANTS TO ADDIS ABABA Final Version, August 24, 2010 Poverty Reduction and Economic Management
How s Life in Mexico?
How s Life in Mexico? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, Mexico has a mixed performance across the different well-being dimensions. At 61% in 2016, Mexico s employment rate was below the OECD
Research Report. How Does Trade Liberalization Affect Racial and Gender Identity in Employment? Evidence from PostApartheid South Africa
International Affairs Program Research Report How Does Trade Liberalization Affect Racial and Gender Identity in Employment? Evidence from PostApartheid South Africa Report Prepared by Bilge Erten Assistant
China After the East Asian Crisis
China After the East Asian Crisis Ross Garnaut Director and Professor of Economics Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management The Australian National University China After the East Asian Crisis When
THE STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA
1 THE STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA 2 LABOR DAY SEPTEMBER 3, 2012 THE STATE OF WORKING FLORIDA 2012 by BERNARDO OSEGUERA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to Emily Eisenhauer and Alayne Unterberger who reviewed
Women Employment Situation in India: Economic Discriminatory Aspects
Women Employment Situation in India: Economic Discriminatory Aspects REENA BALIYAN Ph.D., Department of Economics, C.C.S. University, Meerut Abstract: The illustration of Indian Labour Market from the
Making Macroeconomics a Women s Issue
Beijing + 10 in light of the North American Free Trade Agreement: How Have Women Fared? Alexandra Spieldoch Center of Concern/U.S. Gender and Trade Network December 2004 It has been nearly ten years since
Support Materials. GCE Economics H061/H461: Exemplar Materials. AS/A Level Economics
Support Materials GCE Economics H061/H461: Exemplar Materials AS/A Level Economics Contents 1 Unit F581: Markets In Action 3 2 Unit F582: The National and International Economy 6 3 Unit F583: Economics
Indonesia: Poverty Reduction and Economic Challenges
Indonesia: Poverty Reduction and Economic Challenges From 1967 to 1997, in the pro-growth environment of Soeharto s New Order, Indonesia s GDP grew by an average of 7 percent per annum. Rapid growth was
Migration, Employment, and Food Security in Central Asia: the case of Uzbekistan
Migration, Employment, and Food Security in Central Asia: the case of Uzbekistan Bakhrom Mirkasimov (Westminster International University in Tashkent) BACKGROUND: CENTRAL ASIA All four countries experienced
WORKING DOCUMENT on informal and undeclared work in the EU and LAC. Committee on Social Affairs, Youth and Children, Human Exchanges,
ASAMBLEA PARLAMTARIA EURO-LATINOAMERICANA EURO-LATIN AMERICAN PARLIAMTARY ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLEIA PARLAMTAR EURO-LATINO-AMERICANA ASSEMBLÉE PARLEMTAIRE EURO-LATINO- AMÉRICAINE PARLAMTARISCHE VERSAMMLUNG EUROPA-LATEINAMERIKA
Fiscal Impacts of Immigration in 2013
www.berl.co.nz Authors: Dr Ganesh Nana and Hugh Dixon All work is done, and services rendered at the request of, and for the purposes of the client only. Neither BERL nor any of its employees accepts any
Cons. Pros. Vanderbilt University, USA, CASE, Poland, and IZA, Germany. Keywords: immigration, wages, inequality, assimilation, integration
Kathryn H. Anderson Vanderbilt University, USA, CASE, Poland, and IZA, Germany Can immigrants ever earn as much as native workers? Immigrants initially earn less than natives; the wage gap falls over time,
AQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Macroeconomics Topic 6: The International Economy 6.1 Globalisation Notes Characteristics of globalisation: Globalisation is the ever increasing integration of the world s local,