Außenpolitische Rollentheorie: eine Forschungsagenda

Transcription

1 Außenpolitische Rollentheorie: eine Forschungsagenda Rollentheorie-Workshop Universität Heidelberg, #1

2 Fragestellung Welche Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten ergeben sich aus dem Stand der heutigen außenpolitischen Rollentheorie? #2

3 Außenpolitische Rollen: Konzeptentwicklung und Abgrenzung #3

4 International Roles: definition and explanation In role theory, roles are typically recognized as social positions which are constituted by ego and alter expectations regarding the purpose of an actor in an organized group (cf. Thies 2010: 3-4; Andrews 1975: 529). The position s function in the group is limited in time and scope and it is dependent on the group s structure and purpose. Whereas some roles are constitutive to the group as such, e.g. a recognized member of the international community, other roles or role sets are functionally specific, e.g. balancer, initiator etc. #4

5 Roles in International Relations literature Social environment Role expectation (alter part) Role expectation (ego part) Role bearer Individual Culture Societal norms Socialization Internalization Identity Individual values Role behavior #5

6 The Self: the process of self-identification The Self I as individual disposition Me Perception of position vis-à-vis others Shaping of Identity Successful replication Language as a medium Expectation of Others (significant or general) Behaviour of Others (significant or general) Role taking #6

7 The Other: constitutive for the Self The generalized other : An imagined other which serves the I as a reference point to identify with a special identity (Chinese) or a social category (human being). The significant other : A concrete other in the process of primary socialization (in the family), i.e. parents or siblings. Attributes: small number, high degree of role casting by the Other ( ascribed role ). The organized other : is an institutionalized other, the functional specification of which demands a high degree of role expectations which are regulated and based on division of labor. #7

8 Außenpolitische Rollen und verwandte Konzepte Rollen: roles are typically recognized as social positions which are constituted by ego and alter expectations regarding the purpose of an actor in an organized group Identitäten: sind Selbstbeschreibungen in Abgrenzung zu bestimmten Anderen. Sie beinhalten keinen funktionalen Gruppenbezug und sind als individuelle I. nicht übertragbar. Status: sind soziale Positionen in einem hierarchischen Gruppensystem. S. wird individuell angestrebt, aber von außen erteilt. Er ist nicht funktional ausdifferenziert und weniger temporär begrenzt. #8

9 A. Smith Rollentheorie & symbolischer Interaktionismus: historische Entwicklung Symbolic Interactionism R. E. Park (1955) Role Theory W. James (1890) C. H. Cooley (1902) J. Dewey (1930) G.H. Mead (1934) Structural Functionalism: R. Linton (1936), T. Parsons (1951) M. Weber SI: Chicago School H. Blumer, R. Turner E. Goffman S. Stryker SI: Iowa School M. H. Kuhn Hughes (1945) C. Jönsson (1984) P. Gaupp (1983) St. Walker (1979, 1987) Naomi Wish (1980) Ole Holsti (1970) H. Maull (1990) Kirste/Maull (1996) L. Aggestam (1999) Le Prestre (1997) E. Durkheim G. Simmel #9

10 Außenpolitische Rollen: Forschungsfelder #10

11 Außenpolitische Rollentheorie: Forschungsfelder 1. Role taking and making and international social structural change (Baumann 2013) 2. Role typologies: enhanced typologies of functional roles as institutionalizations lead to further role specification: e.g. leadership roles (Harnisch 2013). 3. Roles and identities: which historical self-conceptualizations and historical roles allow for which contemporary role taking/making (Benes/Harnisch 2013; Harnisch/Baumann 2012, Harnisch 2013). 4. Foreign and domestic roles: how and how far do domestic roles of executives relate to their capacity to take on certain foreign policy roles (Harnisch/Weiss 2013; Harnisch/Schlomach, Artmann, Steiger 2013). 5. Role taking and Role making: how do they relate to regime type? #11

12 Roles and structural change in International Relations Social environment Role expectation (alter part) Role expectation (ego part) Role bearer Individual Culture Societal norms Socialization Internalization Identity Individual values Role behavior #12

13 Roles, Identity and the Historical Self Social environment Role expectation (alter part) Role expectation (ego part) Role bearer Individual Culture Societal norms Socialization Internalization Identity Individual values Role behavior #13

14 International Leadership: definition and explanation International leadership may be defined as a social role consisting of expectations of a group of states towards one or more group members to enhance the group s goals by means at the leaders disposal and compliance by following states. This regularly includes the partial transfer of national policy competences and power resources to the group leader (Harnisch 2013). Leadership thus requires both hard and soft power, that is leadership through representing the interests of the group (input legitimacy of leadership) and effectively achieving the goals of the group (output legitimacy). To pursue leadership functions, the role holder needs social capital among which trust is the most important one. #14

15 Trust as an essential ressource of international leadership Trust is the belief that one will not be harmed when his or her fate is placed in the hands others (Hardin 2006: 29). 1. Trust always entails a combination of uncertainty and vulnerability as the trusting partner is exposed to potential opportunism. 2. Nicolas Luhman: trust is paid as an advance on success. 3. Ostrom/Walker: trust is not altruism but rather the expectation of reciprocity. 4. Trust may be strategic/limited both in scope and time and generalized diffuse reciprocity in kind and time. #15

16 Measuring International leadership Composition of leadership / Scope of constituency Coalitional Singular Coalition of the willing Collective EU3+3 Inclusive Germany in the Euro Crisis EU/German leadership in UNFCC #16

17 Measuring International leadership: the input and output dimension Role expectation (alter part) Role expectation (ego part) Role bearer Individual Culture Societal norms Socialization Internalization Identity Individual values How effective? Role behavior How effective? #17

18 Das historische Selbst als Kontingenz für den Prozess der Selbstidentifikation #18

19 Korrespondenz zwischen historischer und aktueller Selbstidentifikation/Rollenübernahme Benes/Harnisch 2013 #19

20 Post World War II Role taking process by PR China The Other Soviet Union Primary Socializer Post WW II Period Bandung Group (77) Primary Socializers Soviet Union Primary negative Socializer Soviet Union / USA Primary negative Socializers The Historical Self China as a Victim (of capitalist domination) China as a Victim (of capitalist domination) China as a Victim (of colonial domination) China as a Victim (of colonial domination) #20

21 Die historischen Selbstidentifikationen der VR China United States as a nationstate China as a Civilization Middle Kingdom Japan as Tributary state Korea as Tributary state United States as a colonial nation-state China as a penetrated nationstate Japan as a nation state China as a nationstate Korea as a nation state Japan as a nation state 15th Century 19th Century 21th Century #21

22 The institutional structure of the Self : Integrating Comparative Politics and Role theory PR China: the Self Faction 1 Faction 2 Faction 3 State Corporations Private Corporations Chinese Society Internal Expectations #22

23 Politikwandel als doppelter Rollenwandel Liberale internationale Gem. Außenpolitische Rolle Dtld. als zivilisierende Macht Bundeswehr als Einsatzarmee Innenpolitische Rolle Männliche Bürger als Freiwillige Wehrdienstleistende #23