CHAPTER 7 Urban Migration and Urban Transportation. Estelar

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 7 Urban Migration and Urban Transportation 7.1 Population Migration The United Nations Multilingual Demography Dictionary defined migration as follows: Migration is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a change in residence from the place of origin or place of departure, to the place of destination or place of arrival. Such migration is called permanent migration and should be distinguished from other forms of movement which do not involve a permanent change of resident Migration has two processes Emigration or immigration refers to going out of a country while immigration refers to coming into a country. Thus, emigration reduces population of a country while immigration increases it. At regional level, migration on a lower scale is termed as in-migration - out migration : Migration increases mobility, migration means the change of place of living for a permanent period. It refers to the leaving of some political or established regional boundary. However, small it may be when people are leaving one place and going to a new place for a temporary span of time, it is no migration from the demographic point of view. Family and individual migration have played an important role in the growth and distribution of population TYPES OF MIGRATION Migration whether outward or inward, has been classified on the basis of time; distance and motivation have been recognized depending upon the length of the stay. Similarly, on the basis of

2 distance involved, long distance and short distance migrations have been distinguished. Further, motivation if economic, gives rise to economic-migration and if matrimonial, to marital migration. Geography is a spatial science so a distance-or-area based classification may appeal more, i.e. migrations that take place with-in the same country and those across the international boarder, the former are often know as internal migrations and the latter as external or international migrations Internal Migrations When migration takes place within the territorial limits of one country it can be classified into four types a. Rural to Urban b. Urban to Urban c. Rural to Rural, and d. Urban to rural/sub-urban areas International migrations International migration is the migration from one national political boundary to another such political boundary. It depends on the laws of the two involved countries PUSH AND PULL FACTORS Push factors 1. Decline in a national resource or in the prices paid for it, decreased demand for a particular product or the services of a particular industry, expansion of mines, timer, or agricultural resources. 2. Loss of employment resulting from being discharged for incompetence, from a decline in need for a particular activity, or from mechanization or automation of task previously performed by more labour intensive procedure. 3. Oppressive or repressive discriminatory treatment because of 168

3 political religious or ethnic or membership. 4. Alternation from a community because one no longer subscribe to prevailing beliefs, customs, or mode of behaviour-either within one s family or within the community. 5. Retreat from community because it offers few or no opportunities for personal development, employment or marriage. 6. Retreat from a community because of catastrophe flood, fire drought, earthquake epidemic Pull factors 1. Superior opportunities for employment in an occupation or opportunities to enter a preferred occupation. 2. Opportunities to earn a higher income. 3. Opportunities to obtain desired specialized education or training, such as college education. 4. Preferable environment and living conditions-climate, housing, schools, other community facilities. 5. Dependency- movement of other persons to whom one is related or betrothed, such as the movement of dependent with a bread winner or migration of bride to join her husband. 6. Lure of new or different activities, environments, or people, such as cultural, intellectual, or recreational activities of a large metropolis for rural and small town residents POPULATION MIGRATION IN URBAN CONTEXT It is known from the study of the towns that in both the towns there is mainly two types of migration. First, takes place from one place to another within the town. It is known as intra-urban migration. Second is in which people from outside places come & settle here. Such types of migration people have a change of place according to their needs. In it, land value, sunny site, availability of place with all facilities play main role. In the initial years, people liked 169

4 to live in the internal parts of the town. But, now people s likings are changing. Now, people like to live in the outer parts of the town which are apart from the crowd of the town & problems & where land-value is relatively less & more place could be available. In second type of migration that is immigration people from other towns settle in these towns. Its main reasons are commercial, educational & personal matters. To show the actual position of migration the researcher has made a sample survey of three wards each for immigration to the towns of Nainital & Haldwani-Kathgodam. It gives a clear picture of migration taking place in these towns Nainital In Nainital, sample survey has been made of (1) Bara Bazaar, (2) Ramsay & (3) Sipahi Dhara. In Bara Bazaar, mainly people settled before Some are the descendents of residents of Nainital who are living here from the very beginning. The people, who mainly migrated during the British Period, are still settled here. Here most of the people migrated from Almora and almost all the people have settled due to commercial activities. In the early age, it was the main commercial centre of the town so people liked to live here. Today, it has become the most crowded and high land area of the town. For this reason, mainly old people are living here who have been living since early decades. In the beginning, in Ramsay area, there was only Ramsay Hospital. Here, people lived almost in a negligible number. Gradually, people started setting here. They started settling due to its being the sunny side and land-value being less. Here, mainly people started settling since Here, there is a majority of salaried people. Here, people also settled for the education of their children. People have been attracted to this place due to its peaceful atmosphere and it being away from the din of the town. For these reasons, people from other parts of the town have migrated here. After a survey in Sipahi Dhara, it was known that in the beginning people 170

5 migrated here for jobs and education of the children. It lies in outer area of the town. People have migrated to other parts of Nainital; some have migrated from other parts of Nainital, others have migrated from Pithoragarh, Almora, Lucknow, Haldwani & other areas. From the survey, it may be concluded that the largest migration has taken place from Almora. The situation becomes clear on seeing the table. It is known after the survey of three wards that mainly in Nainital migration has taken place from Almora, followed by Pithoragarh. The main reason of people migrating here from other hilly areas is rapid development and availability of good education. Due to being more developed than other hilly areas people are attracted here. There is also growing tourism here due to which people are able get jobs here. (Figs. 7.1 and 7.2) 171

6 Immigration in Nainital Town Personal 20.00% Business 30.00% Job 30.00% Education 20.00% Bara Bazaar Ramsay Job 20.00% Business 50.00% Job 40.00% Personal 10.00% Education 20.00% Business 60.00% Sipai Dhara Fig

7 Table 7.1 Bara Bazaar Inmigration in Nainital township.s. No. Year Moved From Purpose Pithoragarh Business Almora Business Almora Business Almora Personal Problem 5 NA Nainital NA Almora Job Almora Job Punjab Business Almora Job 10 NA Nainital NA Ramsay Inmigration S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Almora Job Pithoragarh Job Bhimtal Business Haldwani Personal Problem Mathura Education Almora Job 7 NA Nainital NA Almora Business Lucknow Education Almora Job / Education Sipai Dhara Inmigration S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Pithoragarh Business Pithoragarh Business Almora Business Udham Singh Nagar Job / Education Udham Singh Nagar Business Udham Singh Nagar Business 7 NA Nainital NA 8 NA Nainital NA Almora Business 10 NA Nainital NA Source: Field work 173

8 Intramigration in Nainital Town Business 80.00% Personal 20.00% Personal 20.00% Bara Bazaar Ramsay Nainital Personal 40.00% Better location 80.00% Better location 60.00% Sipai Dhara Fig

9 Table 7.2 Bara Bazaar Intramigration in Nainital township S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Tallital Business Tallital Business Sipai Dhara Business Sher ka Danda Personal Problem Ayarpatta Business Ayarpatta Business Tallital Business / Personal Problem Sher ka Danda Business Tallital Business Ayarpatta Business / Personal Problem Ramsay S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Mallital Location Shri Krishnapur Location Mallital Location Tallital Location Tallital Location Mallital Personal Problem Sukhatal Location Tallital Location Tallital Location Mallital Personal Problem Sipai Dhara S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Tallital Bazaar Location / Personal Problem Shri Krishnapur Personal Problem Tallital Personal Problem Tallital Bazaar Location Shri Krishnapur Personal Problem Mallital Location Bara Bazaar Location Sukhatal Personal Problem Tallital Location Tallital Bazaar Location Source: Field Work 175

10 Haldwani In the town of Haldwani-Kathgodam for the survey and for showing the position of migration three wards (Bhotiya Parao, Hira Nagar, Railway Bazaar) have been selected. It was known from the survey that in Haldwani originally almost all the people have migrated. In Bhotiya Parao, in the early times Bhotiyas (a tribe of Kumaun) migrated here during winters and then returned. For this reason, it was named Bhotiya Parao. Presently all types of people live here. Here, most people have migrated from Pithoragarh and Almora. Besides, people have also migrated from Bhimtal and Nainital. The reason of people migrating here from the internal parts of the town was a good locality and a good atmosphere. Even in Hira Nagar, most people have settled from hilly areas. Here, people migrated for business purposes. People have mainly migrated from Almora, Pithoragarh, Lucknow and Nainital. Hira Nagar is a posh colony of Haldwani due to which people are attracted here. Here also, people were attracted for jobs and education. Railway Bazaar is one of the main commercial areas of Haldwani-Kathgodam. People were attracted here for business and mainly those people have migrated who are related with business and are indulged in business in this area. Here, people migrated from Nainital, Pithoragarh, Almora, Kashipur & Moradabad. Besides, during the partition of India and Pakistan the refugees also migrated here (Fig. 7.3). No intramigration was observed in Haldwani township during the present study. 176

11 Immigration in Haldwani Town Business 10.00% Education 10.00% Business 20.00% Education 10.00% Bhotia Parao Hiranagar Job 10.00% Job 40.00% Personal 40.00% Job 60.00% Personal 10.00% Education 20.00% Railway Bazaar Fig. 7.3 Business 70.00% 177

12 Table 7.3 Bhotia Parao Immigration in Haldwani Town S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Almora Relative Pithoragarh Business Bageshwar Relative Pithoragarh Job / Education Almora Personal Problem Pithoragarh Job / Relative Pithoragarh Job Almora Job Almora Job Nainital Job Hiranagar S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Almora Job Pithoragarh Job / Education Almora Business Almora Job Lucknow Job Okhalkhanda Business Bhimtal Job Almora Job Almora Relative / Job Gujrat Job Railway Bazaar S. No. Year Moved From Purpose Nainital Business Bareily Business Pithoragarh Job / Education Uddhamsingh Nagar Business Uddhamsingh Nagar Business Muradabad Business Muradabad Business Pakistan Personal Problem Pakistan Personal Problem Pithoragarh Business Source: Field Work 178

13 It was known from the survey of both the towns that people mainly migrate for seeking jobs and business. Next, they also migrate for good education of children. Besides, peaceful atmosphere, low land cost and greater residential facilities also attract people. Presently, people are being attracted towards the outer areas of the town. Its reason is same as described earlier. Besides, at these places, the facilities of all the central parts are available. 7.2 Urban Transportation in General Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ( across ) and portare ( to carry ). The field of transport has several aspects: loosely they can be divided into airports, railway stations, bus stands and seaports. The operations that deal with the control of the system, such as traffic signals and ramp meters, railroad switches, air traffic control, etc. as well as police, such as how to finance the system (for example the use of tolls or fuel taxes). India is poised for rapid economic growth. Such future growth will largely come from the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy i.e., the industrial and services sectors. Since economic activities in these sectors primarily take place in urban areas, the state of towns and cities is crucial to India s future growth. For a city to be productive, it is of utmost importance that it has a very sound infrastructure. A good network of roads and an efficient mass urban transport system make a substantial contribution to the working efficiency of a large city for its economic and social development. Over a period of time, due to increasing income and demand for travel, the proportion of perusal vehicles, including twowheelers and four wheelers has increased and that of public transport has decreased. The consequence of such increase of personalized transport is acute congestion on city roads and resultant pollution. The remedy lies in providing efficient and affordable public transport 179

14 system. Urbanization has been one of the dominant contemporary processes as a growing share of the global population lives in cities. Considering this trend, urban transportation issues are of foremost importance to support the passengers and freight mobility equipment of large urban agglomerations. Transportation in urban areas is highly complex because of the modes involved, the multitude of origins and destinations, and the amount and variety of traffic. Traditionally the focus of urban transportation has been on passengers as cities were viewed as location of utmost human interactions with intricate traffic patterns linked to community, commercial activities. However, cities are also locations of production, consumption and distribution, activities linked to movement of freight, conceptually, the urban transport system is intricately linked with urban form and spatial structure. Urban transit is an important dimensionality of urban transportation, notably in high-density areas. To understand the complex relationships between transportation and land use and to help the urban planning process, several models have been developed. The Ministry of Urban Development is in the process of framing a National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) to address the various issues involved with urban transport. The objective of this policy is to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, a reliable and sustainable access for the growing number of city residents to jobs, education, recreation and such other needs within our cities. This is sought to be achieved by incorporating urban transportation as an important parameter at the urban planning stage rather than being a consequential requirement, bringing about a more equitable allocation of road space - with people, rather than vehicles, as its main focus, investing in transport systems that encourage greater use of public transport and non-motorized modes instead of personal motor vehicles, reducing pollution level through changes in travelling practices, better enforcement, stricter norms, technological 180

15 improvements, building capacity (institutional and manpower) to plan for sustainable urban transport and promoting the use of cleaner technologies. The Ministry of Urban Development would encourage specific initiatives in this regard. 7.3 Elements, Components and Types of Urban Transportation ELEMENTS OF THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION Urbanisation has been one of the dominant trends of economic and social change of the 20th century, especially in the developing world, where urban mobility problems have increased proportionally with urbanization, a trend reflected in the growing size of cities and in the increasing proportion of urbanized population. Since 1950, the world s urban population has more than doubled in part due to demographic growth and rural to urban migration, but more importantly due to a fundamental change in the socio-economic environment of human activities. At the urban level, demographic and mobility growth have been shaped by the capacity and requirements of urban transport infrastructures, be it roads transit systems or simply walkways. Consequently, there are a wide variety of urban forms, spatial structures and associated urban transportation systems: 1. Nodes: These are reflected in the central part of urban activities, which can be related to the spatial accumulation of economic activities, or to the accessibility to the transport system. Terminals such as ports, rail yards and stations and airports, are important nodes around which activities agglomerate at the local or regional level. Nodes have a hierarchy related to their importance and contribution to urban functions, such as production, management retailing and distribution. 2. Linkage: These are the infrastructures supporting flows from, to 181

16 and between nodes. The lowest levels of linkages include streets, which are the defining elements of the urban spatial structure. There is a hierarchy of linkages moving up to regional roads and railways and international connections by air and maritime transport systems. Urban transportation is organised in three broad categories of collective, individual and freight transportation. In several instances, they are complementary to one another, but sometimes they may be competing for the usage of available land and transport infrastructures TYPES OF TRANSPORT Collective transportation (Public transit) The purpose of collective transportation is to provide the public accessible mobility over specific parts of a city. Its efficiency is based upon transporting large numbers of people and achieving economics of scale. It includes modes such as tramways, buses, trains, subways and ferryboats Individual Transportation Includes any mode where mobility is the outcome of a personal choice and uses means such as the automobiles, pedestrian, cycles and the motorcycle. The majority of people walk to satisfy their basic mobility, but this number varies according to the city considered Freight Transportation As cities are dominant centres of production and consumption, urban activities are accompanied by large movements of freight. These movements are mostly characterised by delivery trucks moving between industries, distribution centres, and warehouse and retail activities as well as from major terminals such as ports, railways, distribution centres and airports. 182

17 Historically, movements within cities tended to be restricted to walking, which made medium and long distant urban linkages rather inefficient and time-consuming. Thus, activity nodes tend to be agglomerated and urban forms compact. Many modern cities have inherited an urban form created under such circumstances, even though they are no longer prevailing. Urban transportation is thus associated with a spatial form which varies according to the modes being used. What has not changed much is that cities tend to opt for a grid street pattern. The reasons behind this performance are relatively simple. A grid pattern jointly optimises accessibility and available real estate. In an age of motorization and personal mobility, an increasing number of cities are developing a spatial structure that increases reliance on motorized transportation, particularly the privately owned automobiles Rail transport Rail transport is the most commonly used mode of transport in India. The entire rail operation in the country is run by the stateowned company, Indian Railways. The rail network traverses through the length and breadth of the country covering a total length of 63,140 km (39,200 miles). It is one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world TRANSPORTATION IN THE STUDY REGION Road Transportation Roads are a symbol of mobility. In the re-building of a region or nation, roads play an important role. Whatever personal, principal or national activities take place outside home are dependent on ordinary, fast and cheap road transport. Roads make proper means available in the advancement of agriculture industry, commerce, administration, defence, education, health and other community activities. Road transport is giving rise to the development of the foothills of the hilly 183

18 regions. The roads have linked these towns to the villages due to which, mutual give and take has become approachable and easy. Through roads these towns got industrial and cultural encouragement. These roads have given important contribution in the transport system of these towns because rail transport comes to an end in Kathgodam. And only road transport goes beyond it. These are roads that prepare the framework of town morphology and play a very important role in the form of main cultural organ. Road transport is the main transport of Nainital and Haldwani- Kathgodam towns. There are also pucca roads besides kuccha roads in Nainital. Pucca roads are only main roads. Besides, kuccha roads are seen here in large numbers. But, contrary to this, in Haldwani, all the roads are pucca ones. In the beginning, all the roads were kuccha in Nainital but the roads have been made pucca with the gradual development of the town. These towns are linked with different hill and plain towns and regions by roads. Here, bus facilities are available for all the regions. Some services start from these towns and some services start from other towns and link these towns. The journeys undertaken within or outside the town on the basis of origins and termination can be divided in to four categories (Singh O.P. 1971). 1. Journeys originating and terminating within the urban area. 2. Journeys originating in the urban area but terminating outside the town. 3. Journeys originating outside the urban area but terminating in the urban area. 4. Journeys originating from inside the town that do not originate or terminate within the town. The first type of journey is not much noticed in Nainital because it is a hilly region. Here, people chiefly use their own vehicles or they travel on foot. Here, occasionally, the use of taxis is noticed. Rickshaw facilities are available from Tallital to Mallital only. City bus services are not available for such type of journey. However, such type of transportation is available in Haldwani-Kathgodam. In the town, city 184

19 buses, taxis, auto rickshaws and rickshaws ply. For the convenience of the passengers, many transport agencies have been working in this area. To provide transportation facilities in both hilly and plain areas, separate agencies are functioning. The buses of Uttarakhand Transport Corporation ply within and outside the town. Mainly only in Haldwani, the buses ply within the town while the facility of journeying from the town to other places and states is also made available by the buses of Uttarakhand Transport Corporation. The number of such buses in Nainital is 39 while number of buses plying to greater distance, for example, Delhi, Dehradun, Saharanpur, Mussoorie etc. are 17 and the number of the buses covering a shorter distance - Bhimtal, Bhowali, Haldwani etc. are 23. The number of the buses in Haldwani-Kathgodam cover a much greater distance - Delhi, Chandigarh, Karnaprayag, Dehradun, Bageshwar etc. are 61. The number of buses covering a much shorter distance-nainital Rudrapur, Kashipur, Kaladhungi, Jaspur etc. is 26. Besides, buses coming from other states also reach these towns among which Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), Haryana Transport Corporation, Uttar Pradesh Transport Corporation are the main corporations Rail Transportation In study region, the credit of the extension of railway tracks goes to the British Government in the pre-independence period. Keeping in view, the importance of this region, metre gauge line was extended till here. The extension of railway transportation had been done only up to Haldwani-Kathgodam because Haldwani-Kathgodam is a foothill town, and after that the hilly region starts. Nainital is one of the important hill stations after which there is no extension of railway transport. To reach Nainital, Kathgodam is the last station (terminus), thereafter, road transport is used to reach Nainital. In the development of the town of Haldwani-Kathgodam railway transport also plays an important role. Railway transport affects the development and morphology of the town because it is helpful in 185

20 transforming the infrastructure of the towns along with the development. Every railway station gives birth to a small bazaar where hotels and restaurants are established (Garnier, J. Views, 1967 Urban Geography). Through railway tracks these towns are linked to distant regions, which effect the development of the towns both directly and indirectly. Railway stations to some extent are responsible for the change in outer morphology of the town as no expansion of railway track is noticed in the central parts of city; it became an area of high population density due to high value of land and high density residential area. Link other towns, in Nainital Kathgodam the station is similar about railway tracks and railway station which are noticed in outer part of the town. Kathgodam is the last railway terminal of North-East Railway that was had laid in the year 1882 from Bareilly to Kathgodam. Keeping in view the importance of stones and wood that was sent from here, railway tracks had been extended up to here. Haldwani and Kathgodam are separate railway stations. In Kathgodam, railway yards, railway offices, railway residential houses are widely spread. From here now there is direct train service to Delhi, Lucknow, Howrah, Dehradun and Agra. Some special trains are also run from here. At Haldwani and Kathgodam railway stations rush is noticed only at the time of arrival and departure of trains. For the rest of the time peace prevails here. In Haldwani and Kathgodam, for this development of the railways its back-territory is responsible. It is the only last railway station (Terminus) for hilly towns and areas of Kumaon region and for this reason it is very important Air Transport There is no facility of air transport in both the towns- Nainital and Haldwani-Kathgodam. The nearest air transport facility from these cities is in Pantnagar, 25 km from Haldwani-Kathgodam in district Udham Singh Nagar. 186

21 Other Means of Transport Besides road transport in Nainital, Human Transport is also available. Due to being a hilly region, here coolies (porters) are the main human transport. In some regions, where buses and other vehicles cannot reach these porter are the means of transporting freight. They are also cheaper than taxi. Consequently the residents of Nainital took mainly the services of porters instead of a taxi up to 1991 to transport their luggage. Besides, dandi and hand-rickshaws were also some of the main transports. People used it for going from one place to another. Use of dandi came to an end with the growing development. 7.4 Traffic Flow NAINITAL TOWNSHIP The highest traffic flow among the towns of Nainital and Haldwani-Kathgodam is noticed in Haldwani-Kathgodam. From the point of view of traffic flow, it has grown rapidly on roads of the town of Nainital. The town of Nainital being a hilly town has both types of roads, kuccha and pucca. But here more traffic flow is noticed only on main roads. Other roads are not so important from the point of view of traffic flow. Haldwani Road, Mall Road, Bhowali Road and Kaladhungi Road are the main roads of the town of Nainital. It was known from the study of the data that every year traffic flow is growing rapidly on these roads. It is evident from the study of the table 7.4 that in 1991 a total 465 vehicles per day plied on Haldwani Road, which included 34 heavy vehicles, 327 four-wheelers and 104 two-wheelers. On Mall Road, a total of 500 vehicles plied. Out of these 15 were heavy vehicles, 346 four-wheelers and 139 two-wheelers. There was traffic flow of 280 vehicles on Bhowali Road out of which 19 were heavy vehicles, 201 four-wheelers and 68 two-wheelers. A total 332 vehicles plied on Kaladhungi Road out of which 16 were heavy vehicles, 257 were four-wheelers and 59 were two-wheelers. It was known from the 187

22 study of the data of 2007 that in Nainital due to the growing inflow of tourists, the traffic flow does not remain uniform throughout the year. It is generally high only in summers. On seeing the table of the data of 2007, we find that the highest traffic flow is noticed on Mall Road. On the basis of data, every day there is a flow of 1672 vehicles out of which 33 are heavy vehicles, 1018 are four-wheelers, and 621 are twowheelers. After Mall Road, second comes Haldwani Road from the point of view of traffic flow where 84 were heavy vehicles, 880 were four-wheelers, and 408 were two-wheelers. The total number of vehicles plying on Kaladhungi Road was 1008 out of which 42 were heavy vehicles, 650 were four-wheelers and 316 were two-wheelers. The lowest traffic flow was noticed for four-wheelers was 477 and twowheelers was 64. On Mall Road, the main reason for the higher traffic flow is the entry of vehicles from all other roads. This road is the main road of Nainital. All the tourists coming to Nainital pass through this road. On studying the table 7.4 it is obvious that in the last 17 years there has been a heavy growth in traffic flow in the town of Nainital. The reasons attributed for the growth in traffic is the growing tourism in Nainital and urbanization of the town. The number of tourists visiting here has increased tremendously in the last few years. 188

23 Table 7.4 Flow of traffic (vehicles/day) in Nainital township Name of Crossing Truck & Buses Four Wheelers Traffic Flow 1991 Two Wheelers Total Haldwani Road Mall Road Bhowali Road Kaladhungi Road Source: S. Singh (2004) Traffic Flow 2007 Haldwani Road Mall Road Bhowali Road Kaladhungi Road Source: Field Work 189

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27 7.4.2 HALDWANI-KATHGODAM TOWNSHIP In comparison to Nainital, more traffic flow was noticed in Haldwani-Kathgodam. Being the main town of Kumaon region more traffic flow is noticed here. Here, inter-town transport is also noticed. The main roads are: Nainital Road, Bareilly Road, Kaladhungi Road and Rampur Road. Besides, Tanakpur Road and Gola Paar are bypasses, on which less traffic flow is noticed on Tanakpur road. On Gola Paar bypass, the flow of heavy vehicles was higher. On seeing the table, we come to the conclusion that in the last 27 years, traffic flow has grown very rapidly. The reason for this is the growing urban development. On the basis of the data of 2007, the highest traffic flow was noticed on Nainital Road. On this road, everyday a total of 3006 vehicles ply out of which 380 are heavy vehicles, 1789 four-wheelers and 1837 two-wheelers. On the basis of the data of 1981, Bareilly Road was the road with the highest traffic flow. However, at present Nainital Road is the road with the highest traffic flow. Its main reason is growth in tourism. On this road, besides Nainital, the vehicles going towards other hilly regions such as Almora, Ranikhet, Bhimtal, Mukteshwar, etc. also ply due to which, traffic flow is higher here. This road is the main road leading to the hilly region. In Haldwani- Kathgodam region another road with voluminous traffic flow is Bareilly Road. Everyday, a total of 2293 vehicles pass by, out of which 339 are heavy vehicles, 1249 are four-wheelers and 705 are twowheelers (Table 7.5). The higher traffic flow at this point is mainly because Gola bypass road meets here. The Bareilly Road leads to plain areas from Haldwani. As such traffic going to and returning from Lucknow passes through this road. From the foothills this road leads to the plains. Here the rush of passengers and tourists going towards Nainital, Almora increase the traffic flow. Thereafter, on Rampur Road there is also a higher flow of tourists coming from plains to Nainital. This road leads to Moradabad, Ghaziabad and Delhi due to which there is heavy flow of vehicles here. On this road 2250 vehicles ply 193

28 every day, out of which 461 are heavy vehicles, 1091 are four-wheelers and 698 are two-wheelers. Rampur Road is another busy road of Haldwani. On Kaladhungi Road, there is less traffic flow in comparison to other roads because this road leads to Haridwar- Kashipur, Kaladhungi and small foothill towns. Consequently, there is less flow of vehicles here. On Kaladhungi Road 2231 vehicles ply daily out of which the number of heavy vehicles is 251, that of fourwheelers is 1214 and that of two-wheelers is 766 (Table 7.5). Table 7.5 Flow of traffic (vehicles/day) in Haldwani township Name of Crossing Truck & Buses Four Wheelers Two Wheelers Total Traffic Flow 1981 (Haldwani Town) Nainital Road Kaladhungi Road Rampur Road Bareilly Road Source: R. Upreti (1987) Traffic Flow April 2007 (Haldwani Town) Nainital Road Kaladhungi Road Rampur Road Bareilly Road Source: Field Work 194

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