About the California Policy Seminar and Funding for This Project

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3 About the California Policy Seminar and Funding for This Project The California Policy Seminar is a University of California program that applies the extensive research expertise of the UC system to the analysis, development, and implementation of state policy. CPS provides technical assistance to policy makers, commissions policy-relevant research on statewide issues, and disseminates research findings and recommendations through publications and special briefings. CPS also administers the University of California Latina/Latino Policy Research Program, which the university established in response to Senate Concurrent Resolution 43 (SCR 43, 1987) that requests that the university initiate efforts to address the problems facing the state s Latino population. The research for this databook was funded jointly by the Latina/Latino Policy Research Program and the university s Institute for Mexico and the United States (UC MEXUS), which was established in 1980 to focus UC resources related to Mexico, United States-Mexico relations, Mexicans and people of Mexican descent in the U.S., and a wide variety of issues of importance to both countries. The institute, whose universitywide headquarters are located at the Riverside campus, acts as a source of information about all university-sponsored United States-Mexico activities; strengthens and develops research as well as exchange programs and teaching; supports and coordinates interdisciplinary and intercampus projects; and encourages collaborative approaches by UC and Mexican scholars to issues affecting both nations. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent its funders, UC DATA, or the Regents of the University of California. About the Authors UC DATA is the University of California s principal archive of computerized social science information. In addition to storing more than 2,000 data sets on a wide range of public opinion and demographic data, UC DATA is also the Regional Center for the State Census Data Network. Ongoing services include consultation and assistance to users of the archive and support for classroom instruction at the University of California, Berkeley. UC DATA has engaged in several projects to disseminate to the public at large the information it stores. The most recent examples of this activity are the first edition of the California Latina/Latino Demographic Data Book (1993) and the Pacific Rim States Asian Demographic Data Book (1995). Fredric C. Gey, PhD, is assistant director of UC DATA and a coauthor of both of the data books mentioned above. Jon Stiles is a graduate student in sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, and a coauthor of the Pacific Rim States Asian Demographic Data Book. Jonathan Cohen and Zach Elkins are graduate students in political science and Kai Mander is a graduate student in demography. Charlie Motz is an El Cerrito, California, graphic designer and desktop publisher. All of the above participated in the book s layout and production.

4 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Size, Growth, and Distribution of California s Latino Population 2-1 Racial and Ethnic Composition of California s 1990 Population Table 2.1 Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Populations Figure 2.1A Racial/Ethnic Composition of Californians Figure 2.1B Composition of Hispanic Populations Percent and Number of Hispanics in the U.S by County in 1990 Map 2.1 Percent Hispanic Map 2.2 Number of Hispanics Hispanic Populations in California as a Percent of U.S. Hispanics, 1990 Table 2.2 Percent by Persons, Households, and Families Figure 2.2 Percent of U.S. Hispanic Populations in California Growth and Projected Growth of California s Hispanic Population Table 2.3 Hispanic Population, Figure 2.3 Hispanic Population, Table 2.4 Projected Number of Hispanics, Figure 2.4 Projected Percent Hispanic, Growth in Hispanics, U.S. Counties, Map 2.3 Growth in Percent Hispanics, Map 2.4 Absolute Growth in Hispanics, Detailed Composition of Californians, 1990 Table 2.5 Californians by Origin, Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship Figure 2.5 Detailed Composition of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Californians Percent of Total U.S. Native and Immigrant Populations in California Table 2.6 Percent by Period of Entry, Citizenship, and Detailed Origin Figure 2.6 Percent by Period of Entry, Citizenship, and Detailed Origin Immigrants Admitted as Permanent Residents to California, Table 2.7 Number Admitted from Selected Countries Table 2.8 Percent Admitted Who Identify California as Intended Residence Figure 2.8 Selected Groups Identifying California as Intended Residence Table 2.9 Percent Admitted From Selected Countries Figure 2.9 Percent Admitted From Selected Countries Immigrants Admitted as Permanent Residents to California, Table 2.10 Number Admitted from Mexico and El Salvador Immigrants Admitted Under Provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986 Table 2.11 Applicants for Legalization Under Residence Provisions Figure 2.11A Country of Origin of California IRCA Applicants Under Residence Provisions Figure 2.11B California IRCA Applicants Under Residence Provisions as Percent of All U.S. IRCA Applicants Under Residence Provisions Table 2.12 Applicants for Legalization Under Special Agricultural Worker (SAWS) Provisions v

5 Figure 2.12A Country of Origin of California IRCA Applicants Under SAWS Provisions Figure 2.11B California IRCA Applicants Under SAWS Provisions as Percent of All U.S. IRCA Applicants Under SAWS Provisions Geographic Distribution of Hispanics in California Counties, 1980 and 1990 Map 2.5 Percent Hispanic, California Counties, Map 2.6 Number Hispanic, California Counties, Map 2.7 Growth in Percent Hispanic, Map 2.8 Growth in Number of Hispanics, Map 2.9 Percent Mexican, California Counties, Map 2.10 Percent Puerto Rican, California Counties, Map 2.11 Percent Central American, California Counties, Map 2.12 Percent South American, California Counties, Geographic Distribution of Hispanics by Census Tract, Selected Areas, 1990 Map 2.13 Percent Hispanic, Los Angeles, Map 2.14 Number Hispanic, Los Angeles, Map 2.15 Percent Central American, Los Angeles, Map 2.16 Percent South Americans, Los Angeles, Map 2.17 Percent of Hispanics Who Are Foreign-born, Los Angeles, Map 2.18 Percent Hispanic, San Francisco Bay Area, Map 2.19 Number Hispanic, San Francisco bay Area, Map 2.20 Percent of Hispanics Who Are Foreign-born, SF Bay Area, Map 2.21 Percent Central American, San Francisco Bay Area, Map 2.22 Percent Hispanic, San Diego County, Map 2.23 Percent Hispanic, Orange County, Map 2.24 Percent Hispanic, Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties Map 2.25 Percent Hispanic, South Central Valley, Map 2.26 Percent Hispanic, Mid-Central Valley, Map 2.27 Percent Hispanic, Sacramento-Yuba Area, Map 2.28 Percent Hispanic, Central Coast, Chapter 3: Age, Sex, and Household Characteristics Age Structure of California s Population, 1990 Percent of Californians in Selected Age Groups Table 3.1A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.1A by Detailed Origin Table 3.1B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.1C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 3.1B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 3.1C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 3.1D Population Pyramids for Selected California Populations by Age and Sex A. All Hispanics B. Non-Hispanic Whites C. Non-Hispanic Blacks D. Non-Hispanic Asians by Age, Sex, and Period of Entry E. All Non-Hispanics F. All Hispanics vi

6 G. Mexicans H. Puerto Ricans I. Cubans J. Central Americans K. South Americans L. Salvadorans Male-Female Sex Ratios of Californians by Age Group, 1990 Table 3.2A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.2A by Detailed Origin Table 3.2B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.2C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 3.2B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 3.2C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Household Characteristics of Californians, 1990 Living Arrangements of Californian s, 1990 Table 3.3A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.3B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 3.3C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Table 3.3B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.3C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Size of California Households, 1990 Table 3.4A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.4A by Detailed Origin Table 3.4B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.4C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 3.4B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 3.4C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Table 3.5 Median Household Size by Origin, Entry Period, and Citizenship Figure 3.5 Median Household Size by Origin, Percent of California Households with Subfamilies, Other Relatives, and Roomer/Boarders, 1990 Table 3.6A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.6A by Detailed Origin Table 3.6B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.6C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 3.6B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 3.6C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Composition of California Families, 1990 Table 3.7A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.7A by Detailed Origin Table 3.7B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.67C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 3.7B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 3.7C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics vii

7 Relationship to Householder of California Children, 1990 Table 3.6A by Detailed Origin Table 3.6B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.6C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Marital and Childbearing Histories of California Women, 1990 Percent Ever-Married by Age Group Table 3.9A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.9A by Detailed Origin Table 3.9B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.9C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent with Children Ever-Born, 1990 Table 3.10A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.10A by Detailed Origin Table 3.10B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.10C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Mean Number of Children Ever-Born by Age Group and Marital Status Table 3.11A by Detailed Origin Figure 3.11A by Detailed Origin Table 3.6B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 3.6C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Chapter 4: Language and Education Language Spoken, Facility with English, and Linguistic Isolation of Californians Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English of Californians, 1990 Table 4.1A by Detailed Origin Figure 4.1A by Detailed Origin Table 4.1B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 4.1C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 4.1B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 4.1C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent Speaking English Only or Very Well Table 4.2A by Detailed Origin Figure 4.2A by Detailed Origin Table 4.2B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 4.2C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 4.2B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 4.2C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent of Californians in Linguistically Isolated Households Table 4.3A by Detailed Origin Figure 4.3A by Detailed Origin Table 4.3B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 4.3C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 4.3B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 4.3C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics viii

8 School Enrollment and Educational Attainment of Californians, 1990 Percent of Young Californians Enrolled in School by Age Group, 1990 Table 4.4A by Detailed Origin Figure 4.4A by Detailed Origin, year-olds Table 4.4B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 4.4C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 4.4B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 4.4C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent of Young Californians Who Are High School Graduates,1990 Table 4.5A by Detailed Origin Figure 4.5A by Detailed Origin, year-olds Table 4.5B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 4.5C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 4.5B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 4.5C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent of Young Californians Enrolled in College, 1990 Table 4.6 by Origin, Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship Figure 4.6 by Origin Educational Attainment of Adult Californians, 1990 Table 4.7A by Detailed Origin Figure 4.7A by Detailed Origin Table 4.7B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 4.7C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 4.7B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 4.7C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Table 4.8 Percent with High School Degree by Origin, Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship Table 4.9 Percent with B.A./B.S Degree by Origin, Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship Enrollments and Graduations from California Public Schools, Table 4.10A Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity Table 4.10B Graduates by Race/Ethnicity Figure 4.10A Percent of Enrollments of Hispanic Origin Figure 4-10B Percent of Graduates of Hispanic Origin Chapter 5: Employment, Occupation, and Industry Labor Force and Employment Status of Californians Percent in Labor Force by Sex and Employment Status Table 5.1A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.1AA by Detailed Origin, Males Figure 5.1AB by Detailed Origin, Females Table 5.1B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.1C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics ix

9 Level of Employment of Californians by Sex Table 5.2A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.2AA by Detailed Origin, Males Figure 5.2AB by Detailed Origin, Females Table 5.2B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.2C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent in Young Californians in the Labor Force by Age Group Table 5.3A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.3A by Detailed Origin Table 5.3B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.3C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 5.3B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 5.3C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent in Young Californians Unemployed by Age Group Table 5.4A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.4A by Detailed Origin Table 5.4B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.4C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Figure 5.4B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Figure 5.4C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent in Young Californians in the Labor Force by Age Group and Education Table 5.5A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.5AA by Detailed Origin, Age Figure 5.5AB by Detailed Origin, Age Table 5.5B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.5C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent in Young Californians Unemployed by Age Group and Education Table 5.6A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.6AA by Detailed Origin, Age Figure 5.6AB by Detailed Origin, Age Table 5.6B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.6C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Percent in Adult Californians Unemployed by Age Group and Sex Table 5.7A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.7AA by Origin, Males Figure 5.7AB by Origin, Females Percent in Adult Californians in the Labor Force by Age Group and Sex Table 5.7A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.7AA by Origin, Males Figure 5.7AB by Origin, Females Industry of Employed Californians Table 5.9A by Detailed Origin Table 5.9B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.9C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics x

10 Occupation of Employed Californians Table 5.10A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.10A by Detailed Origin Table 5.10B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.10C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Class or Work of Employed Californians Table 5.11A by Detailed Origin Figure 5.11A by Detailed Origin Table 5.11B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Hispanics Table 5.11C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for All Non-Hispanics Hispanic-Owned Businesses in California, 1982, 1987, and 1992 Table 5.12 Number of Firms, Receipts, and Employees Figure 5.12A Number of Hispanic-Owned Enterprises Figure 5.12B Number of Hispanic-Owned Enterprises with Employees Table 5.13 As Percent of All U.S. Hispanic-Owned Enterprises Figure 5.13 As Percent of All U.S. Hispanic-Owned Enterprises Table 5.14 As Percent of All California Enterprises Figure 5.14 As Percent of All California Enterprises Table 5.15 As Percent of California Firms by Industry and MSA Figure 5.15A As Percent of California Firms by Industry Figure 5.15B As Percent of California Firms by MSA Table 5.16 As Percent of California Firms with Employees by Industry and MSA Figure 5.16A As Percent of California Firms with Employees by Industry Figure 5.16B As Percent of California Firms with Employees by MSA Table 5.17 Detailed by Origin and Contrasted with Selected Minorities by MSA Figure 5.17 Detailed by Origin and Contrasted with Selected Minorities Chapter 6: Income and Poverty Income Levels of California Households, 1989 Table 6.1 Median Income by Detailed Origin, Entry Period, and Citizenship Figure 6.1A Median Income by Origin Figure 6.1B Median Income by Nativity, Origin, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Hispanics and Non-Hispanics Table 6.2 Median Household Income, Family Income, and Per Capita Income by Detailed Origin Figure 6.2 Median Household Income, Family Income, and Per Capita Income by Detailed Origin Table 6.3A Income Ranges by Detailed Origin Table 6.3A Income Ranges by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship, Hispanics Table 6.3B Income Ranges by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship, Non-Hispanics Figure 6.3A Income Ranges by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship, Hispanics Figure 6.3B Income Ranges by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship, Non-Hispanics Selected Source of Income for California Households, 1989 Table 6.4A by Detailed Origin Figure 6.4A Percent with Earned Income by Detailed Origin Figure 6.4B by Detailed Origin Table 6.4B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Hispanics xi

11 Table 6.4C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Non-Hispanics Figure 6.4BA Percent with Earned Income by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Hispanics Figure 6.4BB by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Hispanics Figure 6.4CA Percent with Earned Income by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Non-Hispanics Figure 6.4CB by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Non-Hispanics Percent of Californians Below the Poverty Line, 1989 Table 6.5 by Detailed Origin, Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship Figure 6.5 by Detailed Origin Table 6.6A by Detailed Origin and Age Group Figure 6.6A by Detailed Origin for Children Table 6.6B by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, and Age Group, Hispanics Table 6.6C by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, and Age Group, Non-Hispanics Figure 6.6B by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Hispanic Children Figure 6.6C by Nativity, Entry Period, and Citizenship for Non-Hispanic Children Table 6.7 by Detailed Origin, Age Group, and Sex Figure 6.7A by Detailed Origin and Sex, Persons Age Figure 6.7B by Detailed Origin and Sex, Persons Age Figure 6.7A by Detailed Origin and Sex, Persons Age Table 6.8A by Detailed Origin and Family Type Figure 6.8A by Detailed Origin and Family Type Table 6.8B by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, and Family Type for Hispanics Table 6.8C by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, and Family Type for Non-Hispanics Figure 6.8B by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, and Family Type for Hispanics Figure 6.8C by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, and Family Type for Non-Hispanics Table 6.9A by Detailed Origin, Family Type, and Education Figure 6.9A by Detailed Origin, Family Type, and Education Table 6.9B Table 6.9C Figure 6.9B by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, Family Type, and Education for Hispanics by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, Family Type, and Education for Non-Hispanics by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, Family Type, and Education for Hispanics Figure 6.9C by Nativity, Entry Period, Citizenship, Family Type, and Education for Non-Hispanics Table 6.10 by Detailed Origin, Family Type, Education, and Sex Figure 6.10A by Detailed Origin and Education for Married Couple Families Figure 6.10B by Detailed Origin and Education for Single Male-Headed Families Figure 6.10C by Detailed Origin and Education for Single Female-Headed Families Table 6.11 by Detailed Origin, Nativity and Entry Period Figure 6.11 by Detailed Origin, Nativity and Entry Period Program Participation Among Californians Table 6.12 Persons Certified Medi-Cal-Eligible by County, Table 6.13 Number of Persons on AFDC by Race/Ethnicity, Table 6.14 Racial/Ethnic Composition of Persons on AFDC, Figure 6.13 Number of Persons on AFDC by Race/Ethnicity, Figure 6.14 Number of Persons on AFDC by Race/Ethnicity, xii

12 Chapter 7 Political Participation and Citizenship Composition of California s Population and Electorate Table 7.1 Composition of Population, Adults, Citizens, and Voters, Figure 7.1A Composition of California Voters, Figure 7.1B Latino Share of Population, Adults, Citizens, and Voters, Table 7.2 Composition of Population, Adults, Citizens, and Voters, Figure 7.2 Latino Share of Population, Adults, Citizens, and Voters, Table 7.3 Voter Registration and Turnout by Race/Ethnicity, Figure 7.3A Voter Registration by Race/Ethnicity, Figure 7.3B Voter Turnout by Race/Ethnicity, Table 7.4 Registration and Turnout by Nativity and Origin, Table 7.5 Registration and Turnout by Entry Period Among Foreign-Born, Figure 7.5 Registration and Turnout by Entry Period Among Foreign-Born, Table 7.6 Registration by Race/Ethnicity, Education, Age, and Income, Figure 7.6A Registration by Race/Ethnicity and Education, Figure 7.6B Registration by Race/Ethnicity and Age Group, Figure 7.6C Registration by Race/Ethnicity and Family Income, Table 7.7 Voter Turnout by Race/Ethnicity and Education, Figure 7.7A Voter Turnout by Race/Ethnicity and Education, Figure 7.7B Voter Turnout by Race/Ethnicity and Age Group, Figure 7.7C Voter Turnout by Race/Ethnicity and Family Income, xiii

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14 Introduction 1-1 Chapter 1 Introduction In the last quarter of a century California s Latino population has grown markedly, both in absolute terms and as a proportion of the total population. In 1970, California s 2.4 million Latinos represented less than one-eighth of the state s total population. The 7.5 million Latinos counted in the 1990 census represented a quarter of California s residents. By 2005, more than a third of all Californians are projected to be Latino. In 1993, the size and growth of this population prompted the decision to publish the first edition of this databook. Relying on the sources available at that time, the first edition sketched a portrait of California s Latinos in terms of their social, economic, and demographic characteristics. The subsequent release of more detailed and comprehensive decennial census data, as well as of newly collected and released data from other sources, now permits a more detailed, accurate, and current look at California s Latinos and a second edition of the databook. This portrait of California Latinos has been fleshed out from a variety of sources, including the Annual Demographic Files and Voter Supplements of the Current Population Survey, the 1987 and 1992 economic censuses, the California Basic Educational Data System, vital statistics from the California Department of Health Services, Immigration and Naturalization Service records, and voter registration lists, but the source that forms the backbone of this databook is the 1990 decennial census. (A more detailed description of sources is found below under Data Sources. ) Although this census was conducted seven years ago, it remains an unparalleled resource in terms of the depth and scope of detail it provides. Report Organization This edition of the California Latino Demographic Databook is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the most significant social and demographic aspects of the Latino population in a manner easily understandable to a broad range of readers. No experience with quantitative data is assumed, and, while the tables presented typically provide greater detail, much of the data are repeated in a graphic format. To the extent possible, efforts have been made to preserve possible distinctions among Latino national groups, with detailed origin figures reported for each of the groups with a population of more than 25,000. This includes the eight largest Central American and South American populations, as well as Latinos of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin. As a cautionary note, the aggregate statistics displayed are often drawn from samples and weighted to reflect estimates for the whole group. While even the smaller groups tend to be large enough to extract accurate estimates from the aggregate statistics, some of the statistics from tables that have more limited universes (such as persons age or women in the labor force age 25 34) are subject to greater variability and may not be as accurate.

15 1-2 Introduction Tabular Organization The Latino population of California defies simple description and categorization. To highlight the diversity of this population and at the same time place statistics on Latinos in the context of other populations, we have used two standard table formats. The first format provides the characteristics of interest for the Latino population as a whole as well as by country of origin. For comparison, the first format also includes figures for non-latinos as a whole, as well as for non-latino whites, blacks, and Asians. The second format brings issues of nativity, period of entry, and citizenship to the forefront, contrasting figures for native-born Latinos with those of foreign-born Latinos, separately identified by citizenship and period of entry. The companion table for the second format provides the same comparisons for the non-latino population. Chapter Organization Each of the chapters is organized around a particular set of characteristics. Although each chapter can be read alone, coverage of materials in earlier chapters will enrich understanding of materials from later chapters. In Chapter 2 we provide an introduction to the broadest features of California s Latino population its size and its growth rates both past and projected with a particular emphasis on geographic distribution, temporal trends, and immigration history. Among other statistics, this chapter indicates that: The Latino population of California has grown by a factor of 10 since 1950, and is expected to account for 1 in 3 Californians by The composition of California s Latinos differs from that of the rest of the U.S., weighted more heavily by people of Mexican and Central American origin and with larger fractions of non-citizens and recent entrants. In Chapter 3 we turn to issues of population and household composition age structure, sex ratios, household and family size, living arrangements, fertility, and marital status. Each characteristic is examined in turn, with principal characteristics illustrated with population pyramids, graphs, and bar charts. This chapter suggests that: The Latino population is substantially younger than the non-latino population, with over a third of Latinos under the age of 18, and fewer than 1 in 25 over the age of 65. The households of Latinos are larger than those of non-latinos, due both to larger nuclear families and the inclusion of subfamilies and other relatives in the household. Shifting from the more demographic focus of the previous chapter, in Chapter 4 we build a fuller description of Latino populations in terms of their human capital. The specific focus of this chapter is the linguistic and educational characteristics of Latinos, with results reflecting a Latino population in which: More than half of all California Latinos are effectively bilingual, speaking English well or very well, while

16 Introduction 1-3 also speaking another language in the home. Of arrivals since 1980, however, nearly 60% speak English not well or not at all. Educational attainment among Latinos lags behind that of non-latinos, with educational gaps and enrollment differences emerging during high school years. Nonetheless, Latinos account for 4 in 10 students in California public schools, and 3 in 10 public high school graduates. Human capital issues lay the basis for Chapter 5, which deals with labor force characteristics: labor force participation, unemployment, occupation, industry, self-employment, and business ownership. Some highlights from this section indicate: Latino men are more likely to be in the labor force than non-latino men, although their unemployment rates are nearly double those of non-latinos. Latinos make up disproportionate shares of workers in agriculture, but only among those of Mexican-origin, and only among the foreign-born. Latinos are less likely to work in the business service sector, and to be employed in managerial or professional occupations. Just over 11% of California business enterprises were owned by Latinos in 1992, a substantial increase over the 7.3% owned in Nearly one-third of all Latino-owned businesses in the United States are in California. In Chapter 6 we turn to issues of economic well-being, reflecting the issues of age and household structure illustrated in Chapter 3, educational achievement and linguistic facility from Chapter 4, and labor force characteristics from Chapter 5. In this chapter we provide measures of median and per capita income, income distribution, and sources of income, as well as poverty levels and use of government social services. The economic picture revealed in this chapter is mixed. Some examples: The median household income of Latinos is only 75% that of non-latinos, and Latino per capita income is less than half that of non-latinos, but the differences seem to appear at the high and low ends of the income range. The percentage of Latino households earning between $25,000 and $55,000 is higher than that in the non-latino population. Latino households are more likely than non-latino households to have wage and salary as well as public assistance income, but less likely to have self-employment, Social Security, or retirement income. Political involvement and participation is a central concern in any democracy, one that is problematical for Latinos because of the large share of its population that is too young to vote or ineligible to vote because of noncitizenship. In the 1990s California s Latino population began to flex its political muscle, which this chapter places in the context of Hispanic political participation since As this chapter indicates: While the Latino population has grown from 19% of the population in 1980 to 30% in 1996, the growth rate

17 1-4 Introduction in the percentage of voters who are Latino has been even greater, nearly doubling from 6.6% to 11.5%. Citizenship accounts for most of the apparently low political participation of Latinos. While only 20% of adult Latinos voted in 1994, the percentage of adult citizens voting was comparable to that of Asians and blacks, and the percentage voting among those who registered was comparable to that of whites and exceeded that of both blacks and Asians. Data Sources A number of data sources were used in constructing the tables, charts, and figures in this databook. Each source had its own set of strengths and weaknesses, but when combined they provide a view of California Latinos that none could accomplish in isolation. Because of the varied nature of the sources, however, one unavoidable topic of concern is that of consistency. The following discussion of who becomes classified as Hispanic or Latino should serve to illustrate that concern, as well as enhance our understanding of the statistics represented in this book. A broader discussion of the principal data sources will follow at the end of this section. Although in the text we most commonly refer to Latinos, the data source we draw on most heavily, the 1990 census, bases its identification on the question: Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin? Five categories of responses are offered: No (not Spanish/Hispanic) Yes, Mexican, Mexican-Am., Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, Other Spanish/Hispanic and the questionnaire probes for further detail about origin, such as Argentinean, Salvadoran, or Spaniard when the Other Spanish/Hispanic box is marked. The write-in entries are then tabulated and collapsed into more inclusive categories. Thus, for example, the population identified as Mexican-origin will include those who mark the Mexican category as well as those who write in Mexicano, La Raza, or Mexican American Indian. Those who write in Californio, Mestizo, or Hispanic are classified into the Other Spanish/Hispanic category. The question on origin from the 1980 census differs slightly from that used in 1990, asking if the person is of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent, but is otherwise fairly comparable. In 1970, however, 5% of households were asked to classify the origin or descent of household members, using a differently ordered and longer list of possible origins. 1 The questionnaire used for the larger 15% sample in 1970, however, asked about the respondent s mother tongue, 2 which, in combination with a list of over 8,000 Spanish surnames, was used to identify Spanish heritage for Californians responding to the 1970 census. In 42 1 This expanded list included Central or South American, and was interpreted by many respondents to mean central or southern United States, resulting in an overstatement that was substantial in some southern states. 2 Mother tongue was determined on the basis of the respondent s (or the head of household s) answer to the question, What language, other than English, was spoken in this person s home when he was a child?

18 Introduction 1-5 states, Spanish mother tongue alone was used to identify Spanish heritage, while in three states, Puerto Rican birth or parentage provided the basis for census tabulations. For both 1950 and 1960, lists of Spanish surnames (updated with each census) were used alone, while only mother tongue was relied upon in The Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises, conducted every five years as a part of the economic census, also utilizes both survey response and surname lists to generate its statistics, starting from the list of Social Security numbers provided to the Census Bureau by the IRS and linked to race/ethnicity information provided by the Social Security Administration. Because race/ethnicity codes for Social Security numbers issued prior to 1981 do not identify Hispanics as a category, owner surnames are also classified using Spanish surname lists, and a sample of enterprises potentially owned by Hispanics were surveyed by mail, utilizing a question on Hispanic origin similar to that in the 1990 census. Firms are then classified as Hispanic or non-hispanic based on the characteristics of the majority of their partners or shareholders. Some administrative data sets, such as the Statewide Longitudinal Database drawn from the Medi-Cal Eligibility Data System, designate Hispanic or Latino ethnicity as a racial category, so a person cannot be classified as both white and Hispanic. This can have a substantial impact on Hispanic classifications. Moreover, in the Medi-Cal System the eligibility workers assign the codes, which further affects classification. The Current Population Survey (which, like the decennial census and the Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises, uses a separate self-identification question on Hispanic origin in its classifications) tested the effects of changes in wording and the separation of questions on race and Hispanic origin on respondents racial/ethnic self-identification. Designating Hispanic/Latino/Spanish as a racial category rather than as an ethnicity, which cuts across racial categories, results in an 18 30% decrease in the number identifying themselves as Hispanic or Latino. These different ways of counting Latinos by self-identification, surname classification, assignment by a third party and the manner in which Latinos are conceptualized as a racial or ethnic category all affect the results one can find. Thus, it is important to approach statistics on Latinos cautiously, recognizing the different bases from which they may be drawn. The Decennial Census The decennial census is conducted in an effort to completely enumerate everyone living in the United States at 10-year intervals. Because it aims to be complete, the census is an unparalleled resource for examining population characteristics. Despite the Census Bureau s efforts, however, not every person is counted in the census. In 1990, the bureau estimated an undercount rate of 1.8%, or about 4.7 million persons. The undercount rate for Hispanics in California was estimated to be 4.9%, 3 and is likely to be 3 The Census Bureau estimated the undercount rate for California Hispanics by applying the estimated undercount rates derived for 51 strata to the

19 1-6 Introduction highest among the poor, among renters, highly mobile populations, and those in irregular or illegal housing units. The census gathers data for a limited number of variables (e.g., age, sex, race, Hispanic origin) on all of its questionnaires, but supplements those items with data drawn from the long form, mailed to approximately 1 in 6 U.S. households. These data, which include information on education, language, employment, disabilities and income, provide the basis for many of the statistics presented in following chapters. Census data may be released either as microdata, anonymized records on households and individuals that allow analysts to collapse, cross-tabulate, and select data using their own criteria, or as tabulated Summary Tape Files (STFs). The microdata are released for a 5% sample of households and provide very limited geographic information, while the STFs are tabulated using the full sample of long- or short-form data, but only for selected characteristics. The principal sources of tabulated data regarding the Latino population are STF 4, which provides 161 tables on personal characteristics and 74 tables on housing characteristics for a wide variety of detailed racial and Hispanic-origin populations, and SSTF 3, the Subject Summary Tape File on Persons of Hispanic Origin in the United States. The latter dataset replicates many of the tables provided in STF4, but with additional detail by nativity, year of entry for the foreign-born, proportions of Hispanics in California falling into those strata. The bureau estimated the undercount rate for California as a whole as 2.7%, and the Hispanic undercount rate for the U.S. as a whole as 5.2%. and citizenship status. Unlike STF4, SSTF3 provides comparative statistics only for non-hispanics as a whole, rather than specified racial groups such as Asians, blacks, or whites. The comparative statistics we provide in tables in the following chapters are for non-hispanics as a whole and non-hispanic Asians, non-hispanic blacks, and non-hispanic whites. Those statistics may differ significantly, especially for whites, from racial tabulations that do not exclude Hispanics. 4 The Economic Census The economic censuses obtain data on a wide range of economic sectors including retail and wholesale trade, mining and manufacturing, construction, transportation, services, and agriculture. Conducted every five years since 1967 (and at less regular intervals prior to that time), the economic census provides information on the number of firms, receipts, employees, and payroll for enterprises in a wide array of geographies and economic sectors. Since business ownership as identified by IRS filings does not include ethnic identification of the owners or controlling partners, the Census Bureau began, in 1972, a special subproject that has come to be known as the Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises (SMOBE) and the Survey of Women-Owned Businesses. 4 A common way of reporting statistics by both race and Hispanic origin is to provide data for whites, blacks, and Asian/Pacific Islanders as a whole, and Hispanics as a whole. Since 17% of white Californians are also Hispanic, the overlap between race and Hispanic origin categories may act to obscure differences.

20 Introduction 1-7 The universe from which these surveys are drawn is obtained by taking the Social Security numbers (SSNs) of IRS filers and obtaining from the Social Security Administration the race and sex codes of business owners. For SSNs obtained before 1981, the categories of Hispanic and Asian and Pacific Islander could not be identified they were identified as other than white or black so a sophisticated name-matching algorithm is applied to a dictionary of Hispanic and Asian surnames, and a sample of firms are contacted by mail. We have relied primarily on the 1992 economic census, for which the SMOBE data became available in late Although we provide historical statistics, coverage before 1992 is incomplete; prior to 1992 the important sectors of finance, insurance, and real estate were not included. The Current Population Survey Voter Supplement The Current Population Survey is the Census Bureau s monthly survey of households conducted to provide estimates of population and labor force characteristics, as well as special topics explored in supplemental questionnaires. The voter supplement, conducted in November of evennumbered years, contains information on citizenship, voting status in the previous election, and registration status. The large sample size permits a detailed examination of eligibility, registration, and voting by race and origin that is difficult to rival. Immigrants Admitted to the United States For each year from 1972 to 1993, the Immigration and Naturalization Service released data concerning the characteristics of aliens who became legal permanent residents of the United States. The data files contain records for each such alien concerning place of birth, age, sex, date of entry, basis for entry, nationality, and intended place of residence. The data are drawn from administrative records, and are not available for aliens granted permanent residence status under legalization provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of Substantial amounts of missing data exist for fiscal years 1978 through Legalization Summary Public Use File This data source contains information on the characteristics of aliens who applied for legalization under the provisions of IRCA. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allowed two classes of formerly illegal aliens to gain temporary residence: those who had resided in the U.S. continuously since 1982 and those who, in 1986, worked on perishable crops for at least 90 days. The 1992 public use file contains information on applicants race, Hispanic origin, age, sex, marital status, country of birth, date of entry, place of intended residence, and status in terms of the process of becoming a legal permanent resident. California Work Pays Demonstration Project: Statewide Longitudinal Database These data were drawn by the California Department of Social Ser-

21 1-8 Introduction vices Research Branch from the database known as the Medi-Cal Eligibility Data System (MEDS). MEDS maintains a record for every individual who has been reported as Medi-Cal-eligible since MEDS was implemented in The data collected in MEDS come from counties, federal agencies, the Department of Health Services, and other sources, and include information on AFDC, foster care, SSI/SSP, program participation, race/ethnicity, date of birth, and sex. The Statewide Longitudinal Database is an anonymized file created by UC DATA for public use. It has monthly data for a 10% cross-section of persons designated Medi-Cal-eligible at any time in 1987, and a random 10% sample of persons in each following year who were new to the MEDS system since For each annual cohort, monthly data are available through many of these compiled figures were obtained via the Internet, and lack either a standardized bibliographic reference or a guarantee that they will continue to exist in the same location and format in the future. Many other data sources used for this book may become available for use via the Internet. In particular, while neither the STF 4 nor SSTF 3 are currently accessible via the World Wide Web, that situation may change. UC DATA intends to maintain references and links to the sources of data used here and update them as Internet sources become available. UC DATA s home page can be accessed at: In addition to these primary sources we have relied on data compiled and reported by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Immigration and Naturalization Service, as well as the California departments of Finance, Industrial Relations, and Health. Reflecting the increasingly fluid information environment in which research occurs, 5 The Statewide Longitudinal Database used in this book was for a 10% sample of persons as described above. A 1% sample of persons is also available, as well as a 10% and a 1% sample of cases. The case samples include all eligible household members.

22 Size, Growth, and Household Distribution 2-1 Chapter 2 Size, Growth, and Distribution of California s Latino Population In this section we take a broad look at California s Latino population. How many California Latinos are there? How has the population changed over time, and how is it projected to change in the future? Where do California s Latinos come from, and where are they living? To illustrate the distinctiveness of California s Latinos comparative statistics are provided with respect to the U.S. as a whole, and to levels of nativity, period of entry, and citizenship. Similar statistics are also provided for major non-latino racial and ethnic groups in California. In 1990, the census counted more than 7.5 million Latinos in 1.8 million households in California, accounting for 1 in 4 Californians. Because of larger household and family sizes, which will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 3, Latinos account for only 1 in 5 California families and 1 in 6 California households. Eighty percent of California s Latinos are of Mexican origin, although Central Americans, particularly Salvadorans and Guatemalans, also form sizable contingents. As Table 2.2 indicates, the composition of California s Latinos differs substantially from that of Latinos in the U.S. as a whole. Slightly more than one-third of U.S. Latinos reside in California in 1990, but California is home to 45% of the country s Latinos of Mexican-origin, nearly 40% of Central Americans, and 60% of the country s Salvadorans and Guatemalans. Other Latino groups are found in California in much smaller shares. Fewer than 5% of the country s Puerto Ricans, about 7% of the Cubans, and 18% of the South Americans reside in the state. In comparison, about 10% of the country s non-latinos live in California, including only 9% of non-latino whites and 7% of non-latino blacks, but nearly 40% of non-latino Asians. Maps 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate these characteristics for Latinos as a whole, showing the distribution of Latinos in the U.S. at a county level, first as a percentage of population and then in terms of absolute numbers. As these figures suggest, California stands out both in terms of the proportion of its population that is Latino, and the size of that Latino population. Because of changes in the way the Census Bureau identifies and classifies Latinos, consistent estimates of the California Latino population over time are problematic, but Table 2.3, using two different bases for identifying Latinos, tracks the growth of the Latino population since Figures from 1950 through 1970 reflect a categorization of Latinos as white persons of Spanish surname. Figures for 1980 reflect the self-identification of the respondent as of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent, and those for 1990 indicate of Spanish/Hispanic origin. 1 1 Some sense of the variability these differing definitions engender can be drawn from the 1970 census. In that census, 5% of households were asked if they were of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish origin or descent, while a 15% sample was classified using a surname list, as in the 1950 and 1960 censuses. Based on the self-reported origin question, the Bureau of the Census estimated that the Hispanic population in California was 2,369,292. Using the surname classification, 2,222,185 Hispanics were enumerated, of whom 2,145,153 were white persons with Spanish surnames. (To add a further level of inconsistency, the 1970 census publications