Operatori per la comunicazione internazionale

Transcription

1 Operatori per la comunicazione internazionale Joseph Lo Bianco Professor of Language and Literacy Education The University of Melbourne Universita` Roma-Tre Monday 6 and Tuesday 7 February, (Aula C and Aula 12)

2 Lesson focus WEEK DATE LESSON FOCUS 1 20 FEB 2 21 FEB THE LANGUAGE REGIMES OF TODAY: AN OVERVIEW WITH KEY CONCEPTS AND ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY RELATED TO THE ROLE OF LANGUAGES CONCEPTS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY, MULTICULTURALISM AND INTERCULTURALISM 3 27 FEB CONCEPTS AND MAIN AUTHORS IN LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING 4 28 FEB CHINESE AND ENGLISH: THE BIG TWO 5 06 MAR THE EUROPEAN UNION AND LANGUAGES 6 07 MAR ANNA WIERZBICKA AND ADRIAN HOLLIDAY: ENGLISH IS ANGLO AND ENGLISH IS NOT 7 13 MAR LANGUAGE DEATH, REVIVAL AND SURVIVAL MAR ABRAM DE SWAAM, ROBERT PHILLIPSON, ELF: ISSUES WITH GLOBAL ENGLISH 9 10 APR INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATING: SUMMATION AND REVIEW OF COURSE

3 Western Europe/EU and CoE A history of expanding identities for its citizens, il ruolo centrale del mediatore European Commission Council of Europe

4 But Europe has a huge challenge, the language challenge The nation states of Europe are often defined around language differences. As a result a large part of language planning at the European level since the middle of the 20 th century has been the management of multilingualism in the context of European integration. And the expansion of language learning. One of the most important European ideas has been: MOBILITY. When we connect national language differences to the right of MOBILITY for individuals we can see the pattern in EU language policy: Language rights for nations Language rights for minority groups Language rights for individuals With one policy solution of Universal language learning

5 This is true for both the CoE and theeu Council of Europe An international organisation in Strasbourg which comprises 47 countries of Europe. It was set up to promote democracy and protect human rights and the rule of law in Europe European Union EU 27 members; delegate or pool sovereignty for collective decisions on specific matters of joint interest, made democratically at European level. CoE and EU cooperate No country ever joined EU without first belonging to Council of Europe.

6 Council of Europe To create a common democratic and legal area throughout the whole of the continent, respect for human rights, democracy and rule of law. Seeking shared solutions to major problems such as terrorism, organised crime and corruption, cybercrime, bioethics and cloning, violence against children and women, and trafficking in human beings. Co-operation between all member states is the only way to solve the major problems facing society today. Objectives - to protect human rights, pluralist democracy and the rule of law; - to promote awareness and encourage the development of Europe's cultural identity and diversity; - to find common solutions to the challenges facing European society; - to consolidate democratic stability in Europe by backing political, legislative and constitutional reform

7 Governance of CoE CoE: Parliamentary Assembly Deliberative body of CoE; 318 representatives APPOINTED by national parliaments (47 member states). EU: European Parliament Parliamentary body of EU; 736 European Members of Parliament ELECTED by universal suffrage (27 member states)

8 CoE: Language Policy Division CoE promotes linguistic diversity and language learning through 1954 European Cultural Convention (ratified by 49 states) Language Policy Division (Strasbourg) implements its programmes: 1. European Centre for Modern Languages (Graz, Austria) focus on research, teacher support, professional development, implementation of policy (Common Framework) 2. European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages (a legal convention to protect these languages)

9 ECML Examples of Activity European Language Portfolio, for whole-school use; regular professional development conferences From Website: Information and tools for teachers ECML publications designed for language educators at all levels of education, as well as for teacher trainers, researchers and educational administrators. Video on the European Language Portfolio Bestsellers for teachers European Portfolio for Student Teachers of Languages Developing and assessing intercultural communicative competence Plurilingual and pluricultural awareness in language teacher education

10 Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Under CoE charter to protect and promote Europe s cultural heritage. 1992,European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Prepared by Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, adopted 25 June 1992 by Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, and was opened for signature in Strasbourg on 5 November It entered into force on 1 March Currently ratified by 25 states (Armenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom). Some states have signed but not yet ratified.

11 Works within national state sovereignty To protect and promote regional and minority languages as a threatened aspect of Europe s cultural heritage enable speakers of a regional or minority language to use it in private and public life. covers regional and minority languages, non-territorial languages and less widely used official languages, languages traditionally used within a state s territory, not cover recent migrant languages or dialects of the official language. Promotes use in the media, legal and administrative contexts, in economic and social life and cultural activity. Respects national sovereignty and territorial integrity.

12 Schengen Area

13 Schengen Agreement 25 European countries, signed Schengen (Luxembourg), Like a single state for international travel with common border controls externally but none internally. Absorbed into EU law in 1999, but includes three non EU members, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland and three micro-states Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City. Some EU states (UK and Ireland) haven t fully implemented Schengen, ie haven t totally eliminated border controls internally and synchronised them externally. Still have national rules about passport, national identity etc for identity checks at airports, hotels, or by police.

14 European Union, 500m people in 27 countries Member states of the European Union Candidate countries

15 Founders...for lasting peace and prosperity Konrad Adenauer Alcide De Gasperi Winston Churchill Robert Schuman Jean Monnet

16 23 official languages

17 The EU symbols The European flag The European anthem Europe Day, 9 May The motto: United in diversity

18 Treaty of Rome 25 March 1957

19 Original Members

20 Ten Key Steps 1951: European Coal & Steel Community > (6 members) 1957: Treaty of Rome > Common Market + Euroatom (6 members) 1973: Community expands to 9; develops common policies 1979: First direct elections to European Parliament 1981: First Mediterranean enlargement 1993: Completion of Single Market 1993: Treaty of Maastricht > European Union 1995: EU expands to 15 members 2002: Euro notes and coins 2004: Ten country expansion 2008: Global Financial Crisis 2016: Brexit

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22 Il peso dei paesi: Voting Weight. Treaty of Nice > 1 Nov 2004 Country Voting Population Relative weight Germany United Kingdom France Italy Spain Poland Greece Luxembourg Malta Total

23 EU Languages and Language policy Many languages. 23 official languages; expectation of more indigenous, ie regional and minority languages, some of which have official status locally, e.g. : Sami,, Sorbian, Sardinian and Basque. Plus immigrant languages PLUS foreign languages of importance (Chinese, Japanese etc). Language policy EU language policies aim to protect linguistic diversity and promote knowledge of languages---cultural identity and social integration, but also because multilingual citizens are better placed to take advantage of the educational, professional and economic opportunities created by an integrated Europe. The goal is a Europe where everyone can speak at least two other languages in addition to their own mother tongue.

24 Key Texts in Current EU Multilingualism Policy Strategic framework for cooperation on education and training (2009) Education ministers action to promote language learning, e.g. adults in vocational training and migrants learning language of host country. EU strategy for multilingualism (2008) EU ministers promote language learning and protect linguistic diversity. Multilingualism: an asset for Europe and a shared commitment (2008) assessment of what needs to be done to turn linguistic diversity into an asset for solidarity and prosperity Inventory of EU actions in the field of multilingualism (2008) A full report on action to promote languages in all fields Online consultation on multilingualism (2007) See the responses to the public consultation and the discussion that followed

25 Programs: Lifelong learning from 2007 LEONARDO DA VINCI vocational training, placing young workers in enterprises outside their own country, linking vocational training and businesses. ERASMUS and ERASMUS MUNDUS student mobility & university coop,1.5m students since 1987, EM: PG students/academics globally to obtain a Masters in consortia w at least 3 E n universities. GRUNDTVIG adult education, esp trans-national partnerships, networks and mobility. COMENIUS funds cooperation between schools and their teachers.

26 Website Analysis: problems being examined, how are these communication problems understood? COUNCIL OF EUROPE Main website: Language Policy Unit: European Commission, languages: European Commission (executive of EU) Language Policy site Official Languages Regional Languages Sign Languages Early Language Learning Bilingual Education European Centre for Modern Languages

27 Case Study Switzerland: Not in the EU

28 National Multi-lingualism, Cantonal Mono-Lingualism, Individual Plurilingualism German Approx 60% L1, different from official German in Germany, varies internally, eg Bern and Zurich. Prestige associated with. local dialect, not elite variety. Diglossia. French Approx 20% L1, uniform, similar to Parisian standard. Few know German. Italian Approx 6% L1, Ticinese resembles Lombard (Milan), Ticinese usu. speak German. Romanish Approx, 1%, in pockets, parts of Cantons, not official, Latin derived Immigrant Languages, e.g. Italian in Zurich; special Geneva role: UN etc + English

29 Other Languages: Immigrant, Sign, Foreign Immigrant Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, English, Italian, Portuguese, Serbian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukranian Sign Language Swiss German Sign, French Sign, Italian Sign Foreign Languages English

30 Language as legal RIGHT Territoriality principle Personality principle Individual Right Collective Right Public and Private See detailed discussion in De Varennes, Fernand (2007). "Language Rights as an Integral Part of Human Rights - A Legal Perspective". In Koenig and Guchteneire (eds), Democracy and human rights in multicultural societies (pp ): Ashgate.

31 Rights and Language Language as a Right, in international law as a human right in Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 Article 1 - individuals entitled to rights declared without discrimination based on language; Article 10 - individuals entitled to fair trial. an interpreter. Article 19 individuals right to freedom of expression, including right to choose language as medium of expression. Article 26 - right to education.language of medium of instruction. But these rights are essentially individual linguistic rights deriving from other rights. What about other kinds of language rights?

32 Other ways to think about language and rights Private Use and Names the sphere of a person s life in which he or she can freely express his or her identity, be it by entering into relationships with others or alone. The Committee is of the view that a person s surname [and name] constitutes an important component of one s identity protection against arbitrary or unlawful interference with the right to choose and change one s own name. UN Human Rights Committee Public Domain e.g. schools, law courts, commerce, media

33 Territoriality vs. Personality Principles territoriality linguistic rights granted within a territory personality depends on the linguistic status of the person (s) involved. Switzerland: territoriality rights for 4 languages, i.e. confined to Cantons. Canada has personality rights attaching to Francophones and Anglophones, regardless of territory. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)

34 Other instruments on Language Rights today Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights, (Barcelona Declaration) UNESCO, PEN, NGOs etc, 1996, supports linguistic rights, especially endangered languages. European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages 1992 and Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1995, CoE.

35 The role of Europe in expanding identity We should think of language and culture, and language and rights, as promoting worldmindedness for all people. Fiorentini > Toscani > Italiani > Europei > cittadini del mondo

36 Domani, con la professoressa Lopriore Reading Guide and Questions: Language, Place and Learning For each of the 13 sections of Language, Place and Learning, write a few sentences of description. Examples provided to you in the handout To students in Operatori per la comunicazione internazionale, From JLB, 1 March Reading Guide and Questions: Language, Place and Learning THEN link all the sections as indicated on p. 2 of the handout, as follows: For Each Section in turn LIST: the Key Ideas (single words or phrases) A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT. LINK: all Key Ideas into a consolidated argument, Thread of Argument by pulling out the line of argument, how it follows to each section. A NORMATIVE ACCOUNT.

37 Free downloads Lo Bianco and Crozet, Teaching Invisible Culture: Classroom Practice and Theory. _Classroom_Practice_and_Theory Lo Bianco, Second Languages and Australian Schooling

38 I will see you on 13 March ciao, e buon lavoro!