Expansion and Development of Global Humanitarian Societies, Background. Theory. Background. The Origin of Global. Humanitarian Assistance

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Expansion and Development of Global Humanitarian Societies, 186-2012 1 Background Tomoya Kamino (Law of Doctor, Tohoku Univ.

1 Expansion and Development of Global Humanitarian Societies, Background Tomoya Kamino (Law of Doctor, Tohoku Univ.) Gifu University September 9, 2012 Hosei University Background Theory History of war / History of saving war victims The history of wars is usually described as political history. We well understand how politicians and commanders made decisions to start, develop, and end a war. We hardly know, however, who help war victims and how although all wars bring victims. Today s lecture focuses on the history in that humanitarian communities can gradually help war victims even in wartime and in the battlefields. The Norm-Life Cycle Theory Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink show the process of formation of international norms such as the Geneva Conventions for protection of war victims. Norm entrepreneur is a key person who creates an issue, makes us pay attention to it, and demands making a new norm to states. At the tipping-point, the major powers and many states accept it as the norm with legal obligation. Finnemore and Sikkink, however, did not show the relationship between practices and norms. Today s report shows that practices usually lead to norms, and norms legitimate practices. 4 2 The Origin of Global Humanitarian Assistance The Battle of Solférino (1859) The Kingdom of Sardinia allied with France to fight with the Austria Empire and to unite the Italian Peninsula. 6 1

The Battle of Solférino (1859) Military forces held much more soldiers than before except the Napoleonic War in 1815.

These soldiers were carried to the town of Solférino and saved by local people regardless of their nationality.

He insisted in the book that we should build permanent humanitarian agencies, the Red Cross, to send nurses to battlefields.

This is the first step for international humanitarian assistance. The Geneva Convention of 1864 The ICRC proposed a draft of the convention to the European states.

This suggestion was accepted as the Geneva Convention of 1864.

2 The Battle of Solférino (1859) Military forces held much more soldiers than before except the Napoleonic War in Fights made a lots of sick and injured soldiers, but military medicine units did not have enough capabilities to care for them. These soldiers were carried to the town of Solférino and saved by local people regardless of their nationality. 7 Henry Dunant A father of the Red Cross He accidentally joined in rescue of injured soldiers in Solférino, and published a book A Memory of Solférino. He insisted in the book that we should build permanent humanitarian agencies, the Red Cross, to send nurses to battlefields. 8 The Establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross (186) Henry Dunant and other members in the Geneva Public Welfare Society founded the ICRC. This is the first step for international humanitarian assistance. The Geneva Convention of 1864 The ICRC proposed a draft of the convention to the European states. In this draft, military forces should not recognize injured and sick soldiers as a target, and should protect them regardless of their nationality. This suggestion was accepted as the Geneva Convention of The Franco-Prussian War The Prussian Red Cross The Red Cross controlled some 2,000 humanitarian agencies and about 250,000 volunteers. It spent 70 million Franc for humanitarian aid. The organization held storehouses in Berlin. It stocked food, medicines, clothes, and materials for shelters and hospitals. The Franco-Prussian War Investigation of missing military personnel and sending letters and money to prisoners Transportation of medicines, clothes and food by trains Management for hospitals

The World War I (1914-18) The World War I and the Aftermath 14 The war made much more prisoners than before and also damaged civilians.

collected and transported the information of war prisoners, provided humanitarian aid for them, and visited prisoner s camps to watch.

15 Save the Children (1919) Eglantyne Jebb, a British teacher, criticized economic brocade, and founded the humanitarian organization for helping hunger children in German and Austria.

16 The League of Nations, High Commissioner for Refugees (1921) The League of Nations appointed Fridtjof Nansen as a commissioner for Refugees to save them after the World War I and the Russian

3 The World War I ( ) The World War I and the Aftermath 14 The war made much more prisoners than before and also damaged civilians. Humanitarian agencies had no legal rights to help them, but saw these people as war victims who needed help. collected and transported the information of war prisoners, provided humanitarian aid for them, and visited prisoner s camps to watch. requested states at war to protect foreigners and civilians in occupied areas. 15 Save the Children (1919) Eglantyne Jebb, a British teacher, criticized economic brocade, and founded the humanitarian organization for helping hunger children in German and Austria. Jebb demanded that the League of Nations protect children s rights. The League decided the Declaration of Geneva for Children s Rights. 16 The League of Nations, High Commissioner for Refugees (1921) The League of Nations appointed Fridtjof Nansen as a commissioner for Refugees to save them after the World War I and the Russian Revolution. To protect refugees, international society needed norms to judge who had rights as a refugee. International practices lead to international refugee laws. 17 The Geneva Convention of 1929 Protection for wounded and sick soldiers Treatment for prisoners New rules were included in the convention based on experiences in the World War I: internment, quarters, foods, clothes, sanitation, labor and salary, extradition, and ban for reprisal. Protection for civilians: not included The Tokyo draft at the Red Cross Conference (194) Many states did not accept the draft and went into the World War II. 18

4 Expansion of International Humanitarian Assistance The World War II (199-45) 20 Activities based on the Geneva Convention --- protection for

Activities not based on the convention --- assisting civilians and visiting concentrated camps for civilians.

21 The United Nations During and after the world war, the UN supported civilians who suffered from the war.

Fund) Food: WFP (World Food Programme) 22 The Geneva Conventions of 1949 The world war killed and injured much more civilians than before.

The conventions cover international war and civilian war.

4 4 Expansion of International Humanitarian Assistance The World War II (199-45) 20 Activities based on the Geneva Convention --- protection for injured and sick soldiers and prisoners. Activities not based on the convention --- assisting civilians and visiting concentrated camps for civilians. However, the Nazis did not admit the ICRC to go to the camps for Jews because of no legal rights. 21 The United Nations During and after the world war, the UN supported civilians who suffered from the war. War victims: UNRRA (UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) Refugees: UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees) Children: UNICEF (UN Children Fund) Food: WFP (World Food Programme) 22 The Geneva Conventions of 1949 The world war killed and injured much more civilians than before. The ICRC made a draft of new Geneva Conventions. States accepted the draft and the rules for protection of civilians at war. The conventions cover international war and civilian war. The article of the conventions introduces minimum humanitarian protection for civilians in domestic wars. Only one article, however, does not be enough to see how to aid and protect them. 2 Armed Conflicts in Asia and Africa The Nigerian-Biafran War ( ) The war made lots of civilian victims and was reported by international media. The war was a turning point where European and American relief organizations entered battlefield in Asia and Africa. Doctor Without Borders (MSF) was founded just after the war. 24 4

5 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions (1977) Based on experiences in armed conflicts in Asia and Africa, the ICRC suggested the Protocols about international wars and civilian wars to supplement the Geneva Conventions of The first Protocol for international war The second Protocol for domestic war supplement the article of the Geneva Conventions. 5 Conclusion 25 Conclusion Expansion and development in humanitarian assistance International humanitarian community seems to start in the latter of the 19 th century. Wars have gradually made much more victims, and humanitarian organizations provided for different types of war victims: wounded and sick soldiers, prisoners, civilians, children and refugees. Humanitarian activities lead to new humanitarian laws (the Geneva Conventions). The laws give rights for war victims and legitimacy for humanitarian activities. 27 Reference Boissier, Pierre, History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima, 2nd ed., Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, Dunant, Henry J., Un Souvenir de Solférino, Genève: Imprimerie Jules-Guillaume Fick, 1862( 邦訳アンリーデュナン内利三郎訳ソルフェリーノの思い出会館 1969 年 ). Durand, André, History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II: From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, Favez, Jean-Claude, Une mission impossible?: Le CICR, les déportations et les camps de concentration Nazis, Lausanne: Payot, 1998; Fevez, Jean-Claude, Beryl Fletcher and John Fletcher (trans.), The Red Cross and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Forsythe, David P., The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Gabriel, Richard A., and Karen S. Metz, A History of Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the Middle Ages: Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, Gabriel, Richard A., and Karen S. Metz, A History of Military Medicine: From Renaissance Through Modern Times, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, Haug, Hans, Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Berne, Stuttgart and Vienna: Paul Haupt Publishers, 199. Huntford, Roland, Nansen, London: Abacus, Hutchinson, John F., Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross, Oxford: Westview Press, Inc., Reference International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Report on the International Committee of the Red Cross on its Activities during the Second World War (September 1, 199- June 0, 1947), v. 1, 2, and, Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1948., Draft Additional Protocols of the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 197. Jebb, Eglantyne, and D. F. Buxton (eds.), Save the Child!: A Posthumous Essay, London: The Weardale Press, Mulley, Clare, The Woman Who Saved the Children: A Biography of Eglantyne Jebb Founder of Save the Children, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, Loescher, Gill, The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Reynolds, E.E., Nansen, London: G. Bles, 192. Tanguy, Joelle, The Médecins Sans Frontières Experience, in K.M. Cahill (ed.), A Framework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and in Conflicts and Disasters, New York: Routledge, 1999, pp UNHCR, The State of the World s Refugees: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000( 邦訳国連難等弁務官事務所世界難書道動の50 年史時事通信社 2001 年 ). Wilson, Francesca M., Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of Save the Children Fund, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1967, pp 上野友也戦争と道援ー戦争の被災をめぐる道の政治東北学出版会 2012 年林雅夫古代ローマのヒューマニズム原書房 2011 年内進掠奪の法観念史中近世ヨーロッパの戦争法東京学出版会 199 年. 29 5

INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Committee: General Assembly Third Committee Issue: Enhancing humanitarian assistance in times of conflict and complex emergencies Student Officer: Nika Engelen Position: Chair INTRODUCTION Conflicts and