Gender and Environmental Strategies in India

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Gender and Environmental Strategies in India"

Rose Lambert
5 years ago
Views:

Wright State University CORE Scholar Economics Faculty Publications Economics 6-27-2009 Gender and Environmental Strategies in India Sirisha C. Naidu Wright State University - Main Campus, sirisha.

1 Wright State University CORE Scholar Economics Faculty Publications Economics Gender and Environmental Strategies in India Sirisha C. Naidu Wright State University - Main Campus, sirisha.naidu@wright.edu Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Economics Commons Repository Citation Naidu, S. C. (2009). Gender and Environmental Strategies in India.. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Economics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Economics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact corescholar@

2 Gender and Environmental Strategies in India Sirisha C. Naidu Wright State University

3 Debate surrounding Protected Areas versus development? Neoliberal policies and livelihood (Castree, 2008)

4 Protected Area and its Impacts What are the socioeconomic impacts of environmental strategies? More specifically, how does it impact local people along class and gender cleavages? Needs to take into account coping strategies

5 Chuhar Valley: Nargu Sanctuary

6 Enclosing the Commons: Nargu Sanctuary Dense and semidense forests Villages around 1,800 2,500 meters above sea level Incline greater than 60 degrees

7 Chuhar valley: Economy Economy is agropastoral Very high forest dependence PeWy commodity and cash crops

8 Enclosing the Commons: Nargu sanctuary Wildlife sanctuary created in 1974 in Mandi district in the Middle Himalayan ranges in Himachal Pradesh, India Area of 278 sq kilometers River Uhl runs along its western boundary

9 Data Comparing villages in protected with nonprotected areas 6 villages in sanctuary and 6 outside the sanctuary 217 respondents using stra@fied sampling procedure

10 Measuring Access Ribot and Peluso (1997): focus on natural resources Defacto versus dejure access Legal versus level of

11 Measuring Access Time use: analysis of resource comment on the labor process and within the processes of capitalist Household and difficult to separate (Beneria, 1979)

12 Mean Time Use (in minutes/day) Less than 2 acres Between 2 and 4 acres Greater than 4 acres Males Females Males Females Males Females Agriculture Sanctuary Fodder from private land Sanctuary Nonsanctuary Nonsanctuary

13 Time Use: Comparing Sanctuary and Non sanctuary villages Agricultural Except for men and women with landholdings below 2 acres, men and women in non sanctuary villages spend than those in sanctuary villages Class and gender differences mawer Fodder from private agricultural land Men and women in of all landholding categories sanctuary villages spend collec@ng fodder from private land Class and gender differences mawer

14 Mean Time Use (in minutes/day) Wage labor Less than 2 acres Between 2 and 4 acres Greater than 4 acres Males Females Males Females Males Females Sanctuary Forest Sanctuary Nonsanctuary Nonsanctuary

15 Time Use Forest Women of all land classes living outside the sanctuary spend in forest products Wage Labor Men and women of all land classes living within the sanctuary spend in wage work Women in households with landholdings greater than 4 acres living in sanctuary villages spend in wage compared to other land classes

16 Mean Time Use (in minutes/day) Less than 2 acres Between 2 and 4 acres Greater than 4 acres Males Females Males Females Males Females Total Sanctuary Sanctuary Nonsanctuary Nonsanctuary

17 Time Use Personal Time Except for men in households with less than 2 acres, class differences do not mawer with respect to Gender mawers Total Work Time Class differences are not significant Does not mawer whether live within or outside the sanctuary Women spend working than men across different land classes

18 Money income Mean value of Income, Assets (in Rs. per year) Less than 2 acres Between 2 and 4 acres Greater than 4 acres Sanctuary 58,936* 43,409* 73,524* 51,482* 55,688* 75,323* Assets Sanctuary 30,081* 20,149* 39,642* Nonsanctuary Nonsanctuary 27,688** 25,720** 67,070**

19 Comparing Assets and Income Total money income different across class Is not different across sanctuary and nonsanctuary villages except for the class between 2 and 4 acres Value of Assets Sta@s@cally different across land classes Sta@s@cally different across sanctuary and nonsanctuary villages Higher for households in non sanctuary villages

20 Mean value of Expenditure (Rs. per month) Food expenditure Non Food expenditure Less than 2 acres Between 2 and 4 acres Greater than 4 acres Sanctuary 1,366*** 1,474*** 1,856*** 1,327** 1,479** 1,704** Sanctuary 2,050 2,258 1,832 Nonsanctuary Nonsanctuary 10,699 4,611 1,521

21 Comparing Expenditures Expenditure on food Varies across class groups Difference in means across sanctuary and nonsanctuary villages is not significant Expenditure on non food Difference in means is not significant across class Difference in means is not significant across sanctuary and non sanctuary villages

22 Nargu Sanctuary Development and eco development hotels and tourist centers fishing center Cement factory nearby

23 Status of Women in Himachal Pradesh Sex in Mandi district 1,013 for every 1000 males average = 927 Schooling revolu@on in HP (Dreze and Sen, 2000) Elimina@on of gender bias in elementary educa@on Literacy rate among girls aged shot up from 11 % in 1961 to 86% in 1991 School awendance among girls aged 6 14 more than 97%

24 of the Labor Force Informal/Formal Sector Workers (in millions) Informal Formal sector sector Total (in millions) Informal Formal sector sector Total Services Informal workers Formal workers Total Source: NCEUS, 2009

25 of the Labor Force Informal/Formal Sector Workers (in lakhs) Informal Formal sector sector Total (in lakhs) Informal Formal sector sector Total Industry Informal workers Formal workers Total Source: NCEUS, 2009

26 Projected Employment by Formal & Informal Work Status Year GDP growth rate Employment % share Formal Informal Total Actual Source: NCEUS, 2009

27 Some Conclusions Consequences of enclosing the commons: by dispossession (Harvey, 2005) Loss of control and access to means of and of wage work for household Expenditure levels are comparable within and outside the sanctuary

28 Some Conclusions Gender Women of richer households also engage in wage labor but a patriarchal society Newer (or classical) forms of patriarchy No legal access to private land but loss in access to common lands Does increase in wage employment compensate for loss of resources and assets? (Agarwal, 1995) Process of semi of concern under current labor climate

Changing Economic Status and Life Style of Migrated Tribal Women s (A Geographical Study of Dindori District)

Changing Economic Status and Life Style of Migrated Tribal Women s (A Geographical Study of Dindori District) Dr. Lokesh Shrivastava D. Litt. 1, Dr. Ritu Rani 2, Shashikant Nag 3 Dept.of Post Graduate