(416) Office hours: Mondays 1-2pm, or by appt.

Transcription

1 PPG2017: URBAN POLICY School of Public Policy and Governance University of Toronto Winter 2016 Mondays 2-5pm Canadiana Building, CG-361 Instructors: Richard Stren Gabriel Eidelman (416) Office hours: Mondays 1-2pm, or by appt. Office hours: by appointment Location: Canadiana 61F Location: Global Cities Institute, 170 Bloor St., Ste COURSE DESCRIPTION This goal of this course is to unravel the various policy challenges and possibilities created by our increasingly urban world. Cities are fundamental features of contemporary civilization. More and more, issues of good governance, citizenship, economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability are being confronted by municipalities and city regions, not states. This course provides an overview of some of the major policy debates surrounding this new urban reality. While Toronto and other Canadian cities will be strongly featured in readings and discussions, cities in the US, Europe, and the global south will also be examined. The course will be taught as a seminar, with ten weeks devoted to substantive topics, and two final weeks for student presentations. The final grade will be based on class participation (20%), a bibliographic discussion paper and presentation (30%), and a major research report (50%). All readings, assignment guidelines, and course grades will be posted on the course website using Blackboard: [Revised: January 5, 2015] 1

2 COURSE OUTLINE RS/GE indicates the instructor in charge 1. The Big Picture: Urbanization and Public Policy (RS + GE, January 11) How have the functions of cities changed over time? How has thinking about urbanization evolved? What are the distinctive features of urban public policy? 2. Urban Governance and City Politics (GE, January 18) What do cities do? How are they governed? What is urban governance as distinct from urban government? In-class presentations begin Week 3 3. Metropolitan and Regional Governance (RS, January 25) Why is metropolitan or regional governance so difficult to achieve? What solutions have been proposed, with what success? 4. Decentralization: North and South (RS, Feb 1) What are the different varieties of decentralization? What are the legitimate criticisms of decentralization? How does decentralization differ from democratization? 5. World Cities and the Global Economy (GE, February 8) How do cities and city regions function in the global economy? What policy challenges does this pose? Are cities helpless in adapting to globalization? * No class February 15 due to Family Day. 6. Citizenship and Democratic Engagement (RS, February 22) What does it mean to be an urban citizen? How do citizens participate in urban governance? What factors enhance or discourage citizen engagement? 7. Planning and Property Development (GE, February 29) Can cities be designed? Or is urban planning a lost cause? What drives property development? 8. Finance and Fiscal Health (RS, March 7) How are cities in Canada financed? How are budgets discussed and passed at the municipal level? What are the major budgetary issues in Canadian cities, and what reforms should be considered? 9. Transportation and Congestion (GE, March 14) What are the costs of congestion? What can be done to reduce it? Is mass transit the only answer? Who should pay? 10. Polarization and Poverty (RS, March 21) Why are large cities increasingly polarized? What can be done about this? How do Canadian cities compare and correspond to the experiences of cities around the world? 2

3 11. Student Presentations, Pt. 1 (March 28) 12. Student Presentations, Pt. 2 (April 4) ASSIGNMENTS AND EVALUATION Class participation (20%) Consists of attendance and engagement in seminar discussions. Engagement is measured by actions including, but not limited to: (a) consistent attendance (one cannot participate if one does not attend); (b) being prepared for class (at a minimum, this means having completed the required readings); (c) being attentive to class discussion; (d) raising thoughtful comments and questions in class; (e) providing insight and analysis to the readings and discussions; (vi) attending office hours; (vii) bringing relevant news articles and other materials to the attention of the class. Bibliographic discussion paper and presentation (30%) You will write an annotated bibliography accompanied by a two-page, double-spaced commentary reviewing five articles (or two whole books) from the further readings list in one selected week. Together with one or two colleagues assigned to the same week s material, you will also make a brief, minute presentation that (a) reviews the main arguments and contribution of each reading and (b) identifies connections and common themes between readings, including key debates. The goal of the presentation is to highlight interesting insights from the supplementary literature and raise questions to inspire and guide discussion in the second half of class. Presentations will begin Week 3 (January 25) and continue until Week 10 (March 21). The weekly schedule will be finalized in Week 2 based on student requests. The individual paper will account for 25% of your final course grade; the group presentation 5% of your course grade. Adopt a City report and presentation (50%) - Due April 22, the final day of the term. You will select one of the following cities as a central case study for a 25-page (double-spaced) research paper: Berlin, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Chicago, Delhi, Detroit, Dubai, Istanbul, Lagos, London, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Montreal, Moscow, Mumbai, Nairobi, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo, Vancouver The report will examine the most pressing urban policy challenge(s) affecting each city, outline potential solutions, and debate the merits of available options. Your final report will be due at the end of the term, but you will present your outline and preliminary findings to the seminar for comments and suggestions during the final two weeks of class. 3

4 COURSE POLICIES Late assignments: As a general policy, the penalty for late assignments is 3% per day (including weekend days). A grade of 80% therefore becomes 71% in 3 days. However, due to the nature of the assignments, and their integration into the course content, there is little room for late assignments without very important mitigating circumstances. Extensions due to illness require a signed medical certificate. Accommodation for any other legitimate (other than medical) reason may be made with adequate advance notice. policy: We normally respond to within 48 hours. Please note that received during weekends and after business hours may take longer to answer, so do not leave your requests or queries until the last minute. Academic honesty: Failure to properly reference figures, concepts, and quotations that are not your own will result in academic penalties, as required by the University of Toronto s policy on plagiarism. At a minimum, for every assignment, the sources of all data and ideas must be properly cited using a standard academic referencing style (we prefer Chicago). If you are unclear about what constitutes plagiarism or how to reference sources, please visit: Accessibility needs: If you require accommodation for a disability, or have any accessibility concerns about the course, the classroom, or course materials, please approach either instructor to make arrangements with Accessibility Services: 4

5 READINGS Readings are arranged in two categories. Required readings should be read by students before seminars, so that they will be familiar with the themes to be discussed each week. All required readings will be available via the course Blackboard site. Further readings do not have to be read in advance of class, but constitute a useful list of related books and articles to help students complete their assignments. 1. The Big Picture: Urbanization and Public Policy (RS + GE) Glaeser, Edward Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, pp New York: Penguin Press. Hall, Peter Cities in Civilization, pp , New York: Pantheon Books. Brenner, Neil, and Christian Schmid The Urban Age in Question. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38(3): Gaffikin, Frank and David C. Perry The Contemporary Urban Condition: Understanding the Globalizing City as Informal, Contested, and Anchored. Urban Affairs Review 48(5): Montgomery, Mark, Richard Stren, Barney Cohen, and Holly Reed Urban Population Change: A Sketch, in Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and its Implications in the Developing World, pp Washington: National Academies of Science. Simmons, Jim, Larry S. Bourne, Tom Hutton, and Richard Shearmur Political Economy, Governance, and Urban Policy in Canada in Larry S. Bourne, Tom Hutton, Richard G. Shearmur, and Jim Simmons, ed. Canadian Urban Regions: Trajectories of Growth and Change Toronto: Oxford University Press, pp Urban Governance and City Politics (GE) Pierre, Jon and B. Guy Peters Urban Governance, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. Karen Mossberger, Susan E. Clarke, and Peter John, pp New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wolman, Harold, with Robert McManmon What Cities Do: How Much Does Urban Policy Matter? in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. Karen Mossberger, Susan E. Clarke, and Peter John, pp New York: Oxford University Press. Barber, Benjamin If Mayors Ruled the World: Dysfunctional Nations, Rising Cities. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp Horak, Martin, and Robert Young, eds Sites of Governance: Multilevel Governance and Policy Making in Canada s Big Cities. [Chapters 9 and 12.] Montreal and Kingston: McGill Queen s University Press. Keil, Roger, Pierre Hamel, Elena Chou, and Kieran Williams Modalities of Suburban 5

6 Governance in Canada, in Suburban Governance: A Global View, eds. Roger Keil and Pierre Hamel, pp Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Kubler, Daniel, and Michael A. Pagano Urban Politics as Multilevel Analysis, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. Karen Mossberger, Susan E. Clarke, and Peter John, pp New York: Oxford University Press. Magnusson, Warren Politics of Urbanism: Seeing Like a City, pp New York: Routledge. Oliver, Eric Suburban Politics, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. Karen Mossberger, Susan E. Clarke, and Peter John, pp New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sancton, Andrew, and Robert Young, eds Foundations of Governance: Municipal Government in Canada s Provinces. [Introduction, Chapter 1 (Ontario), and Conclusion.] Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Stone, Clarence Rethinking the Policy-Politics Connection. Policy Studies 26(3/4): Taylor, Zack If Different, then Why?: Explaining the Divergent Political Development of Canadian and American Local Governance. International Journal of Canadian Studies 49: Urbaniak, Tom Studying Mayoral Leadership in Canada and the United States. International Journal of Canadian Studies 49: Metropolitan and Regional Governance (RS) Katz, Bruce, and Jennifer Bradley A Revolution Unleashed and Metros as the New Sovereign, in The Metropolitan Revolution: How Cities and Metros are Fixing Our Broken Politics and Fragile Economy, pp. 1-13, Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Lefevre, Christian and Margaret Weir Building Metropolitan Institutions, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. Karen Mossberger, Susan E. Clarke, and Peter John, pp New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sancton, Andrew Boundaries for Municipal Corporations, in The Limits of Boundaries: Why City-regions Cannot be Self-governing, pp Montreal and Kingston: McGill- Queen s University Press. Collin, Jean-Pierre and Mélanie Robertson, eds Governing Metropolises: Profiles of Issues and Experiments on Four Continents. Quebec City: Les Presses de l Université Laval. Hamilton, David K Governing Metropolitan Areas. Growth and Change in a Networked Age, 2 nd ed. New York: Routledge. Frisken, Frances The Public Metropolis: The Political Dynamics of Urban Expansion in the Toronto Region Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press. Kantor, Paul, Christian Lefevre, Asato Saito, H.V. Savitch and Andy Thornley Struggling Giants: City-Region Governance in London, New York, Paris and Tokyo. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 6

7 Kantor, Paul, and Jen Nelles Global City Region Governance and Multicentered Development: A North American Perspective. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 33(3): Kantor, Paul, and H.V. Savitch The Politics of City Regions in Comparative Perspective. Métropoles 7: Norris, Donald, Don Phares and Tonya Zimmerman Metropolitan Government in the United States? Not Now Not Likely, in Governing Metropolitan Regions in the 21 st Century, Don Phares, ed. Don Phares, pp Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe. Public Administration and Development Special Issue on Metropolitan Governance Reform (October), eds. Richard Stren and Robert Cameron. Rao, Nirmala Cities in Transition: Growth, Change and Governance in Six Metropolitan Areas. London: Routledge. Rojas, Eduardo, Juan Cuadrado-Roura, and Jose Miguel Fernandez-Guell, eds Governing the Metropolis: Principles and Cases. Washington: Interamerican Development Bank. Sancton, Andrew Merger Mania: The Assault on Local Government. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen s University Press. Segbers, Klaus, ed The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Spink, Peter K., Peter M. Ward and Robert H. Wilson, eds Metropolitan Governance in the Federalist Americas: Strategies for Equitable and Integrated Development. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. Stren, Richard The Challenge of Urban Governance, in Cities Transformed, eds. Mark Montgomery, Richard Stren, Barney Cohen, and Holly Reed, pp London: Earthscan. 4. Decentralization: North and South (RS) Shah, Anwar, with Sana Shah The New Vision of Local Governance and the Evolving Roles of Local Governments, in Local Governance in Developing Countries, ed. Anwar Shah, pp Washington: The World Bank. Stren, Richard Cities and Politics in the Developing World: Why Decentralization Matters, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. Karen Mossberger, Susan E. Clarke, and Peter John, pp New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bardhan, Pranab and Dilip Mookherjee, eds Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries. A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: MIT Press. Eaton, Kent Politics Beyond the Capital: The Design of Subnational Institutions in South America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Falleti, Tulia G Decentralization and Subnational Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Loughlin, John Subnational Democracy in the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Loughlin, John Subnational Government: The French Experience. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 7

8 Nyerere, Julius K Decentralisation. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer. Oxhorn, Philip Unravelling the Puzzle of Decentralization, in Decentralization, Democratic Governance, and Civil Society in Comparative Perspective: Africa, Asia, and Latin America, eds. Philip Oxhorn, Joseph S. Tulchin, and Andrew D. Selee, pp Washington and Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and The Johns Hopkins University Press. Stren, Richard, and Dickson Eyoh Decentralization and Urban Development in West Africa: An Introduction, in Decentralization and the Politics of Urban Development in West Africa, eds. Dickson Eyoh and Richard Stren, pp Washington: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Comparative Urban Studies Project. UN-HABITAT Metropolitan Governance: Governing in a City of Cities, Chp. 4.5 in State of the World s Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious Cities, pp London: Earthscan. 5. World Cities and the Global Economy (GE) Savitch, Hank V., and Paul Kantor Excerpt from The Great Transformation and Local Choices, in Cities in the International Marketplace: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe, pp Princeton, NJ: Princeton. Scott, Allen J., John Agnew, Edward Soja, and Michael Storper Global City Regions, in Global City Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, ed. Allen J. Scott, pp Oxford: Oxford University Press. Florida, Richard Cities and the Creative Class, in Cities and the Creative Class, pp New York: Routledge. Friedmann, John The World City Hypothesis. Development and Change 17(1): Garcia, Marisol and Dennis Judd Competitive Cities, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, eds. Karen Mossberger, Susan E. Clarke and Peter John, pp New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kennedy, Christopher The Evolution of Great World Cities: Urban Wealth and Economic Growth. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Kim, Yeong-Hyun Global and Local in The Sage Companion to the City. eds. T. Hall, P. Hubbard and J. R. Short, pp Los Angeles: Sage. Kipfer, Stefan, and Roger Keil Toronto Inc.? Planning the Competitive City in the New Toronto. Antipode 34(2): Marcuse, Peter, and Ronald Van Kempen Introduction, in Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?, eds. Peter Marcuse and Ronald Van Kempen. pp Oxford: Blackwell. Peck, Jamie The Cult of Urban Creativity, in Leviathan Undone: Towards a Political Economy of Scale, eds. Roger Keil and Rianne Mahon, pp Vancouver: UBC Press. Ranney, David Global Decisions, Local Collisions. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Robinson, Jennifer Global and World Cities: A View from Off the Map. International 8

9 Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26(3): Sassen, Saskia The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, 2 nd ed., pp. 3-15, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Segbers, Klaus, ed The Making of Global City Regions: Johannesburg, Mumbai/Bombay, São Paulo, and Shanghai. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Sellers, Jefferey M Governing from Below: Urban Regions and the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6. Citizenship and Democratic Engagement (RS) Harding, Alan The History of Community Power, in Theories of Urban Politics, 2nd ed., eds. Jonathan S. Davies and David L. Imbroscio, pp London: Sage. Horak, Martin The Power of Local Identity: C4LD and the Anti-Amalgamation Mobilization in Toronto. Toronto: Cities Centre, University of Toronto. Research Paper pp. McAllister, Mary Louise Avenues of Participation in Local Governance in Governing Ourselves? The Politics of Canadian Communities, pp , Vancouver: UBC Press. Avritzer, Leonardo Excerpt from Participatory Institutions in Democratic Brazil, pp Washington and Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press. Cunningham, Frank The Virtues of Urban Citizenship. City, Culture and Society 2: Fung, Archon Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Haus, Michael, and Jan Erling Klausen Urban Leadership and Community Involvement: Ingredients for Good Governance? Urban Affairs Review 47(2): Low, Setha, Gregory T. Donovan, and Jen Gieseking Shoestring Democracy: Gated Condominiums and Market Rate Cooperatives in New York. Journal of Urban Affairs 34(3): Lowndes, Vivian Citizenship and Urban Politics in Theories of Urban Politics, 1st ed., eds. David Judge, Gerry Stoker, and Harold Wolman, pp London: Sage. Meslin, Dave, Christina Palassio, and Alana Wilcox, eds Local Motion: The Art of Civic Engagement in Toronto. Toronto: Coach House Press. Mitlin, Diana With and Beyond the State Co-production as a Route to Political Influence, Power and Transformation for Grassroots Organizations. Environment and Urbanization 20(2): Russ, Laura W., and Lois M. Takahashi Exploring the Influence of Participation on Programme Satisfaction: Lessons from the Ahmedabad Slum Networking Project. Urban Studies 50(March): Shumaker, Paul Group Involvements in City Politics and Pluralist Theory. Urban Affairs Review 49(2): Sorensen, Andre, and Lake Sagaris From Participation to the Right to the City: 9

10 Democratic Place Management at the Neighbourhood Scale in Comparative Perspective. Planning Practice and Research 25(3): Staeheli, Lynn. A Citizenship and the Problem of Community. Political Geography 27(1): Wampler, Brian Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 7. Planning and Property Development (GE) Badger, Emily The Evolution of Urban Planning in 10 Diagrams. CityLab, November 9. Blais, Pamela Sprawl: A Planning Problem, The Costs and Benefits of Sprawl, and Perverse Subsidies, Perverse Cities, in Perverse Cities: Hidden Subsidies, Wonky Policy, and Urban Sprawl, pp and Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Jacobs, Jane Introduction, in The Death and Life of Great American Cities, pp New York: Random House. Kotkin, Joel What Jane Jacobs Got Wrong About Cities. The Daily Beast, August 1. Boudreau, Julie-Anne, Roger Keil, and Douglas Young Official Planning, in Changing Toronto: Governing Urban Neoliberalism, pp Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Bruegmann, Robert Sprawl: A Compact History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp Charmes, Eric, and Roger Keil The Politics of Post-suburban Densification in Canada and France. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39(3): Levine, Jonathan Zoned Out: Regulation, Markets, and Choices in Transportation and Metropolitan Land Use. New York: Routledge. Fainstein, Susan S The City Builders: Property Development in New York and London, , 2nd ed. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Leo, Christopher and Kathryn Anderson Being Realistic About Urban Growth. Journal of Urban Affairs 28 (2): Milroy, Beth Moore Thinking Planning and Urbanism. Vancouver: UBC Press. Moore, Aaron Planning Institutions and Politics: The Ontario Municipal Board and Toronto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Scott, James C The High-Modernist City: An Experiment and a Critique, in Seeing Like a State, pp New Haven: Yale University Press. Sewell, John The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Sewell, John The Shape of the Suburbs: Understanding Toronto s Sprawl. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 10

11 8. Finance and Fiscal Health (RS) Hains, David Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Property Taxes Torontoist, January 9. Sancton, Andrew Budgets, Grants and User Fees and The Property Tax, in Canadian Local Government: An Urban Perspective [2 nd Edition], pp (notes pp ). Toronto: Oxford University Press. Slack, Enid, and Andre Cote Is Toronto Fiscally Healthy? A Check-up on the City s Finances. Toronto: Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance. 21 pp. Kitchen, Harry Canada: Governance and Finance of the Greater Toronto Area and Metro Vancouver, in Governance and Finance of Metropolitan Areas in Federal Systems, eds. Enid Slack and Rupak Chattopadhyay, pp Toronto: Oxford University Press. Bahl, Roy W., Johannes F. Linn, and DeborahWetzel, eds Financing Metropolitan Governments in Developing Countries. Cambridge, MA.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Bird, Richard M., Enid Slack, and Almos Tassonyi A Tale of Two Taxes: Property Tax Reform in Ontario. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Bird, Richard, and Enid Slack Fiscal Aspects of Metropolitan Governance, in Governing the Metropolis: Principles and Cases, eds. Eduardo Rojas, Juan R. Cuadrado- Roura, and Jose Miguel Fernandez Guell, pp Washington: Inter-American Development Bank. Carolini, Gabriella Y Perverting Progress? The Challenges of Implementing both Fiscal and Social Responsibility in São Paulo ( ). Urban Studies 50(February): Grant, Kelly The Budget and You: How Citizens Could be More Involved in Toronto s Budgeting Process, in Local Motion: The Art of Civic Engagement in Toronto, eds. Dave Meslin, Christina Palassio, and Alana Wilcox, pp Toronto: Coach House Books. Hendrick, Rebecca M., Benedict S. Jiminez, and Kamna Lal Does Local Government Fragmentation Reduce Local Spending? Urban Affairs Review 47(4): Martin, Isaac William. The Permanent Tax Revolt: How the Property Tax Transformed American Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, Siemiatycki, Matti and Naeem Farooqi Value for Money and Risk in Public-Private Partnerships. Journal of the American Planning Association 78(3): Slack, Enid, and André Coté Is Toronto Fiscally Healthy? A Check-up on the City s Finances. Toronto: Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance. Tindal, C. Richard, Susan Nobes Tindal, Kennedy Stewart and Patrick Smith Local Government Finances, in Local Government in Canada, 8th ed., pp Toronto: Nelson. Tassonyi, Almos Ottawa, Canada, in Finance and Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Systems, eds. Enid Slack and Rupak Chattopadhyay, pp Montreal: McGill Queen s University Press. Tomalty, Ray, and Andrejs Skaburskis Development Charges and City Planning Objectives. Canadian Journal of Urban Research 12(1, supplement):

12 UN-HABITAT Municipal Finance Issues, Challenges, and Trends, and Municipal Revenues, in Guide to Municipal Finance, pp. 3-16, Nairobi: UN-HABITAT. 9. Transportation and Congestion (GE) Required Readings: Levy, Edward J Introduction to Rapid Transit in Toronto: A Century of Plans, Progress, Politics, and Paralysis. [Web book, 18 pp.] Gardetta, Dave Between the Lines. Los Angeles Magazine, December 1. Vanderbilt, Tom Why More Roads Lead to More Traffic (and What to Do About It), in Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (And What It Says About Us), pp New York: Random House. Altshuler, Alan Equity, Pricing, and Surface Transportation Politics. Urban Affairs Review 46(2): Brown, Jeffrey R, Eric Morris, and Brian D. Taylor Planning for Cars in Cities: Planners, Engineers, and Freeways in the 20th Century. Journal of the American Planning Association 75(2): Cervero, Robert The Transit Metropolis. Washington, DC: Island Press. Grescoe, Taras Straphanger: Saving Our Cities and Ourselves from the Automobile. Toronto: HarperCollins Canada. Henderson, Jason Secessionist Automobility: Racism, Anti-Urbanism, and the Politics of Automobility in Atlanta, Georgia. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30(2): Hess, Daniel Baldwin, and Peter J. Lombardi Governmental Subsidies for Public Transit: History, Current Issues, and Recent Evidence. Public Works Management and Policy 10(2): Levinson, David Identifying Winners and Losers in Transportation, Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1812: Muller, Peter O Transportation and Urban Form: Stages in the Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis, in The Geography of Urban Transportation, 3rd ed., eds. Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano, pp New York: Guilford Press. Sheller, Mimi, and John Urry The City and the Car. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24(4): Shoup, Don The High Cost of Free Parking. Journal of Planning Education and Research 17(1): Taylor, Brian, D The Geography of Urban Transportation Finance, in The Geography of Urban Transportation, 3rd ed., eds. Susan Hanson and Genevieve Giuliano, pp New York: Guilford Press. Taylor, Brian, D How Fair is Road Pricing? Evaluating Equity in Transportation Pricing and Finance. Report for the Bipartisan Policy Center, Washington. 43 pp. Walker, Jarrett Human Transit: How Clearer Thinking About Public Transit Can Enrich Our Communities and Our Lives. Washington: Island Press. 12

13 10. Polarization and Poverty (RS) Dinca-Panaitescu, Mihaela, and Alan Walks Income Inequality, Income Polarization, and Poverty: How are they Different? How are they Measured? Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership, University of Toronto. 14 pp. United Way Toronto The Opportunity Equation: Building Opportunity in the Face of Growing Income Inequality [Executive Summary]. 23 pp. Kohn, Margaret What is Wrong with Gentrification? Urban Research & Practice 6(3): New York Magazine This is the Story of One Block in Bed-stuy, Brooklyn. Bauder, Harald, and Bob Sharpe Residential Segregation of Visible Minorities in Canada's Gateway Cities. The Canadian Geographer 46(3): Crankshaw, Owen Deindustrialization, Professionalization and Racial Inequality in Cape Town. Urban Affairs Review 48(6): Davis, Mike Planet of Slums: Urban Involution and the Informal Proletariat. New Left Review 26 (March/April): Fallis, George Une nouvelle belle époque? Literary Review of Canada (November). Florida, Richard, Zara Matheson, Patrick Adler, and Taylor Brydges The Divided City: And the Shape of the New Metropolis. Toronto: Martin Prosperity Institute, University of Toronto. Horak, Martin, and Marilyn Dantico The Limits of Local Redistribution: Neighbourhood Regeneration Initiatives in Toronto and Phoenix. International Journal of Canadian Studies 49: Piketty, Thomas Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Tsukamoto, Takashi Why is Japan Neoliberalizing? Rescaling of the Japanese Developmental State and Ideology of State-Capital Fixing. Journal of Urban Affairs 34(4): UN-HABITAT Sao Paulo: A Tale of Two Cities. Cities and Citizens Series. 178 pp. Walks, Alan Income Inequality and Polarization in Canada s Cities: An Examination and New Form of Measurement. Research Paper #227. Toronto: University of Toronto, Cities Centre. 116 pp. Walks, Alan, and Larry S. Bourne Ghettos in Canada s Cities? Racial Segregation, Ethnic Enclaves and Poverty Concentration in Canadian Urban Areas. The Canadian Geographer 50(3):