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1 Court Cases I Court Cases II Court Cases III Terms & Amendments I Terms & Amendments II 1pt 1 pt 1 pt 1pt 1 pt 2 pt 2 pt 2pt 2pt 2 pt 3 pt 3 pt 3 pt 3 pt 3 pt 4 pt 4 pt 4pt 4 pt 4pt 5pt 5 pt 5 pt 5 pt 5 pt

2 Established the concept of judicial review

3 Marbury v. Madison, 1803

4 Expanded the powers of Congress with the ability to use the elastic clause

5 McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

6 The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees that legislative apportionment must be fair to all citizens thus establishing the one man, one vote principle

7 Baker v. Carr, 1962 (Reynolds v. Sims, 1964 and Wesberry v. Sanders, 1964)

8 Ruled that the Florida s method of recounting ballots violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

9 Bush v. Gore, 2000

10 A state could deny unemployment benefits to a person fired for violating a state prohibition on the use of peyote, even if the use of the drug was part of a religious ceremony and not infringe on the Free Exercise Clause within the freedom of religion

11 Oregon v. Smith, 1990

12 Established the separate but equal doctrine

13 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

14 Overturned the Plessy case, requiring integration of public schools that were segregated by law

15 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954

16 De facto school segregation is not permissible thus bussing students to different schools within a district to make schools more heterogeneous became a viable option

17 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Board of Education, 1971

18 Outlawed school led prayer in public schools as it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

19 Engel v. Vitale, 1962

20 Laws against private homosexual activities violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

21 Lawrence v. Texas, 2003

22 Overturned a state law banning the use of contraceptives stating individuals had the right to privacy

23 Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965

24 Strict affirmative action quotas illegal, but race can be one consideration in admitting university students

25 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978

26 Citing the Fourth Amendment, the Court established the Exclusionary Rule meaning that warrants were needed to obtain evidence for a trial

27 Mapp v. Ohio, 1961

28 Police can search and seize with probable cause or reasonable suspicion to protect themselves or society

29 Terry v. Ohio, 1968

30 Prior restraint is unconstitutional, the Supreme Court incorporated freedom of the press

31 Near v. Minnesota, 1931

32 Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official government policy

33 De jure segregation

34 Clause in 5 th and 14 th Amendments. Over the years it has been construed to guarantee to individuals a variety of rights ranging from economic liberty to criminal procedural rights to protection from arbitrary governmental action

35 Due process

36 First clause in the 1 st Amendment that prohibits the federal government from creating a national religion

37 Establishment clause

38 False written statements destroying someone s reputation

39 Libel

40 Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact; generally held to be in violation of the 1 st Amendment. Once a newspaper has published an article or a person has delivered a speech, that paper or speaker has to take the consequences if what was written or said proves to be improper, mischievous, or illegal

41 Prior restraint

42 Personal guarantees and freedoms that the federal government cannot abridge by law or judicial interpretation

43 Civil liberties

44 Government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals based on categories such as race, sex, national origin, age, religion, or sexual orientation

45 Civil rights

46 Legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and racial discrimination in employment, education, and voting. It created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

47 Civil Rights Act of 1964

48 Second clause of the 1 st Amendment it prohibits the U.S. government from interfering with a citizen s right to practice his or her religion

49 Free exercise clause

50 Supreme Court decision that the 14 th Amendment due process clause is binding on the states to uphold the Bill of Rights. The various provisions within the Bill of Rights have been incorporated individually on a case by case basis.

51 Incorporation doctrine (Selective incorporation)