Rise of Women s Rights

Transcription

1 Rise of Women s Rights The 19 th Amendment: The Gateway to Women s Rights Hannah Yoon Junior Division Individual Historical Paper

2 Women did not have the right to vote prior to However, on August 26 th, 1920, the 19 th Amendment to the United States Constitution was approved. Because of this, women were given the constitutional right to vote. One of the most instrumental figures in this movement was Susan B. Anthony, one of the presidents of the National Women s Suffrage Association. As a result of her efforts, not only are women a powerful sector of the voting public; but also are now involved in politics by holding powerful positions in the United States government. The fight for the 19 th Amendment started in July of 1848, when a convention for voting and other women s rights occurred. Two important women, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led this convention to encourage everyone to support women s suffrage. More than 1,000 people joined this convention. At the convention in Seneca Falls, New York, 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments, establishing the agenda for the fight for women s rights. On July 9, 1868, the 14 th Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed and it granted everyone who was naturalized in the US citizenship. The 14 th Amendment provides that, All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United State; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 1 Soon after the passing of the 14 th Amendment, women s suffrage groups were formed. Susan B. Anthony, an important person who encouraged women s suffrage, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1 14 th Amendment of the US Constitution 2

3 one of the women who led the convention in Seneca Falls, created National Women Suffrage Association, (NWSA), on May 15, 1869, a place for women s rights supporters to help women gain their rights. Later, Lucy Stone, also an important part of the eventual passage of the 19 th Amendment, founded the American Women Suffrage Association, (AWSA), on November 23, As NWSA mainly supported the passage of the 19 th Amendment, AWSA also partially fought for African American voting rights, which were achieved with the ratification of the 15 th Amendment. 2 Similarly, African Americans were fighting for the right to vote and were successful as Section 1 of the 15 th Amendment states, The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Shortly after the creation of AWSA and NWSA, the first law concerning women s right to vote was passed in the territory of Wyoming, in Although there were no protests, parades, or debates in Wyoming for women s suffrage, a massive crowd of women stood before Governor John A. Campbell as he signed the law legalizing women over 21 to cast their votes on each election. Wyoming was the first territory to pass a law granting the ability for women to vote. Three years later, on December 26, 1872, Susan B. Anthony, along with 15 other women, attempted to cast their votes to verify if the 15 th Amendment granted women the right to vote. The 15th Amendment supported the fight for African American voting rights. The 15 th Amendment ratified voting, except the voters and citizens established in the 15 th Amendment were male, which caused Susan B. Anthony and the other 15 women to be 2 Lewis, Jone Johnson. "American Woman Suffrage Association." About.com. About.com, n.d. Web. 2 Feb

4 arrested. This event connects with the 19 th Amendment because women were fighting for voting rights and some of the women were African Americans, so they were connected to the 15 th and 19 th Amendments. Susan B. Anthony was found guilty in court for unlawful voting. Judge Hunt was the judge when Susan B. Anthony was accused of the illegal voting. She called for the ratification of the 19 th Amendment. When he objected, he did not punish Susan B. Anthony in any way, for she might obtain a higher court, and possibly punish him. 3 He called for a one hundred dollar fee, but Anthony objected, saying, I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty. And I shall earnestly and persistently continue to urge all women... that resistance to tyranny is obedience to God. 4 In that case, he let her go, still denying the passage of the 19 th Amendment. 5 In 1890, former rivals, NWSA and AWSA merged, forming the National American Women Suffrage Association, (NAWSA). As the movement's mainstream organization, NAWSA waged state-by-state campaigns to obtain voting rights for women. NWSA s strategy included parades, protests and other supporting events state to state, persuading the government to finally pass the 19 th Amendment. NAWSA was initially led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and then followed by Susan B. Anthony and many other presidents until 1923, when NAWSA came to an end, and formed into the League of Women Voters (LWP), which still exists. On April 7, 1893, Colorado was the first state to approve a law permitting women to vote at each election. Ten years later, the National Women's Trade Union League (NWTUL) was 3 Peck, Ira. "Susan B. Anthony Dares to Vote!" Scholastic Publishes Literacy Resources and Children's Books for Kids of All Ages. Junior Scholastic, 10 Mar Web. 30 Dec < 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 4

5 founded at the convention of the American Federation of Labor in Boston, when it became clear that American labor had no intention of organizing America's women into trade unions. The goals of the NWTUL were to secure better conditions and improved wages for women as well as to encourage women to join the labor movement. Local branches were quickly established in Boston, Chicago and New York. This league encouraged women to fight for better working conditions and higher wages. 6 At the same time women were fighting for rights, the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) also fought for the rights for women. NACW wanted to improve the lives of impoverished African American women. Some of the members of the association include Harriet Tubman, Margaret Murray Washington, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett. These African American women led other African American women to freedom. This coalition was founded in 1896, adopting the motto, Lifting as We Climb. 7 One of NAWSA s adversaries, National Association Opposing Women s Suffrage, (NAOWS), had protested and fought against the passage of the 19 th Amendment. They established a newsletter called Women s Protest and later in 1918 was called Woman Patriot. NAOWS was led by a woman named Josephine Dodge. Even after the 19 th Amendment was approved, NAOWS still continued Woman Patriot through the 1920s. After the 19 th Amendment was approved, NAOWS still thought that woman suffrage would decrease women s work in communities and their ability to affect societal reforms. 8 Mrs. Dodge and the NAOWS 6 "National Women's Trade Union League of America." Open Collections Program: Women Working,. Harvard University, n.d. Web. 25 Nov "National Association of Colored Women." Pbs.org. Publiz Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 23 Jan "National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS)." Britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 14 Jan < 5

6 operated until their disbandment when the 19 th Amendment was ratified. They still maintained their motives even after the passage of the 19 th Amendment by continuing Woman Patriot. However, additional oppositions seemingly came from individuals such as Harry Burn, the youngest member of the Tennessee state legislature at 24 years old. He wore a red rose to signify his opposition to the 19 th Amendment. Harry Burn was certain to oppose the 19 th Amendment, but on the day of the vote; Burn received a letter from his mother saying, Hurrah, and vote for rights! 9 Despite his original intentions, Harry Burn changed his vote from no to aye. I know that a mother s advice is always safest for her boy to follow, he explained, and my mother wanted me to vote for ratification. 10 This shows that women have the power to change the minds of the men in control. Harry Burn changed the tie of 48 to 48 to 47 to 49. This vote changed the ratification of the 19 th Amendment. Tennessee s ratification was the final state needed for enactment of the 19 th Amendment. If it were not for Harry Burn s altered vote, the 19 th Amendment would not have been ratified, making women not as important as they are today. Another supporter of the 19 th Amendment was Women s Social and Political Union, (WSPU), which was formed in 1903, and conducted major events to indicate that their vote was in favor of the 19 th Amendment. Some of the events they conducted to fight for women s suffrage included chaining themselves to railings, burning down churches, attacking politicians, burning post boxes and breaking windows. 11 This Union was led by Emmeline Pankhurst. 9 Hiers, Cheryl. "War of the Roses: Nineteenth Amendment Battle in Nashville, TN." War of the Roses: Nineteenth Amendment Battle in Nashville, TN. Blue Shoe Nashville, n.d. Web. 16 Jan "The Mother Who Saved Suffrage: Passing the 19th Amendment." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 16 Aug Web. 01 Apr "What Did the Suffragettes Do?" John D Clare. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar

7 Emmeline Pankhurst was a member of the Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage but became frustrated at the NUWSS lack of success. With the help of her three daughters, Christabel Pankhurst, Sylvia Pankhurst and Adela Pankhurst, on 10th October 1903, she formed WSPU. 12 Finally, in 1919, the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate. It was sent to the states for ratification. The National Woman's Party, also known as NWP began a campaign to obtain ratification of the 19th Amendment by 36 state legislatures, the required amount of votes, since there were only forty eight states at the time. Thirty six states were three fourths of the United States. Article V in the United States Constitution stated, The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. 13 The states that did ratify the 19 th Amendment were, in order, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Kansas, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Texas, Iowa, 12 Simkin, John. "Women's Social & Political Union." Women's Social & Political Union. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar "The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 30 Mar

8 Missouri, Arkansas, Montana, Nebraska, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Utah, California, Maine, North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado, Kentucky, Rhode Island, Oregon, Indiana, Wyoming, Nevada, New Jersey, Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, West Virginia, Washington and Tennessee. More than sixty years after the ratification, Mississippi, the final state to ratify the 19 th Amendment, granted women full suffrage on March 22, The 19th Amendment to the US Constitution was finally ratified, granting women the right to vote. A political impact is women now hold powerful positions in the US government. In 1921, Warren G. Harding, the candidate for president at that time, wanted to attract women for their recent ability to vote. Women made up a powerful group supporting Warren G. Harding. 14 Currently, women are a part of the government by holding positions such as mayor, senator, etc. Two hundred ninety seven women total have served in the Senate and House of Representatives. The right to vote has caused women to become a part of the US government. The 19 th Amendment stated, The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 15 The 19 th Amendment had not just given women the right to vote, they were given more opportunities as well. One very powerful woman in the United States government is the Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius. Another is the Chair of the Federal Reserve, Janet Yellen. Another impact of the 19 th Amendment was that the presidents running for office following the amendment s ratification, needed to consider the effect of the women s vote on their possible election. Ever since the 19 th Amendment was approved, presidents aim to gain 14 "Warren G. Harding Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 31 Jan th Amendment to the United States Constitution 8

9 women s votes and they have addressed women s issues in their speeches. One example is President Woodrow Wilson, who addressed supporting women s suffrage. He stated, I regard the concurrence of the Senate in the Constitutional Amendment proposing the extension of the suffrage to women as vitally essential to the successful prosecution of the great war of humanity in which we are engaged. 16 Long after the 19 th Amendment was approved, Hillary Clinton ran for president in Even though she was not nominated by the Democratic Party, she set a powerful example for women. She said, "Too many women, in too many countries speak the same language, of silence." 17 This meant she wanted to change the way women never got the voice of suggesting new ideas. The 19 th Amendment also changed America by altering the families with women in them. The families that included wives and mothers were probably the most affected because the women of the families would have less time to clean, wash and take care of children. They were starting to take charge of things outside the home. They were going to their jobs, work, or even the election. The children in the families learned to be more responsible without their parents presence. The 19 th Amendment has impacted the world in many ways. It has helped display women as a powerful sector in the US government. Women now have the right to vote, and are given more opportunities to help the government. The 19 th Amendment was one of the vital components to women s history. It helped women become a bigger part of our society by 16 "Woodrow Wilson: Address Supporting Women's Suffrage Amendment, 30 Sept " Woodrow Wilson: Address Supporting Women's Suffrage Amendment, 30 Sept Government Printing Office, n.d. Web. 31 Mar "Hillary Clinton Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 22 Jan < 9

10 providing them with equal opportunities as men. They have more responsibility and more capability to do more for the US. 10

11 19 th amendment to the US Constitution Primary Sources Annotation: The 19 th amendment showed me how the US congress stated how women can vote it a very short sentence. I learned that giving women of America the right to vote was really easy, just two sentences. That showed me that US Congress finally realized after all of the protesting and parading, giving women the right to vote could be done in a quick and easy procedure. Anthony, Susan Brownell. "On Women's Right to Vote." Speech. Historyplace.com. History Place. Web. 18 Jan Annotation: This speech explained the perspective of the 19 th amendment from Susan B. Anthony s view. It showed me that Susan B. Anthony was brave to stand up for her cause, and that she was very influential to others. Actually reading the speech ensured that Susan B. Anthony really fought for the voting rights of women. Berryman, Clifford Kennedy. "Votes for Women Bandwagon." Cartoon. Loc.gov. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 17 Jan < Annotation: This cartoon showed how strong the fight was for women s rights. It explained how people who supported the 19 th amendment were truly devoted to their cause. It displayed how defenders of the 19 th amendment tried to change the decision of the opposing citizens. In the cartoon, the bandwagon caught everyone s attention, causing people to consider the thought of supporting the 19 th amendment. Burn, Febb E. "Don't Forget to Be a Good Boy." Letter to Harry Burn. 17 Aug MS. C.M. McClung Historical Collection, Knoxville, TN. Annotation: Harry Burn, a former opponent to the 19 th amendment, got a letter from his mother the day of the vote for ratification of the 19 th amendment. Although he wore a red rose establishing his opposition to the 19 th amendment, Burn changed his vote from a no to a yes. He had broken the deadlock of the 48 to 48 vote, and was the last state to ratify the 19 th amendment. This letter showed me how Harry Burn followed his mother in choosing the right choice. Chicago, Burke and Atwell. Suffragists Protest Woodrow Wilson's Opposition to Woman Suffrage, October Photograph. Records of the National Woman's Party, Washington D.C. Annotation: Woodrow Wilson, the candidate for president at the time, opposed to the vote of women. This photograph showed the women who protested against Woodrow Wilson because 11

12 of his antagonism of the 19 th amendment. The women in this photo held signs and banners against Woodrow Wilson because of this. "Defeats in Women Suffrage." Remonstrance [Boston] Jan. 1909: 6. Print. Annotation: This article described how the defeats of women suffrage changed from 1906 through As each state was mentioned, I noticed more and more how supporters of women s rights worked really hard to earn the execution of anti- women suffrage. It shows how hard it was for women to finally gain the right to vote. Gustin, E. W. "Election Day!" Cartoon. Loc.gov. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 15 Dec Marble, Anne, Maud Malone, and Harriot Stanton. Annotation: The cartoon outlined how the woman goes to the ballot to turn in her vote, when the man wears a confused look as he holds to babies. The cartoon shows how when the 19 th amendment is ratified, the women will take place as a man s job, and the man does all of the woman s work. I think the cartoon is opposing to the ratification of the 19 th amendment. Women Who Want the Ballot Give Their Reasons. 3 Nov Photograph. Miller NAWSA Suffrage Scrapbooks, , Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington D.C. Annotation: Seeing this picture gave me the view of NAWSA to their reasons to ratify the 19 th amendment. Reading reason after reason, I finally understood how much supporters of the 19 th amendment wanted to grant ability of women voting. This picture showed me how much women fought for their rights. Ratification of 19th Amendment. 24 Aug Photograph. Amendments to the Constitution, n.p. Annotation: After reading the actual 19 th amendment, I saw how serious and intense the fight was for women s rights. The 19 th amendment showed me the strict guidelines of who could vote and who couldn t. The amendment was very professional, and very strict on how only women over 21 could vote, and anyone under 21 could not. As I was reading the actual amendment, I saw that the supporters of the 19 th amendment really wanted equal rights of everyone, not just women. United States Congress. Women Suffrage: Hearings on Woman Suffrage, March 3, Washington: G.P.O., Print. Annotation: This book showed the perspective of the Congress with the 19 th amendment. I showed the opposers and the supporters within the US Congress. The book had lots of visual content, having me envision the perspectives of opposers and supporters. Each different 12

13 picture and each word of the book ensured how every citizen looked in opposition and supporting the 19 th amendment in a different way. "Votes for Women." Cartoon. Loc.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec Annotation: The little girl telling the boy a rhyme of how women and supporters of the 19 th amendment showed how women listen to the US government, and how they want something to say in return. The cartoon showed how everyone knows about the fight of women s rights, even children. This explained how big the concern of equal rights was. 13

14 Secondary Sources "America's Historical Documents." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 17 Jan Annotation: This picture showed the 19 th amendment to the US Constitution and how the amendment was printed and how they established the law of having women vote. Nowadays, everyone can vote, as long as they are 18 and a US citizen. That wouldn t have happened without the 19 th amendment. If the 19 th amendment wasn t ratified, only men of America could vote, while women cleaned, cooked and looked after their children. Burgan, Michael. The 19th Amendment. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point, Print. Annotation: This book showed me the basics of the 19 th amendment and how it changed the people. It told me that the 19 th amendment had impacted the world in many ways. This book told me that the 19 th amendment had altered the direction of rights and had changed women by giving them more rights. Davis, Lucile. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: A Photo-illustrated Biography. Mankato, MN: Bridgestone, Print. Annotation: This showed me how Elizabeth Cady Stanton was devoted to her cause. The images that were within this book were very visual to tell me that Elizabeth Cady Stanton had fought very hard to ratify the 19 th amendment. Each picture displayed the fact that Elizabeth Cady Stanton supported the end of women suffrage. Deruy, Emily. "Does Women's Equality Day Really Mean Anything?" Fusion Beta (2013): n. pag. Web. 16 Jan < Annotation: This article explained to me the perspective of one who doesn t think the 19 th amendment was enough. The author explained the current gap between men and women. They think that even though women have more rights, they should have some more. Even though there is a women equality day, does it matter? That is the question that is asked by the author of this article. Hiers, Cheryl. "War of the Roses: Nineteenth Amendment Battle in Nashville, TN." War of the Roses: Nineteenth Amendment Battle in Nashville, TN. Blue Shoe Nashville, n.d. Web. 16 Jan Annotation: This website told me about the letter from Harry Burn s mother to him, breaking the deadlock of the Tennessee vote of ratification of the 19 th amendment. Harry Burn wore a red rose signifying himself as an opponent of the 19 th amendment. But the letter his mother wrote to him had altered his vote. That is the information this website told me about. 14

15 "Hillary Clinton Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 22 Jan < Annotation: This website showed me how important Hillary Clinton was and how she supported the equality of opposite gender. It told me that she devoted her life in changing the outlook of women and running for different positions in the government. She was an important role in helping women and the US in looking at the inequality of men and women. "Home." Our Documents. Our Documents, n.d. Web. 17 Jan < Annotation: This showed me an actual image of the 19 th amendment. The explanation showed me the basic information of the 19 th amendment. The dates posted on the website ensured the times that the 19 th amendment was ratified and when other important dates that led up to the 19 th amendment. Imbornoni, Ann-Marie. "Women s rights Movement in the U.S." Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 15 Jan < Annotation: This was the website that explained all of the dates that related to the passage of the 19 th amendment. It showed me the exact dates of the passage of the amendment, the creations of the anti-suffrage groups and other important dates that had to happen to ratify the 19 th amendment. Other related dates, like the passage of the 15 th amendment were there too. The timeline of events helped me secure my understanding of the 19 th amendment. Lcweb2.loc.gov. Library of Congress, 26 Aug Web. 15 Jan < Annotation: This website helped me know the dates and events that happened during the women suffrage movement. The very important and other not very important dates were established on the website. Starting at 1776, and ending 1923, the timeline on the website ensured the facts, dates and events of the ratification of the 19 th amendment. Lewis, Jone Johnson. "American Woman Suffrage Association." About.com. About.com, n.d. Web. 2 Feb Annotation: This website how AWSA fought for women suffrage, and the ratification of the 15 th amendment. It told me the history of AWSA and how they fought for African American rights as well as women rights. AWSA had been devoted into helping those who don t have equal rights as white men. And this website told me how and why. "National Association of Colored Women." Pbs.org. Publiz Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 23 Jan

16 Annotation: This website showed me the history of NACW, National Association of Colored Women. It showed me the opinion of African American suffrage at NACW s view. I saw the relation between the ratification of the 19 th amendment and the fight of African American voting rights. It showed me elaborate details in how NACW fought for their voting rights and how they were formed. This website explained to me about NACW. "National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS)." Britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 14 Jan < Annotation: This website told me about the rival of NAWSA, NAOWS. The information contained in this website was important to include in my paper because NAOWS had many people that had a different view of the 19 th amendment. One of the most important things were contained in this website, and that was opposition. The 19 th amendment wouldn t have been such a big fight if everyone supported it. That is what this website told me about. "National Women's History Museum." Education & Resources. National Women's History Museum, n.d. Web. 18 Jan Annotation: This website gave me information about Susan B. Anthony, one of the most important roles of the 19 th amendment. It also gave me other sources to refer from. The biography of Susan B. Anthony helped me analyze how she devoted her life to this cause. This website helped me educate myself of Susan B. Anthony and find other resources that help me write this paper. "National Women's Trade Union League of America." Open Collections Program: Women Working,. Harvard University, n.d. Web. 25 Nov Annotation: This website told me about NWTUL, National Women s Trade Union League, which helped women who were working have better conditions and wages. It told me about the history and facts about NWTUL and how it was formed and the strategies it used to help women work with better wages and better working conditions. It also told me about how "The 19th Amendment." Archives.gov. U.S. National Archives & Records Adminastration, n.d. Web. 15 Nov < Annotation: This website outlined the basic idea of the 19th amendment, creating an image of how the supporters of the 19th amendment fought to have women have the ability to vote. The website gave me pictures and information of the 19 th amendment. It showed me how the 19 th amendment impacted America and how it was ratified by hard work of supporters of the amendment. It explained how ratifying the amendment took lots of strategizing and work. Peck, Ira. "Susan B. Anthony Dares to Vote!" Scholastic Publishes Literacy Resources and Children's Books for Kids of All Ages. Junior Scholastic, 10 Mar Web. 30 Dec < 16

17 Annotation: This website told me about how Susan B. Anthony tested her rights about voting. The website was packed with important information. It helped me analyze the way Susan B. Anthony really wanted more rights. The information was helpful because it showed Susan B. Anthony s feelings, but also the judge s perspectives also. "Remarks of Susan B. Anthony at Her Trial for Illegal Voting:Stanton and Anthony Papers Online." Remarks of Susan B. Anthony at Her Trial for Illegal Voting:Stanton and Anthony Papers Online. The Elizabeth Cady Stanton AndSusan B. Anthony Paper Project, Aug Web. 23 Jan < Annotation: This website outlined the confidence of Susan B. Anthony about how she really wants the 19 th amendment ratified. Her argument with Judge Hunt showed me that both were very stubborn and devoted their time to their cause. Susan B. Anthony was accused for unlawful voting and she explained to Judge Hunt that she wouldn t pay or follow any punishments for unjust penalties. Suffrage Right to Vote School House Rock Cartoon History Lesson Educational Video. Perf. School House Rock Youtube. Annotation: This informative video musically explained the basic information of how the 19 th amendment was ratified and how women and supporters of the 19 th amendment had to work hard to convince the US Congress to pass the 19 th amendment. It highlighted Susan B. Anthony as an important character in the ratification of the 19 th amendment. Sullivan, George. The Day the Women Got the Vote: A Photo History of the Women s rights Movement. New York: Scholastic, Print. Annotation: This book had a visual view of the 19 th amendment. Each picture explained how many protests, parades and conventions it took to ratify the 19 th amendment. The images created a vivid scene of how supporters of the 19 th amendment displayed big events to have the US Congress pass the 19 th amendment. "Susan B. Anthony House." Susan B. Anthony: Her Story. Susan B. Anthony House, n.d. Web. 18 Jan Annotation: This website was made just for Susan b. Anthony. This particular page informed me of how Susan B. Anthony had helped women that had supported the 19 th amendment to have their rights extended. The website had told me about how Susan B. Anthony was an abolitionist, suffragist, educational reformer, labor activist, and many other important jobs to spread the word to support the 19 th amendment. 17

18 "Susan B. Anthony- Top Ten Greatest Speeches." Time, n.d. Web. 17 Jan < Annotation: In one of Time s magazines, Susan B. Anthony s speech was featured. Reading about how people thought that it was very inspirational explained to me that Susan B. Anthony had made a very inspirational speech to motivate those who were neutral about the 19 th amendment to come and support the 19 th amendment instead of fight against it. "Votes for Women: The National American Woman Suffrage Association." Votes for Women: The National American Woman Suffrage Association. American Memory, 19 Oct Web. 20 Jan < Annotation: This website told me the basics of how NWSA and AWSA were formed, and why they weren t just one group. I used this information to tell readers that NWSA and AWSA had different strategies, and ended up forming into one group using both strategies to ensure the ratification of the 19 th amendment. "Warren G. Harding Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 31 Jan Annotation: This website told me the life story of Warren G. Harding and how he aimed for women votes, supporting his vote number for his election for president. It showed me how Warren G. Harding had a very political life, and he supported women with the ratification of the 19 th amendment. It also told me about the way he had a life- long political career. "Women of the Hall." Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Women of the Hall, n.d. Web. 16 Jan Annotation: This biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton had very detailed events of how Elizabeth Cady Stanton supported the 19 th amendment. It told me that she devoted her time into the ratification of the 19 th amendment, and she had led the first women suffrage convention in Seneca Falls, New York. She and her husband were main roles in the ratification of the 19 th amendment. "Women of the Hall." Susan B. Anthony. Women of the Hall, n.d. Web. 14 Jan Annotation: This biography of Susan B. Anthony had devoted her life to ratifying the 19 th amendment. She had died before the passage of the 19 th amendment, but she had said, Failure is impossible. The biography had centered on how she hadn t been alive to see the ratification of the 19 th amendment, but she still motivated those who supported the 19 th amendment to never give up. 18