Chapter 8 Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism (p )

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1 MAIN IDEAS NOTES Progressivism (p. 292) Who were the Progressives? Democrats and Republicans Urban, educated, middle-class 1.) Wanted to Collection of different ideas and activities Response to problems in American society that had been created by industrialism Honest government Women s suffrage Limit child labor Reduce alcohol abuse Created charities to help the poor and disadvantaged 2.) Wanted to be Poverty of working class Urban problems lack of sanitation and crime Wanted to fix government so it could fix other problems Pushed for new laws to fix social problems Believed science and technology could solve society s problems The Muckrakers (p. 293) 1.) muckrakers Nicknamed by Theodore Roosevelt Named after a character in Pilgrim s Progress by John Bunyan who scraped up filth on the ground, ignoring everything else Print media helped to spread muckrakers ideas and calls for reform a.) = criticized Standard Oil b.) = photos of photographs and articles on urban conditions in immigrant neighborhoods How the Other Half Lives (1890) = photos of slums See Primary Source in p. 293 Charles Edward Russell beef industry Lincoln Steffens vote stealing and urban political machines Page #

2 Government Reform (p. 294) Progressives disagreed on the best way to fix corruption in government 1.) Use to make government more The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) by Frederick W. Taylor Manage time, break tasks into small parts, use standardized tools Corruption and inefficiency in city governments Mayor and city council gave supporters jobs as heads of city departments 2.) = see p. 295 _ divide city government into several departments with each one under an expert commissioner s control b.) city council would hire a city manager to run the city (instead of a mayor) See New Types of Government on p Political Reforms (p ) 1.) Wanted to all party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election direct primaries replaced party bosses selecting convention delegates to nominate candidates of their choice Robert M. La Follette (R governor of Wisconsin) Wisconsin became known as the laboratory of democracy because they were the first to use the direct primary 3.) citizens can introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it citizens can vote on proposed laws directly without going to the legislature 5.) citizens can demand a special election to remove an elected official from office before his term expires 6.) State legislatures could elect 2 senators to the US Congress Meant to allow state government to check the power of the federal government (federalism / checks and balances) Political machines and big businesses influenced elections Elected senators gave supporters federal contracts and jobs (the spoils system) a.) Amendment (1913) = Page #

3 Early Women s Suffrage (p. 296) Suffrage = right to vote 1.) began with Abolishing slavery was the priority As women campaigned for the rights of African Americans, they also wanted to share in those rights 1848 = Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments = included the right to suffrage for women in their list of reforms See The Woman Suffrage Movement Timeline on p th Amendment = freed slaves 14 th Amendment = granted citizenship 15 th Amendment = gave suffrage to African American men Women campaigned to be part of the 15 th Amendment 2,) Association (NWSA) Founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony New York City 1869 a.) Supported a for women s suffrage 3.) Association (AWSA) Founded by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe Boston a.) Wanted women to have b.) = first state to give women suffrage (1869) See map on p. 297 Women Gain Suffrage (p. 297) 1.) 1890 = Association (NAWSA) Formed by the NWSA and AWSA Gradually more women joined to promote Progressive reforms a.) More women joined b.) Wanted protecting women Lobbying, marches, speeches March 3, 1913 = suffragists marched on Washington, DC the day before President Wilson was inaugurated Organized by Alice Paul (a Quaker) Alice Paul wanted to confront Wilson about women s suffrage Other members of NAWSA wanted to negotiate with Wilson b.) Also, blocked sidewalks, chained themselves to lampposts Page #

4 3.) 1915 = took over NAWSA Began a nationwide campaign for women s suffrage Supported Wilson for reelection 4.) 1918 = proposal for an The proposal failed by two votes in the Senate 1918 = NAWSA helped to defeat 2 anti-suffrage senators in elections 5.) 1919 = slightly more than amendment 6.) Aug. 26, 1920 = a.) Amendment = Child Labor (p. 298) Reforming Society (p. 298) Rural children had always worked on farms 1.) Children faced The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906) by John Spargo breaker boys in coal mines 9-10 year old boys who pick slag out of coal 60 cents for a 10-hour work day Backs ended up bent permanently and hands were crippled 2.) States set a that children could work Health and Safety Codes (p ) 1.) States passed Insurance funds financed by employers Injured workers in accidents received payments from funds 2.) (1905) a.) States could Overturned a New York law limiting bakers from working more than 10 hours per day Said the state does not have the right to interfere with the liberty of employers and employees 3.) (1908) a.) States could Said that healthy mothers were the state s concern Argued that limiting their working hours did not violate their 14 th Amendment regulated how land and building can be used in towns Divided towns into commercial, residential, etc. 5.) minimum standards for light, air, room size, sanitation, fire escapes 6.) restaurants and public facilities must be clean Page #

5 The Prohibition Movement (p. 299) Reasons people drank alcohol instead of water Whiskey was cheaper than milk or beer Safer and more sanitary to drink than water 1.) Problems caused by b.) 2.) Movement = 1874 = Woman s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) 1911 = 250,000 members Women temperance groups would sing hymns and read from the Bible in front of saloons to shame the men 1893 = Anti-Saloon League formed by Protestant ministers Parades with bands to encourage drinkers to jump on the bandwagon and commit to stop drinking Falling off the wagon = going back to drinking 3.) Banned the making, selling, and drinking alcohol Maine (1851) and eight other states passed laws banning alcohol sales before the Civil War Kansas became the first state to constitutionally ban the manufacture or sale of alcohol ( years before the 18 th Amendment to the US Constitution) The Kansas amendment was not well-enforced. Many times a saloon would continue operating and pay a minor fee for breaking this law. Big Business Reform (p. 299) 1.) Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) (1887) = meant to regulate businesses Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) = meant to breakup monopolies 3.) Socialism = Eugene V. Debs ran for the American Socialist Party in the Election of 1912 Debs was the former American Railway Union leader Debs won nearly one million votes in 1912 Page #