Constitutional Law schwartz ringhand 2e final pages.indb 1 6/21/17 1:52 PM

Transcription

1 Constitutional Law

2 Carolina Academic Press Context and Practice Series Michael Hunter Schwartz Series Editor Administrative Law Richard Henry Seamon Advanced Torts Alex B. Long and Meredith J. Duncan Animal Law New Perspectives on Teaching Traditional Law Kathy Hessler, Joyce Tischler, Pamela Hart, and Sonia S. Waisman Antitrust Law Steven Semeraro Civil Procedure Gerald F. Hess, Theresa M. Beiner, and Scott R. Bauries Civil Procedure for All States Benjamin V. Madison, III Complex Litigation James M. Underwood Constitutional Law, Second Edition David Schwartz and Lori Ringhand A Context and Practice Global Case File: An Intersex Athlete s Constitutional Challenge, Hastings v. USATF, IAAF, and IOC Olivia M. Farrar A Context and Practice Global Case File: Rossi v. Bryce, An International Embryo and Surrogacy Dispute Olivia M. Farrar A Context and Practice Global Case File: Thorpe v. Lightfoot, A Mother s International Hague Petition for the Return of Her Child Olivia M. Farrar Contracts, Second Edition Michael Hunter Schwartz and Adrian Walters

3 Criminal Law Steven I. Friedland, Catherine Carpenter, Kami Chavis, and Catherine Arcabsacio Current Issues in Constitutional Litigation, Second Edition Sarah E. Ricks, with co-author Evelyn M. Tenenbaum Employment Discrimination, Second Edition Susan Grover, Sandra F. Sperino, and Jarod S. Gonzalez Energy Law Joshua P. Fershee Evidence, Second Edition Pavel Wonsowicz International Business Transactions Amy Deen Westbrook International Women s Rights, Equality, and Justice Christine M. Venter The Lawyer s Practice Kris Franklin Professional Responsibility Barbara Glesner Fines Property Alicia Kelly and Nancy Knauer Sales, Second Edition Edith R. Warkentine Secured Transactions Edith R. Warkentine and Jerome A. Grossman Torts Paula J. Manning Workers Compensation Law, Second Edition Michael C. Duff Your Brain and Law School Marybeth Herald

4

5 Constitutional Law A Context and Practice Casebook Second Edition David S. Schwartz Foley & Lardner-Bascom Professor of Law University of Wisconsin Law School Lori A. Ringhand J. Alton Hosch Professor of Law University of Georgia School of Law Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina

6 Copyright 2017 Carolina Academic Press, LLC All Rights Reserved LCCN: ISBN: eisbn: Carolina Academic Press, LLC 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina Telephone (919) Fax (919) Printed in the United States of America

7 We dedicate this book to John Kidwell. John was our teacher, mentor, colleague and friend. He inspired us in so many ways, and was taken from us much too soon.

8

9 Summary of Contents List of Diagrams and Figures Table of Cases Series Editor s Preface Preface to the Second Edition part one Legislative Power and Federalism xxi xxiii xxix xxxi Chapter 1 Legislative Power 3 Chapter 2 Limitations on State Powers 231 part two Separation of Powers Chapter 3 Executive Power 291 Chapter 4 Other Separation- of- Powers Issues 495 part three Judicial Power Chapter 5 Judicial Review 549 Chapter 6 Justiciability 609 part four Due Pro cess, Fundamental Rights, and Equal Protection Chapter 7 Substantive Due Pro cess 655 Chapter 8 Equal Protection 775 part five The First Amendment Chapter 9 Freedom of Speech 987 Chapter 10 Religious Freedom 1103 Appendix The Constitution of the United States 1171 Index 1189 ix

10

11 Contents List of Diagrams and Figures Table of Cases Series Editor s Preface Preface to the Second Edition part one Legislative Power and Federalism xi xxi xxiii xxix xxxi Chapter 1 Legislative Power 3 A. The Prob lem of Enumerated Powers 3 B. The Prob lem of Implied Powers 6 McCulloch v. Mary land 9 C. The Commerce Clause Doctrinal Origins 22 Gibbons v. Ogden The Lochner Era: 1880s to Hammer v. Dagenhart 31 Car ter v. Car ter Coal Co. 37 Exercises: The Lochner Era 42 Franklin D. Roo se velt s Victory Dinner Speech The New Deal Turnaround and the Reaction to the Lochner Era: 1937 to National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 48 United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 51 Wickard v. Filburn 54 Exercises: The New Deal Turnaround 57 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States The Modern Era: The Commerce Clause Since United States v. Lopez 63 Exercises: Lopez 71 United States v. Morrison 72 Exercises: Lopez and Morrison 78 Exercise: The Affordable Care Act Case 78 Gonzales v. Raich 80 Exercise: The ACA Case (continued) 92 Department of Health and Human Ser vices, et al. v. State of Florida, et al. 93 National Federation of In de pen dent Business v. Sebelius 94 D. The Tenth Amendment 110 New York v. United States 113 Printz v. United States 120 Exercise: Printz v. United States 128

12 xii Contents Reno v. Condon 128 Bond v. United States 131 Recap: Tenth Amendment 135 Exercise: Commandeering 135 E. The Taxing and Spending Powers The Taxing Power 136 Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 137 United States v. Kahriger 141 Exercises: The Taxing Power 146 National Federation of In de pen dent Business v. Sebelius 146 Recap: The Taxing Power The Spending Power 153 United States v. Butler 154 South Dakota v. Dole 161 Exercise: The ACA Case and the Spending Power 166 National Federation of In de pen dent Business v. Sebelius 167 F. The Civil War Amendments Foundational Doctrine 179 Katzenbach v. Morgan 180 a. The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment 184 b. The Incorporation Doctrine 185 City of Boerne v. Flores 186 United States v. Morrison 191 Recap The Enforcement Clauses and the Eleventh Amendment 195 Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer 196 Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida 198 Exercise: The Enforcement Provisions and the Eleventh Amendment 203 Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 204 Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 208 G. The Treaty Power 212 Missouri v. Holland 212 Bond v. United States 215 Exercise: Enumerated Powers 228 Professional Development Reflection Questions 229 Chapter 2 Limitations on State Powers 231 A. Overview 231 B. The Dormant Commerce Clause Foundational Doctrine 233 H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond Facially Discriminatory Laws 236 City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 237 C&A Carbone v. Town of Clarkstown Facially Neutral Laws 241 Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission 241 Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Analy sis if Discriminatory 247 Dean Milk v. City of Madison 247

13 Contents xiii Maine v. Taylor Analy sis if Not Discriminatory 252 Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines 252 Exercises: Applying the Dormant Commerce Clause Exceptions 255 Reeves v. Stake 255 South- Central Timber Development v. Wunnicke 259 C. The Privileges and Immunities Clause 266 Hicklin v. Orbeck 266 United Building and Construction Trades Council v. City of Camden 270 D. Preemption 274 Geier v. American Honda Motor Co. 277 part two Separation of Powers Chapter 3 Executive Power 291 A. Overview 291 B. Foundational Doctrine 292 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 293 C. War and National Security Executive Powers over the Conduct of Hostilities 307 President Lincoln s Proclamation of Blockade 309 The Prize Cases 310 President Johnson s Message to Congress 318 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 319 Statement by the President on the Passage of the Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia 320 Massachusetts v. Laird 320 War Powers Resolution 324 President Nixon s Veto of War Powers Resolution 328 Certification of Congress Regarding Override of the War Powers Resolution Veto 331 Recap: The War Powers Resolution 332 Campbell v. Clinton 333 Recap: War Powers Suspension of Habeas Corpus 344 a. The Civil War 345 An Act Relating to Habeas Corpus, and Regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases 345 Lincoln s Proclamation Suspending Habeas Corpus throughout the United States, September 15, Ex Parte Milligan 348 b. World War II 354 Korematsu v. United States 354 Ex Parte Quirin 359 Johnson v. Eisentrager 365 c. The War on Terrorism 372 Authorization for Use of Military Force 373 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 375 Boumediene v. Bush 389

14 xiv Contents D. Foreign Affairs 404 United States v. Curtiss- Wright Export Corp. 404 Zivotofsky v. Kerry 409 Exercise: Foreign Affairs 423 E. Executive Privileges and Immunities 423 United States v. Nixon 425 Nixon v. Fitzgerald 429 Clinton v. Jones 435 F. The Veto Power 440 Exercise: The Veto Power 443 G. Executive Orders and Presidential Direct Action Types of Presidential Direct Action 443 a. Executive Orders and Proclamations 444 b. Other Presidential Direct Action Devices Legal and Constitutional Status 446 H. Appointment and Removal of Executive Officers Appointment 449 Buckley v. Valeo Removal 454 Myers v. United States 455 Humphrey s Executor v. United States Synthesis: Appointment and Removal Powers 463 Morrison v. Olson 464 Recap: Appointment and Removal Powers 475 I. The Take Care Clause The Duty to Adhere to Supreme Court Constitutional Interpretations 478 President Andrew Jackson s Message in Support of His Veto of the Re- Charter of the Bank of the United States 478 Lincoln v. Douglas on Judicial Supremacy: The 1858 Illinois Senate Race Faithful Execution: Does the President Have Power to Decline to Enforce Laws He Deems Unconstitutional? 488 Opinion of the Office of Legal Counsel: Presidential Authority to Decline to Execute Unconstitutional Statutes 489 Exercise: The Take Care Clause and Related Matters 492 Professional Development Reflection Questions 493 Chapter 4 Other Separation- of- Powers Issues 495 A. Overview 495 B. Integrity of the Legislative Pro cess 496 Immigration and Naturalization Ser vice v. Chadha 496 Exercise: Legislative Veto and War Powers 506 Clinton v. City of New York 507 Recap: Chadha and Clinton v. New York 515 Exercise: Chadha and Clinton v. New York 515 C. The Administrative State Administrative Lawmaking Power: The Nondelegation Doctrine Non- Article III Adjudicatory Power Synthesis: Del e ga tion of Legislative and Judicial Power 521 Mistretta v. United States 522

15 Contents xv Exercises: Other Separation- of- Powers Questions 539 D. Impeachment 540 Articles of Impeachment [of Richard Nixon] 543 Resolution Impeaching William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors 544 Exercise: Impeachment 545 part three Judicial Power Chapter 5 Judicial Review 549 A. Overview 549 B. Historical Antecedents The Po liti cal Revolution of 1800 and Marbury v. Madison Judiciary Act of The Judiciary Act of Marbury v. Madison 555 Stuart v. Laird 563 C. Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy 565 Scott v. Sandford 566 Exercise: Judicial Review and Constitutional Interpretation 581 Cooper v. Aaron 581 D. Supreme Court Review of State Court Opinions 587 Martin v. Hunter s Lessee 588 Michigan v. Long 595 Exercises: Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions 600 E. Judicial Review in Practice 600 F. The Exceptions Clause 601 Ex parte McCardle 602 United States v. Klein 603 Exercise: The Exceptions Clause 606 Recap: Judicial Review 606 Professional Development Reflection Questions 607 Chapter 6 Justiciability 609 A. Overview 609 B. Foundational Doctrine 609 C. Standing Basic Doctrine 611 Allen v. Wright 612 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife Organizational and Representational Standing 626 Raines v. Byrd 627 D. Advisory Opinions 634 E. Ripeness 636 F. Mootness 637 G. Political Question 637 Walter L. Nixon v. United States 639 Exercises: Justiciability 648 Professional Development Reflection Questions 649

16 xvi Contents part four Due Pro cess, Fundamental Rights, and Equal Protection Chapter 7 Substantive Due Pro cess 655 A. Overview 655 B. Foundational Doctrine The State Action Requirement The Privileges or Immunities Clause 659 Barron v. Baltimore 659 The Slaughter house Cases Incorporation and Due Pro cess 672 Twining v. New Jersey 673 Brown v. Mississippi 678 Professional Development Reflection Question Selective or Total Incorporation? 681 Palko v. Connecticut 682 Adamson v. California 683 Rochin v. California 686 C. Fundamental Rights and Economic Regulation 688 Lochner v. New York 690 Meyer v. Nebraska 698 Pierce v. Society of Sisters 699 Recap: Early Fundamental Rights Doctrine 702 Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo 702 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 705 United States v. Carolene Products Co. 708 Ferguson v. Skrupa 710 Exercise: Substantive Due Pro cess and Economic Regulation 712 D. Fundamental Rights and Personal Liberties 712 Justice Harlan: Poe v. Ullman 713 Justice Scalia: Michael H. v. Gerald D. 715 Justice Kennedy: Lawrence v. Texas 717 Griswold v. Connecticut 718 Roe v. Wade 728 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 738 Professional Development Reflection Question 750 Whole Woman s Health v. Hellerstedt 751 Washington v. Glucksberg 761 Recap: Fundamental Rights and Personal Liberties 770 McDonald v. City of Chicago 770 Chapter 8 Equal Protection 775 A. Overview 775 B. Foundational Doctrine Rational Basis Review 778 Railway Express Agency v. New York 779 Central State University v. American Association of University Professors 783 Exercise: Rational Basis Review The State Action Requirement 786 Shelley v. Kraemer 787

17 Contents xvii Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis 789 Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co. 792 Brentwood Acad emy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association 796 Exercise: The State Action Doctrine 800 C. Strict Scrutiny and Race Discrimination The Historical Development of Strict Judicial Scrutiny of Race Discrimination 802 Strauder v. West Virginia 803 The Civil Rights Cases (United States v. Stanley) 807 Plessy v. Ferguson 818 Korematsu v. United States 825 Brown v. Board of Education 831 A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases 837 Loving v. Virginia The Intentional Discrimination Requirement 844 Yick Wo v. Hopkins 844 Palmer v. Thompson 849 Exercise: Discriminatory Purpose 854 Washington v. Davis Affirmative Action 858 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 859 City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. 872 Grutter v. Bollinger 880 Recap: Affirmative Action 888 Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin ( Fisher II ) 889 Schuette v. Co ali tion to Defend Affirmative Action 901 D. Sex Discrimination 918 Bradwell v. Illinois 919 Reed v. Reed 921 Frontiero v. Richardson 923 Craig v. Boren 926 Professional Development Reflection Question 930 United States v. Virginia 931 E. Sexual Orientation and Not- Quite- Suspect Classifications 945 Romer v. Evans 946 Recap: Not-Quite-Suspect Classifications 956 F. Equal Protection and Fundamental Rights 956 Obergefell v. Hodges 957 part five The First Amendment Chapter 9 Freedom of Speech 987 A. Overview 987 B. Foundational Doctrine Basic Princi ples Vagueness and Overbreadth 991 a. Vagueness 991 b. Overbreadth 992

18 xviii Contents c. Vagueness and Overbreadth Compared 994 C. Content- Based and Content- Neutral Regulation Content- Neutral Regulation of Expressive Conduct 996 United States v. O Brien 997 Clark v. Community for Creative Non- Violence 1001 Texas v. Johnson Time, Place, or Manner Regulations 1015 Frisby v. Schultz 1016 City of Ladue v. Gilleo 1021 Recap: Content- Based and Content- Neutral Laws Viewpoint Discrimination 1025 Exercise: Content- Based and Content- Neutral Laws 1026 D. Unprotected Speech Incitement 1027 Brandenburg v. Ohio 1029 Exercise: Incitement Fighting Words and Offensive Speech 1034 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire 1034 Cohen v. California 1036 Recap: Fighting Words 1041 Exercise: Fighting Words Hate Speech 1042 R.A.V. v. St. Paul 1042 Virginia v. Black 1055 Exercise: Hate Speech Obscenity and Indecency 1067 Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union 1069 E. Speech- Related Rights Freedom of Association 1081 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson 1081 Hurley v. Irish- American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston 1085 Boy Scouts of Amer i ca v. Dale 1090 Recap: Hurley and Dale 1100 Exercise: Freedom of Association Press and Petition 1101 Chapter 10 Religious Freedom 1103 A. Overview 1103 B. Establishment Clause Foundational Doctrine: State Support for Religious Institutions 1104 Everson v. Board of Education 1104 Lemon v. Kurtzman School Prayer 1116 Lee v. Weisman Legislative Prayer 1122 Town of Greece v. Galloway 1122 Exercise: Establishment Clause 1137 C. The Free Exercise Clause 1138

19 Contents xix Sherbert v. Verner 1139 United States v. Lee 1143 Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 1146 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1153 Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores 1159 Appendix The Constitution of the United States 1171 Index 1189

20

21 List of Diagrams and Figures Figure 1.1. Second Bank of the United States Building, Philadelphia 20 Figure 1.2. The Transformation of the Supreme Court under FDR 57 Figure 1.3. Hitting the Bullseye 211 Figure 2.1. Minnesota 244 Figure 2.2. Preemption Doctrine 275 Figure IV.1. Rights Roadmap 652 Figure IV.2. Levels of Scrutiny 653 Figure IV.3. Levels of Deference 654 Figure 9.1. Freedom of Speech Analytical Flow Chart 986 xxi

22

23 Table of Cases Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919), 989, 1028 Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46 (1947), Adkins v. Children s Hospital of D.C., 261 U.S. 525 (1923), 704, 972 A.L.A. Schecter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), 44 n.8, 518 Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737 (1984), , 649 Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1922), Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962), 638 Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 243 (1833), Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, 359 U.S. 520 (1959), Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the FBI, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), 424 Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954), 344 n.1, 801, Bond v. United States, 131 S. Ct (2011), Bond v. United States ( Bond II ), 572 U.S. 134 S. Ct (2014), Boos v. Barry, 485 U.S. 312 (1988), 1026, 1040, 1041 Borough of Duryea, Pennsylvania v. Guarnieri, 131 S. Ct (2011), 1101 Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008), 373, Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), 956 Bowsher v. Synar, 478 U.S. 714 (1986), 462 Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000), , 1100 Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. 130 (1873), , Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969), Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972), 1101 Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association, 531 U.S. 288 (2001), 786, Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601 (1973), 993 Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), , 836, 843, 956, 983 Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936), 672, Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976), Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, 573 U. S. (2014), C&A Carbone v. Town of Clarkstown, 511 U.S. 383 (1994), 236, Campbell v. Clinton, 203 F.3d 19 (D.C. Cir. 2000), Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940), 1037, 1040 Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238 (1936), 36 41, 44 n.8, 57 fig., 110 Central State University v. American Association of University Professors, 526 U.S. 124 (1999), Champion v. Ames, 188 U.S. 321 (1903), 30, 35, 146 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942), , 1040, 1041 The Child Labor Tax Case. See Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. xxiii

24 xxiv Table of Cases Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 (1993), Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm n, 558 U. S. 310 (2010), 1101 City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997), 184, , , 587, 594 City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432 (1985), 760, 945, 956 City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 U.S. 43 (1994), 1015, City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617 (1978), 236, , 241 City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989), 871, The Civil Rights Cases. See United States v. Stanley Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U.S. 288 (1984), , 1024 Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998), 448, , 633 Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997), 429, Coates v. City of Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611 (1971), , 994 Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971), , 1041 College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board, 527 U.S. 666 (1999), 203 Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958), , 594 Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Education Fund, 473 U.S. 788 (1985), 1015 Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976), 919, Crockett v. Reagan, 720 F.2d 1355 (D.C. Cir. 1983), 332 Crowell v. Benson, 285 U.S. 22 (1932), 519, 520 Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 U.S. 654 (1981), 408 9, 446, 447 Dean Milk v. City of Madison, 340 U.S. 349 (1951), , 252 Debs v. United States, 249 U.S. 211 (1919), 1027 Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951), 1028 Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida, No , S. Ct. (2012), Dickerson v. United States (2000), 586, 587 Dred Scott case. See Scott v. Sanford Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), 184, Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), 1103, Ex Parte McCardle, 74 U.S. 506 (1868), Ex Parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2 (1866), 345, Ex Parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942), 358, , FCC v. Fox Television Stations, 567 U.S. 239 (2012), 994, 1068 Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978), 1067, 1068 Ferguson v. Skrupa, 372 U.S. 726 (1963), 689, Fisher v. University of Texas (2013) ( Fisher I ), Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin ( Fisher II ), 136 S. Ct (2016), Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445 (1976), Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968), 609 Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting and Oversight Board, 561 U.S. 477 (2010), 475 Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw, 528 U.S. 167 (2000), 627 Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474 (1988), 1015, , Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U.S. 204 (1919), 1027 Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), 919,

25 TABLE OF CASES xxv Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980), 871 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985), Geier v. American Honda Motor Co., 529 U.S. 861 (2000), , 517 Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824), 9, 22, 23 29, 276 Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U.S. 1 (1973), 633 Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925), 681, 710, 777, 1028, 1032 Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U. S. 124 (2007), 750, 752, 756 Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005), 79 92, 93 94, 110, 228 Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003), , Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), 373, 390 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004), 365, , Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918), 30 35, 44 n.8, 110, 140 Hayburn s Case, 2 U.S. (2 Dall.) 409 (1792), 635 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), 47, 58 62, 229, 817 Hernandez v. Texas, 347 U.S. 475 (1954), 801 Hicklin v. Orbeck, 437 U.S. 518 (1978), Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489 (1982), 992 Hoke v. United States, 227 U.S. 308 (1913), 30, 35 Hollingsworth v. Perry, 133 S. Ct (2013), 633 Houston v. Hill, 482 U.S. 451 (1987), 993 H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond, 336 U.S. 525 (1949), Humphrey s Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935), 455, , 463 Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission, 432 U.S. 333 (1977), , 246 Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston, 515 U.S. 557 (1995), , 1100 Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 56 (1988), 1040, 1041 Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983), 440, 489, Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345 (1974), Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964), 1067 Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950), , 372, 373 Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966), 47, 179, , 817 Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000), 203, 204 8, 210, 212 Knowlton v Moore, 178 U.S. 41 (1900), 137 n.12 Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), 344 n.1, , , 801, , 836, 838 Kovacs v. Cooper, 336 U.S. 77 (1949), 1015 La Abra Silver Mining Co. v. United States, 175 U.S. 423 (1899), 441, 442 Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), 713, , Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992), Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), 29, 35, , 697, 704 The Lottery Case. See Champion v. Ames Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), 801, , 956,

26 xxvi TABLE OF CASES Lowry v. Reagan, 676 F. Supp. 333 (D.D.C. 1987), 332 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992), Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. (7 How.) 1 (1849), 638 Maine v. Taylor, 477 U.S. 131 (1986), 247, Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), 424, 550, , Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983), 1122, 1130 Martin v. Hunter s Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) 304 (1816), 587, Maryland v. Wirtz, 392 U.S. 183 (1968), 111 Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (2007), 627, 635 Massachusetts v. Laird, 400 U.S. 886 (1970), McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819), 3, 6, 8, 9 19, 21, McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S.130 S. Ct (2010), Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923), 689, Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110 (1989), 713, Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S (1983), Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973), 1067, 1068 Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery, 449 U.S. 456 (1981), Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 586, 587 Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920), Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989), , Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163 (1972), Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo, 298 U.S. 587 (1936), 45 n.9, Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988), 463, Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), 448, , , 491 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 U.S. 449 (1958), National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 132 S. Ct (2012), 3, , , , National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937), 48 51, 56, 57 fig. National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976), 111 Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931), 1101 Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 538 U.S. 721 (2003), 203, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971), 1101 New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992), , , 135 Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982), Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993), 541 Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50 (1982), 520 Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct (2015), Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937), 657, Palmer v. Thomson, 403 U.S. 217 (1971), 844, , 879 Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935), 407, Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972), 991, 992 Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton, 413 U.S. 49 (1973), 990, 1067, 1068 Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925), 689, Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (1970), 232, 240, 245, 250

27 TABLE OF CASES xxvii Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992), Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), 802, , 824, 831, 834, 835, 843 The Pocket Veto Case, 279 U.S. 655 (1929), 442 Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497 (1961), Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 538 (1935), 407 Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969), 627 Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. 539 (1842), , 818 Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997), 112, , 135 The Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863), 308, , 358 Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co., 295 U.S. 330 (1935), 44 n.8 Railway Express Agency v. New York, 336 U.S. 106 (1949), , 782 Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811 (1997), 333, Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004), 373, 400 R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), , 1054 Redrup v. New York, 386 U.S. 767 (1967), Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971), 919, Reeves v. Stake, 447 U.S. 429 (1980), , 265 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978), , 880 Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957), 371 Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997), 993, Reno v. Condon, 528 U.S. 141 (2000), , 135 Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165 (1952), Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), , 737 Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996), , 982 Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 770 F.2d 202 (D.C. Cir. 1985), 332 Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919), 1027, 1029 Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, 572 U.S. 134 S. Ct 1623 (2014), Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), 565, , 656 Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996), 195, Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948), 786, Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963), 1138, The Shreveport Rate Case, 234 U.S. 342 (1914), 30 Slaughterhouse Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36 (1873), 656, 657, 659, , 672 Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566 (1974), 992 South-Central Timber Development v. Wunnicke, 67 U.S. 82 (1984), South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203 (1987), Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1 (1984), 276 Stafford v. Wallace, 258 U.S. 495 (1922), 30 The Steel Seizure Case. See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct (2011), Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1879), 803 6, 843 Stuart v. Laird, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 299 (1803), 553, Sure-Tan, Inc. v. NLRB, 467 U.S. 883 (1984), 1101 Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989), , 1025, Thomas Moore Law Center v. Obama, 651 F.3d 529 (6th Cir. 2011), Town of Greece v. Galloway, 572 U.S. 134 S. Ct (2014), Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78 (1908), 657, , 680

28 xxviii TABLE OF CASES United Building and Construction Trades Council v. City of Camden, 465 U.S. 208 (1984), United States v. Burr (1807), United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936), 44 n.7, United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938), 689, 704, 705, , 711, 759, , 824, 836, 918 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936), 404 7, 445, United States v. Darby Lumber Co., 312 U.S. 100 (1941), 47, 51 54, 57 fig., 111, 135 United States v. E.C. Knight Co., 156 U.S. 1 (1895), 30 United States v. Kahriger, 345 U.S. 22 (1953), United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. 128 (1872), United States v. Lee, 455 U.S. 252 (1982), United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995), 62 71, 79, 92 United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000), 62, 72 78, 79, 92, United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), 424, United States v. O Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968), , 1001, 1007, 1014, 1024 United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987), 992 United States v. Stanley, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), 786, 806, United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996), United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285 (2008), 991 United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct (2013), Virginia Military Institute v. U.S. See United States v. Virginia Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003), , Walter L. Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993), 541, Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442 (2008), Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976), Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702 (1997), Weiner v. United States, 357 U.S. 349 (1958), West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937), 57 fig., 689, 704, West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943), 1087, 1090 Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927), 989, 1028, 1033 Whole Woman s Health v. Hellerstedt, 136 S. Ct (2016), Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942), 47, 54 56, 57 fig., 92 Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, 348 U.S. 483 (1955), Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886), 801, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952), 228, 292, , 516 Zivotofsky v. Kerry, 135 S. Ct (2015),

29 Series Editor s Preface Welcome to a new type of casebook. Designed by leading experts in law school teaching and learning, Context and Practice casebooks assist law professors and their students to work together to learn, minimize stress, and prepare for the rigors and joys of practicing law. Student learning and preparation for law practice are the guiding ethics of these books. Why would we depart from the tried and true? Why have we abandoned the legal education model by which we were trained? Because legal education can and must improve. In Spring 2007, the Carnegie Foundation published Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Practice of Law and the Clinical Legal Education Association published Best Practices for Legal Education. Both works reflect in-depth efforts to assess the effectiveness of modern legal education, and both conclude that legal education, as presently practiced, falls quite short of what it can and should be. Both works criticize law professors rigid adherence to a single teaching technique, the inadequacies of law school assessment mechanisms, and the dearth of law school instruction aimed at teaching law practice skills and inculcating professional values. Finally, the authors of both books express concern that legal education may be harming law students. Recent studies show that law students, in comparison to all other graduate students, have the highest levels of depression, anxiety and substance abuse. The problems with traditional law school instruction begin with the textbooks law teachers use. Law professors cannot implement Educating Lawyers and Best Practices using texts designed for the traditional model of legal education. Moreover, even though our understanding of how people learn has grown exponentially in the past 100 years, no law school text to date even purports to have been designed with educational research in mind. The Context and Practice Series is an effort to offer a genuine alternative. Grounded in learning theory and instructional design and written with Educating Lawyers and Best Practices in mind, Context and Practice casebooks make it easy for law professors to change. I welcome reactions, criticisms, and suggestions; my address is mhschwartz@ ualr.edu. Knowing the author(s) of these books, I know they, too, would appreciate your input; we share a common commitment to student learning. In fact, students, if your professor cares enough about your learning to have adopted this book, I bet s/he would welcome your input, too! Michael Hunter Schwartz, Series Designer and Editor Consultant, Institute for Law Teaching and Learning Dean and Professor of Law, William H. Bowen School of Law, University of Arkansas at Little Rock xxix

30

31 Preface to the Second Edition The Second Edition retains what we see as the primary virtues of the First. For students, the book is accessible, but not dumbed- down: without spoon feeding, our framing questions and explanations guide students to key points and doctrines rather than turning Con Law into a doctrinal trea sure hunt. This leaves more class time to explore large themes, under lying policies, and critiques. For professors, this is one of the few Con Law casebooks that you can teach your own way, without having to fight the book. This book offers structure but not stricture, comprehensive coverage without backbreaking bulk. Our Expansion Pack system which to our knowledge remains unique in Con Law casebooks offers numerous supplemental modules that can be added to or substituted for sections in the book. These (along with other supplemental materials) are contained on a new casebook web site, formatted and ready to send out to students electronically. This system allows you to customize your course while still following the book s basic structure. And that structure is quite streamlined. As you can see in the Summary of Contents, the book is or ga nized into five parts of two chapters each, which cover all the essential doctrines of Constitutional Law. The book can be used for any general Con Law course, whether offered in the first semester or later, and whether it covers governmental structure, individual rights, or both. For adopters of the First Edition, our message is this: we have improved and updated the book with only a slight increase in length. Although we ve been selective about incorporating new cases, there have been enough impor tant ones in the past five years that we ve had to cut material in order to make room. But fear not: all material cut from the First Edition remains available in the form of Expansion Packs on the web site. For adopters who teach Constitutional Law to 1L students, we recommend assigning part or all of a chapter- length Expansion Pack entitled Introduction to Constitutional Law and Analy sis. This chapter contains useful information about the vari ous patterns of constitutional cases, how constitutional challenges are litigated, how they reach the Supreme Court, and how to read Supreme Court opinions. For the Second Edition, we ve deci ded to remove this chapter from the print volume to the web site, since it may not be as useful to upper level students. In our book, cases and other primary readings are generally preceded by Guided Reading Questions which highlight key points and doctrines that students should be looking for. Following the primary readings, our Review Questions and Explanations synthesize key points, provide context or clarification to the case just presented, and prompt students to make connections, think critically, and address broader themes. We have made a concerted effort to keep these questions on point and limited in number. Many casebooks provide notes and questions that venture too far into tangents and prove distracting; we believe ours avoid that trap. xxxi

32 xxxii Preface to the Second Edition An additional benefit to students is the book s low cost. Not only is the main volume about 40% less expensive than competing Con Law casebooks, but our annual supplement is provided as a free PDF. We welcome your feedback and suggestions about the book. We have already incorporated some adopters suggestions into the Second Edition. And because the Teachers Manual and web site supplemental materials can be updated on an annual basis, we are in a position to incorporate your suggested improvements without having to wait for a Third Edition. David S. Schwartz Lori A. Ringhand June 2017