The US Electoral College: the antiquated key to presidential success
|
|
- Marvin Henry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The US Electoral College: the antiquated key to presidential success by Rodney Tiffen/ October 2008 T he United States has the oldest surviving democratic constitution in the world. In the context of its times, it was an inspirational and enlightened document. Yet the US has also shown itself slow to reform its political institutions and practices. As a result, many aspects of its election procedures lag well behind world s best practice. The faults and foibles of its presidential election system were dramatically on display in Florida in 2000, in the election that delivered the world the presidency of George W. Bush. Most public controversy centered on the unreliability of the Florida count, problems with the voting machines ( hanging chads ) and how the registration of voters by the Republican state government had obstructed some potential voters from exercising their rights. Rodney Tiffen is professor of government and international relations at the University of Sydney Photo: istockphoto.com Australian Policy Online Backgrounder The United States does not have an institution with the scope and authority of the Australian Electoral Commission. As long as the power to conduct elections remains in the hands of state and local governments, a proliferation of practices, some dubious, will continue. In 2000, these issues were decided, politically at least, by the shamelessly partisan decision of the Supreme Court not to allow a recount because it was only seven weeks until a new presidential administration was due to take office. One peculiarity of the US presidential election system, however, was not a matter of public controversy even though it directly affected the outcome and thwarted the will of the majority. In the United States, the result of presidential elections is decided not by the popular vote but by the election of state delegates to the
2 Table 1. US state and Electoral College votes State Electoral Party College votes California 55 D Texas 34 R New York 31 D Florida 27 R Illinois 21 D Pennsylvania 21 D Ohio 20 R Michigan 17 D Georgia 15 R New Jersey 15 D North Carolina 15 R Virginia 13 R Massachusetts 12 D Indiana 11 R Missouri 11 R Tennessee 11 R Washington 11 D Arizona 10 R Maryland 10 D Minnesota 10 D Wisconsin 10 D Alabama 9 R Colorado 9 R Louisiana 9 R Kentucky 8 R South Carolina 8 R Connecticut 7 D Iowa 7 R Oklahoma 7 R Oregon 7 D Arkansas 6 R Kansas 6 R Mississippi 6 R Nebraska 5 R Nevada 5 R New Mexico 5 R Utah 5 R West Virginia 5 R Hawaii 4 D Idaho 4 R Maine 4 D New Hampshire 4 D Rhode Island 4 D Alaska 3 R District of Columbia (DC) 3 D Delaware 3 D Montana 3 R North Dakota 3 R South Dakota 3 R Vermont 3 D Wyoming 3 R winning 2004 Electoral College. It is the majority there that determines who is elected president. In 48 states, all delegates go to whichever candidate wins most votes that state. In two states, Nebraska and Maine, it is more complicated: majorities in congressional districts also count, but still with a winner-take-all procedure. Altogether there are 538 Electoral College votes. They are distributed on the basis of population size, but each of the 50 states plus the District of Columbia are guaranteed a minimum of three (see Table 1). So it is not the popular majority that counts but the states that each candidate wins, and the number of delegates each state delivers. The magic number is 270 delegates. The popular vote and Electoral College of course tend to coincide, but not automatically so. The winner-takeall system tends to magnify the popular majority in clear cut elections. For example, in the Reagan re-election landslide of 1984, Reagan had a large winning margin of 18 per cent over Walter Mondale in the popular vote (59 per cent to 41 per cent), but this delivered him 525 Electoral College votes (or 98 per cent). Mondale received just 13, because he obtained a majority only in the District of Columbia and Minnesota. Sometimes in closely contested elections, the Electoral College wanders considerably from the proportions in the popular vote. The narrowest winning margin in the last century was the victory by John Kennedy over Richard Nixon in The difference between them was only 113,000 votes, or 0.16 per cent of the votes cast. But Kennedy won decisively, by 84 Electoral College votes. No doubt Nixon learnt his lesson, because in 1968, when he defeated Humphrey by only half a million votes (43.4 per cent to 42.7 per cent, with third party candidate Wallace on 13.5 per cent), he won the Electoral College easily (301 to 191 to 46). On four occasions, the winner in terms of the majority popular vote has actually lost the election. Three of these were in the nineteenth century: in 1824 John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson; in 1876 Rutherford Hayes defeated Samuel Tilden; and in 1888 Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland, despite winning fewer votes than the loser. Then, in the first election of the twenty-first century, it happened again. Al Gore won half a million votes more than George W Bush (48.4 per cent to 47.9 per cent) but lost the Electoral College 266 to 271 (with one maverick vote being cast). It is counter-intuitive that the election of an individual leader, such as president, should be mediated by an institution, such as an electoral college, rather than directly 2
3 Table 2. Stability of state support This table shows which party carried the state in the last four presidential elections (R for Republican; D for Democrat), while the table is ordered according to the number of times the Republicans won a state in the last four elections, with the last column showing the number of times in the last eight. State R majority R majority (last 4) (last 8) Utah 4 R R R R 8 Wyoming 4 R R R R 8 Idaho 4 R R R R 8 Nebraska 4 R R R R 8 Oklahoma 4 R R R R 8 North Dakota 4 R R R R 8 Alaska 4 R R R R 8 Kansas 4 R R R R 8 South Dakota 4 R R R R 8 Indiana 4 R R R R 8 Virginia 4 R R R R 8 Alabama 4 R R R R 7 Texas 4 R R R R 7 Mississippi 4 R R R R 7 S Carolina 4 R R R R 7 N Carolina 4 R R R R 7 Arizona 3 R R D R 7 Montana 3 R R R D 7 Colorado 3 R R R D 7 Florida 3 R R D R 6 Georgia 3 R R R D 5 Nevada 2 R R D D 6 Kentucky 2 R R D D 5 Louisiana 2 R R D D 5 Tennessee 2 R R D D 5 Arkansas 2 R R D D 5 Missouri 2 R R D D 5 Ohio 2 R R D D 5 West Virginia 2 R R D D 3 New Mexico 1 R D D D 5 N Hampshire 1 D R D D 5 Iowa 1 R D D D 4 Michigan 0 D D D D 4 New Jersey 0 D D D D 4 Maine 0 D D D D 4 California 0 D D D D 4 Illinois 0 D D D D 4 Vermont 0 D D D D 4 Pennsylvania 0 D D D D 3 Oregon 0 D D D D 3 Washington 0 D D D D 3 Delaware 0 D D D D 3 Connecticut 0 D D D D 3 Wisconsin 0 D D D D 2 Maryland 0 D D D D 2 New York 0 D D D D 2 Massachusetts 0 D D D D 2 Hawaii 0 D D D D 1 Rhode Island 0 D D D D 1 Minnesota 0 D D D D 0 DC 0 D D D D 0 determined by popular plebiscite. The original motives possibly included a distrust of the public, or a wish to reassure the smaller states in the federation. Perhaps it did make some sense in the age of the stage coach and telegraph. In as large a country as America there was the possibility that because of regional variations no clear winner would emerge, and that in such a situation, an electoral college could broker an acceptable outcome. With the national scale of political parties, media, transport and so on, such rationalisations are no longer relevant. The Electoral College is clearly an anachronism, and distorts the democratic process. Some Americans resist the idea of going to a simple count on the basis that the candidates would then concentrate all their activity on the big states, somewhat disenfranchising the small states. But the current system does this at least as much. A candidate has no incentive to increase his or her vote in states that they think they have no hope of winning. Nor do they have any incentive to further increase their vote in states where they are sure they are going to win. So the presidential campaign becomes intensely focused on what are called the swing states, or in American jargon, purple states (between Democrat blue and Republican red). A side benefit of abolishing the Electoral College and going to a national plebiscite is that it would eliminate the relevance of local corruption and abuses. Parochial corruption that delivers a winner-take-all constituency might have political relevance, as it did in Florida in 2000, but that effect would be swallowed into irrelevance by the massiveness of the national vote. Table 2 shows the relative stability of the outcomes of the states in recent presidential elections. The last four included three relatively close elections, plus the one-sided re-election victory 3
4 Table 3. Closest states 2004 State Republican Republican Rep Majority Electoral College Majority % vote % last 4 votes Florida Colorado Nevada Ohio New Mexico Iowa Wisconsin N Hampshire Pennsylvania Michigan Minnesota Oregon of Clinton in 1996, the largest Democratic winning margin since In these four elections, sixteen states had Republican majorities on all four occasions and nineteen constituencies (eighteen states and the DC) had Democratic majorities on all four occasions. In other words, only one third of the 51 have changed sides in recent elections. As George Bush changed his winning margin from minus 0.5 per cent in 2001 to plus 2.5 per cent in 2004, he made a net gain of only one state. Only three states changed hands between 2000 and 2004: New Mexico and Iowa from Democratic to Republican, and New Hampshire in the other direction. Despite his sizable increase in the popular vote, Bush only increased his Electoral College tally from 271 to 286. Indeed, if John Kerry had won Ohio (and the Democrats charged irregularities in that state) he would have won the election. Although the immediate movement back and forth of states is not great, over time there have been important and enduring changes. After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in the 1960s and Richard Nixon s cultivation of the politics of resentment, the Republicans broke the New Deal coalition and many Southern states moved from being regularly Democrat to regularly Republican. The only two Democrats to win presidential elections since 1972 have been southerners Carter and Clinton which helped them defy the dominant pattern. In contrast, the West Coast and the states with the biggest cities (including Illinois and New York) have tended to become more frequently Democratic. Indeed, the table shows six states that were all Democrat for the last four elections, but had been Republican for the previous four. As Table 3 shows, in 2004 only twelve of the 51 constituencies had a winning margin of five percentage points or less (in other words, where a swing of 2.5 per cent or less would change the outcome.) In 2008 the two campaigns are concentrating their efforts only on states where they think they have a chance of gaining (or danger of losing) a majority. An example of this strategy came at the beginning of October. On the day before the vice-presidential debate, John McCain s campaign announced that he was cancelling a planned appearance in Michigan and let it be known that they had given up hope of winning that state, and were scaling back their presence there. While the progress of the campaign is reported in terms of national polls, the key to winning is to win a majority of the Electoral College. Two websites combine the results of all the available polls and then track the progress of the campaign in terms of Electoral College votes the Rasmussen Report and RealClearPolitics. Rasmussen lists states as toss ups, and also those that are solid, likely or leaning towards one party or the other. As of 5 October, Rasmussen had six states listed as toss ups, one leaning towards McCain and five leaning towards Obama. If all the states classed as solid, likely and leaning in one direction are put together, then Obama had 264 Electoral College votes and McCain 185. In other words Obama has to win just six of the 89 votes available in the six states currently listed as toss ups. RealClearPolitics currently lists nine states as toss ups, on the basis that its averaging of available polls has a margin of less than five percentage points. Those with gaps between five and nine percentage points it classes as 4
5 Table 4. Swing states State Real Clear Rasmussen Electoral College RCP Poll Politics Rating votes Average Colorado Toss Up Toss Up 9 D +4.4 Florida Toss Up Toss Up 27 D +3.0 New Hampshire Toss Up Lean Dem 4 D +1.3 Nevada Toss Up Toss Up 5 D +0.5 Ohio Toss Up Toss Up 20 D +2.0 Virginia Toss Up Toss Up 13 D +2.4 Indiana Toss Up Lean Rep 11 R +2.2 North Carolina Toss Up Toss Up 15 D +0.5 Missouri Toss Up Likely Rep 11 R +1.7 Oregon Solid D Lean Dem 7 D +9.0 New Mexico Lean Dem Lean Dem 5 D +7.8 Michigan Lean Dem Likely Dem 17 D +7.0 Pennsylvania Lean Dem Lean Dem 21 D +7.9 Wisconsin Lean Dem Lean Dem 10 D +5.0 leaning, and those with nine or more as solid. It lists nine states as toss ups, and seven in the leaning category. Ominously for McCain, seven of the nine toss ups and all the seven classed as leaning have Obama ahead. RealClear- Politics currently has 264 EC votes for Obama, 163 for McCain and 111 in the Toss up column. Obama has to win just six from 111 to secure victory. If the states all go to the candidate currently ahead, Obama will win 353 EC votes and McCain 185. Table 4 lists the fourteen states which either of the sites classify as toss ups and which Rasmussen lists as leaning. States can move quickly from one group to another. For example, in the previous week Oregon moved from toss up to leaning Democratic, according to Rasmussen, and Michigan from leaning Democratic to likely Democratic. The final column lists the margin which RealClearPolitics gives as the current state of play in each state. Ten of these fourteen states overlap with those having the closest margins in 2004, as listed in Table 3. The two missing, Iowa and Minnesota, now figure on the likely Democratic side of the ledger. The four additions were all won clearly by the Republicans in 2004, but are possibly poised to go Democrat this time Virginia (2004 margin 8.2 per cent); Indiana (20.7 per cent); North Carolina (12.4 per cent) and Missouri (7.2 per cent). Two conclusions stand out. The more certain is that both candidates are going to spend a disproportionate amount of time and resources in the eight states listed as toss ups at the moment, and especially in those with the most Electoral College votes Florida, Ohio, North Carolina and Virginia. The second is that unless something dramatic happens Obama is headed for victory. Real- ClearPolitics lists the current amalgam of polling as Obama 49 and McCain 43. These figures will jump around, and perhaps it is likely that the final margin will be closer. But on current figures Obama is very close to a majority in the Electoral College and so to victory. Of course, the qualifier unless something dramatic happens cannot be ignored. So far in this presidential campaign, Russia and Georgia have clashed militarily, the completely unforeseen candidacy of Sarah Palin for vice-president has emerged, and the most serious financial crisis for at least twenty years, and perhaps for a generation or more, has erupted. Obama s likely victory also leads to a final prediction. Recent history has shown us that Republicans don t lose nice. They are likely to think that their only hope of victory is to damage Obama s credibility, to attack his character. Expect a barrage of anti-obama material in the next month. References Dave Leip s Atlas of US Presidential Elections RealClearPolitics Rasmussen Reports 5
2008 Electoral Vote Preliminary Preview
2008 Electoral Vote Preliminary Preview ʺIn Clinton, the superdelegates have a candidate who fits their recent mold and the last two elections have been very close. This year is a bad year for Republicans.
More informationPERMISSIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES. Member Electronic Vote/ . Alabama No No Yes No. Alaska No No No No
PERMISSIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES State Member Conference Call Vote Member Electronic Vote/ Email Board of Directors Conference Call Vote Board of Directors Electronic Vote/ Email
More informationMatthew Miller, Bureau of Legislative Research
Matthew Miller, Bureau of Legislative Research Arkansas (reelection) Georgia (reelection) Idaho (reelection) Kentucky (reelection) Michigan (partisan nomination - reelection) Minnesota (reelection) Mississippi
More information2016 Voter Registration Deadlines by State
2016 Voter s by Alabama 10/24/2016 https://www.alabamavotes.gov/electioninfo.aspx?m=vote rs Alaska 10/9/2016 (Election Day registration permitted for purpose of voting for president and Vice President
More informationDecember 30, 2008 Agreement Among the States to Elect the President by National Popular Vote
STATE OF VERMONT HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STATE HOUSE 115 STATE STREET MONTPELIER, VT 05633-5201 December 30, 2008 Agreement Among the States to Elect the President by National Popular Vote To Members
More informationMore State s Apportionment Allocations Impacted by New Census Estimates; New Twist in Supreme Court Case
[Type here] 6171 Emerywood Court Manassas, Virginia 20112 202 789.2004 tel. or 703 580.7267 703 580.6258 fax Info@electiondataservices.com FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Date: December 22, 2015 Contact: Kimball
More informationParties and Elections. Selections from Chapters 11 & 12
Parties and Elections Selections from Chapters 11 & 12 Party Eras in American History Party Eras Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power Critical Election An electoral
More informationSMALL STATES FIRST; LARGE STATES LAST; WITH A SPORTS PLAYOFF SYSTEM
14. REFORMING THE PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES: SMALL STATES FIRST; LARGE STATES LAST; WITH A SPORTS PLAYOFF SYSTEM The calendar of presidential primary elections currently in use in the United States is a most
More informationThe remaining legislative bodies have guides that help determine bill assignments. Table shows the criteria used to refer bills.
ills and ill Processing 3-17 Referral of ills The first major step in the legislative process is to introduce a bill; the second is to have it heard by a committee. ut how does legislation get from one
More informationDelegates: Understanding the numbers and the rules
Delegates: Understanding the numbers and the rules About 4,051 pledged About 712 unpledged 2472 delegates Images from: https://ballotpedia.org/presidential_election,_2016 On the news I hear about super
More information2008 Voter Turnout Brief
2008 Voter Turnout Brief Prepared by George Pillsbury Nonprofit Voter Engagement Network, www.nonprofitvote.org Voter Turnout Nears Most Recent High in 1960 Primary Source: United States Election Project
More informationACCESS TO STATE GOVERNMENT 1. Web Pages for State Laws, State Rules and State Departments of Health
1 ACCESS TO STATE GOVERNMENT 1 Web Pages for State Laws, State Rules and State Departments of Health LAWS ALABAMA http://www.legislature.state.al.us/codeofalabama/1975/coatoc.htm RULES ALABAMA http://www.alabamaadministrativecode.state.al.us/alabama.html
More informationTHE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES. by Andrew L. Roth
THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES by Andrew L. Roth INTRODUCTION The following pages provide a statistical profile of California's state legislature. The data are intended to suggest who
More informationKey Factors That Shaped 2018 And A Brief Look Ahead
Key Factors That Shaped 2018 And A Brief Look Ahead November 2018 Bill McInturff SLIDE 1 Yes, it was all about Trump. SLIDE 2 A midterm record said their vote was a message of support or opposition to
More informationNational State Law Survey: Statute of Limitations 1
National State Law Survey: Limitations 1 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware DC Florida Georgia Hawaii limitations Trafficking and CSEC within 3 limit for sex trafficking,
More information12B,C: Voting Power and Apportionment
12B,C: Voting Power and Apportionment Group Activities 12C Apportionment 1. A college offers tutoring in Math, English, Chemistry, and Biology. The number of students enrolled in each subject is listed
More informationSTATE LAWS SUMMARY: CHILD LABOR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS BY STATE
STATE LAWS SUMMARY: CHILD LABOR CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS BY STATE THE PROBLEM: Federal child labor laws limit the kinds of work for which kids under age 18 can be employed. But as with OSHA, federal
More informationNORTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY Legislative Services Office
NORTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY Legislative Services Office Kory Goldsmith, Interim Legislative Services Officer Research Division 300 N. Salisbury Street, Suite 545 Raleigh, NC 27603-5925 Tel. 919-733-2578
More informationMathematics of the Electoral College. Robbie Robinson Professor of Mathematics The George Washington University
Mathematics of the Electoral College Robbie Robinson Professor of Mathematics The George Washington University Overview Is the US President elected directly? No. The president is elected by electors who
More informationCIRCLE The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement. State Voter Registration and Election Day Laws
FACT SHEET CIRCLE The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement State Voter Registration and Election Day Laws By Emily Hoban Kirby and Mark Hugo Lopez 1 June 2004 Recent voting
More informationMEMORANDUM JUDGES SERVING AS ARBITRATORS AND MEDIATORS
Knowledge Management Office MEMORANDUM Re: Ref. No.: By: Date: Regulation of Retired Judges Serving as Arbitrators and Mediators IS 98.0561 Jerry Nagle, Colleen Danos, and Anne Endress Skove October 22,
More informationThe Electoral College And
The Electoral College And National Popular Vote Plan State Population 2010 House Apportionment Senate Number of Electors California 37,341,989 53 2 55 Texas 25,268,418 36 2 38 New York 19,421,055 27 2
More informationShould Politicians Choose Their Voters? League of Women Voters of MI Education Fund
Should Politicians Choose Their Voters? 1 Politicians are drawing their own voting maps to manipulate elections and keep themselves and their party in power. 2 3 -The U.S. Constitution requires that the
More informationNOTICE TO MEMBERS No January 2, 2018
NOTICE TO MEMBERS No. 2018-004 January 2, 2018 Trading by U.S. Residents Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC) maintains registrations with various U.S. state securities regulatory authorities
More informationNew Americans in. By Walter A. Ewing, Ph.D. and Guillermo Cantor, Ph.D.
New Americans in the VOTING Booth The Growing Electoral Power OF Immigrant Communities By Walter A. Ewing, Ph.D. and Guillermo Cantor, Ph.D. Special Report October 2014 New Americans in the VOTING Booth:
More information2008 Changes to the Constitution of International Union UNITED STEELWORKERS
2008 Changes to the Constitution of International Union UNITED STEELWORKERS MANUAL ADOPTED AT LAS VEGAS, NEVADA July 2008 Affix to inside front cover of your 2005 Constitution CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES Constitution
More informationRhoads Online State Appointment Rules Handy Guide
Rhoads Online Appointment Rules Handy Guide ALABAMA Yes (15) DOI date approved 27-7-30 ALASKA Appointments not filed with DOI. Record producer appointment in SIC register within 30 days of effective date.
More informationState Trial Courts with Incidental Appellate Jurisdiction, 2010
ALABAMA: G X X X de novo District, Probate, s ALASKA: ARIZONA: ARKANSAS: de novo or on the de novo (if no ) G O X X de novo CALIFORNIA: COLORADO: District Court, Justice of the Peace,, County, District,
More informationFederal Rate of Return. FY 2019 Update Texas Department of Transportation - Federal Affairs
Federal Rate of Return FY 2019 Update Texas Department of Transportation - Federal Affairs Texas has historically been, and continues to be, the biggest donor to other states when it comes to federal highway
More informationFuzzy Math: Wrong Way Reforms for Allocating Electoral College Votes
Fuzzy Math: Wrong Way Reforms for Allocating Electoral College Votes (Problems with the Whole Number Proportional and Congressional District Systems) By Monideepa Talukdar, Rob Richie and Ryan O Donnell
More informationCIRCLE The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
FACT SHEET CIRCLE The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement Youth Voter Increases in 2006 By Mark Hugo Lopez, Karlo Barrios Marcelo, and Emily Hoban Kirby 1 June 2007 For the
More informationBylaws of the. Student Membership
Bylaws of the American Meat Science Association Student Membership American Meat Science Association Articles I. Name and Purpose 1.1. Name 1.2. Purpose 1.3. Affiliation II. Membership 2.1. Eligibility
More informationCampaigns & Elections November 6, 2017 Dr. Michael Sullivan. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GOVT 2305 MoWe 5:30 6:50 MoWe 7 8:30
Campaigns & Elections November 6, 2017 Dr. Michael Sullivan FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GOVT 2305 MoWe 5:30 6:50 MoWe 7 8:30 Current Events, Recent Polls, & Review Background influences on campaigns Presidential
More informationCase 3:15-md CRB Document 4700 Filed 01/29/18 Page 1 of 5
Case 3:15-md-02672-CRB Document 4700 Filed 01/29/18 Page 1 of 5 Michele D. Ross Reed Smith LLP 1301 K Street NW Suite 1000 East Tower Washington, D.C. 20005 Telephone: 202 414-9297 Fax: 202 414-9299 Email:
More informationState Complaint Information
State Complaint Information Each state expects the student to exhaust the University's grievance process before bringing the matter to the state. Complaints to states should be made only if the individual
More informationAffordable Care Act: A strategy for effective implementation
Affordable Care Act: A strategy for effective implementation U.S. PIRG October 12, 2012 2012 Budget: $26 Objective 1972 Universal coverage 2010 Affordable Care Act enacted Coverage for 95% of all Americans
More informationChapter 12: The Math of Democracy 12B,C: Voting Power and Apportionment - SOLUTIONS
12B,C: Voting Power and Apportionment - SOLUTIONS Group Activities 12C Apportionment 1. A college offers tutoring in Math, English, Chemistry, and Biology. The number of students enrolled in each subject
More informationBackground Information on Redistricting
Redistricting in New York State Citizens Union/League of Women Voters of New York State Background Information on Redistricting What is redistricting? Redistricting determines the lines of state legislative
More informationCampaign Finance E-Filing Systems by State WHAT IS REQUIRED? WHO MUST E-FILE? Candidates (Annually, Monthly, Weekly, Daily).
Exhibit E.1 Alabama Alabama Secretary of State Mandatory Candidates (Annually, Monthly, Weekly, Daily). PAC (annually), Debts. A filing threshold of $1,000 for all candidates for office, from statewide
More informationTHE PROCESS TO RENEW A JUDGMENT SHOULD BEGIN 6-8 MONTHS PRIOR TO THE DEADLINE
THE PROCESS TO RENEW A JUDGMENT SHOULD BEGIN 6-8 MONTHS PRIOR TO THE DEADLINE STATE RENEWAL Additional information ALABAMA Judgment good for 20 years if renewed ALASKA ARIZONA (foreign judgment 4 years)
More informationRegistered Agents. Question by: Kristyne Tanaka. Date: 27 October 2010
Topic: Registered Agents Question by: Kristyne Tanaka Jurisdiction: Hawaii Date: 27 October 2010 Jurisdiction Question(s) Does your State allow registered agents to resign from a dissolved entity? For
More informationElection of Worksheet #1 - Candidates and Parties. Abraham Lincoln. Stephen A. Douglas. John C. Breckinridge. John Bell
III. Activities Election of 1860 Name Worksheet #1 Candidates and Parties The election of 1860 demonstrated the divisions within the United States. The political parties of the decades before 1860 no longer
More informationDemocratic Convention *Saturday 1 March 2008 *Monday 25 August - Thursday 28 August District of Columbia Non-binding Primary
Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and s Chronologically http://www.thegreenpapers.com/p08/events.phtml?s=c 1 of 9 5/29/2007 2:23 PM Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and s Chronologically Disclaimer: These
More informationTable Annexed to Article: Wrongfully Established and Maintained : A Census of Congress s Sins Against Geography
Purdue University From the SelectedWorks of Peter J. Aschenbrenner September, 2012 Table Annexed to Article: Wrongfully Established and Maintained : A Census of Congress s Sins Against Geography Peter
More informationNotice N HCFB-1. March 25, Subject: FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM OBLIGATION AUTHORITY FISCAL YEAR (FY) Classification Code
Notice Subject: FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM OBLIGATION AUTHORITY FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2009 Classification Code N 4520.201 Date March 25, 2009 Office of Primary Interest HCFB-1 1. What is the purpose of this
More informationThe Victim Rights Law Center thanks Catherine Cambridge for her research assistance.
The Victim Rights Law Center thanks Catherine Cambridge for her research assistance. Privilege and Communication Between Professionals Summary of Research Findings Question Addressed: Which jurisdictions
More informationJudicial Selection in the States
Judicial S in the States Appellate and General Jurisdiction Courts Initial S, Retention, and Term Length INITIAL Alabama Supreme Court X 6 Re- (6 year term) Court of Civil App. X 6 Re- (6 year term) Court
More informationWho Runs the States?
Who Runs the States? An in-depth look at historical state partisan control and quality of life indices Part 1: Partisanship of the 50 states between 1992-2013 By Geoff Pallay May 2013 1 Table of Contents
More informationRace to the White House Drive to the 2016 Republican Nomination. Ron Nehring California Chairman, Ted Cruz for President
Race to the White House Drive to the 2016 Republican Nomination Ron Nehring California Chairman, Ted Cruz for President July 18 21, 2016 2016 Republican National Convention Cleveland, Ohio J ul y 18 21,
More informationFor jurisdictions that reject for punctuation errors, is the rejection based on a policy decision or due to statutory provisions?
Topic: Question by: : Rejected Filings due to Punctuation Errors Regina Goff Kansas Date: March 20, 2014 Manitoba Corporations Canada Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware
More information7-45. Electronic Access to Legislative Documents. Legislative Documents
Legislative Documents 7-45 Electronic Access to Legislative Documents Paper is no longer the only medium through which the public can gain access to legislative documents. State legislatures are using
More informationNew Census Estimates Show Slight Changes For Congressional Apportionment Now, But Point to Larger Changes by 2020
[Type here] Emerywood Court Manassas, Virginia 0 0.00 tel. or 0 0. 0 0. fax Info@electiondataservices.com FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Date: December, 0 Contact: Kimball W. Brace Tel.: (0) 00 or (0) 0- Email:
More informationAmerican Government. Workbook
American Government Workbook WALCH PUBLISHING Table of Contents To the Student............................. vii Unit 1: What Is Government? Activity 1 Monarchs of Europe...................... 1 Activity
More informationDate: October 14, 2014
Topic: Question by: : Ownership Kathy M. Sachs Kansas Date: October 14, 2014 Manitoba Corporations Canada Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia In
More informationEndnotes on Campaign 2000 SOME FINAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOTER OPINIONS
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Thursday, December 21, 2000 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: Andrew Kohut, Director Endnotes on Campaign 2000 SOME FINAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOTER OPINIONS Overlooked amid controversies over
More informationState-by-State Chart of HIV-Specific Laws and Prosecutorial Tools
State-by-State Chart of -Specific s and Prosecutorial Tools 34 States, 2 Territories, and the Federal Government have -Specific Criminal s Last updated August 2017 -Specific Criminal? Each state or territory,
More informationOfficial Voter Information for General Election Statute Titles
Official Voter Information for General Election Statute Titles Alabama 17-6-46. Voting instruction posters. Alaska Sec. 15.15.070. Public notice of election required Sec. 15.58.010. Election pamphlet Sec.
More informationNational Latino Peace Officers Association
National Latino Peace Officers Association Bylaws & SOP Changes: Vote for ADD STANDARD X Posting on Facebook, Instagram, text message and etc.. shall be in compliance to STANDARD II - MISSION NATIONAL
More informationThe United States Presidential Election Process: Undemocratic?
The United States Presidential Election Process: Undemocratic? The Bill of Rights Institute Chicago, IL October 2, 2008 Artemus Ward Department of Political Science Northern Illinois University aeward@niu.edu
More informationMap of the Foreign Born Population of the United States, 1900
Introduction According to the 1900 census, the population of the United States was then 76.3 million. Nearly 14 percent of the population approximately 10.4 million people was born outside of the United
More informationWomen in Federal and State-level Judgeships
Women in Federal and State-level Judgeships A Report of the Center for Women in Government & Civil Society, Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy, University at Albany, State University of New
More informationRed, white, and blue. One for each state. Question 1 What are the colors of our flag? Question 2 What do the stars on the flag mean?
1 What are the colors of our flag? Red, white, and blue 2 What do the stars on the flag mean? One for each state 3 How many stars are there on our flag? There are 50 stars on our flag. 4 What color are
More information2015 ANNUAL OUTCOME GOAL PLAN (WITH FY 2014 OUTCOMES) Prepared in compliance with Government Performance and Results Act
Administration for Children & Families 370 L Enfant Promenade, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20447 Office of Refugee Resettlement www.acf.hhs.gov 2015 ANNUAL OUTCOME GOAL PLAN (WITH FY 2014 OUTCOMES) Prepared
More informationADVANCEMENT, JURISDICTION-BY-JURISDICTION
, JURISDICTION-B-JURISDICTION Jurisdictions that make advancement statutorily mandatory subject to opt-out or limitation. EXPRESSL MANDATOR 1 Minnesota 302A. 521, Subd. 3 North Dakota 10-19.1-91 4. Ohio
More informationSoybean Promotion and Research: Amend the Order to Adjust Representation on the United Soybean Board
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 07/06/08 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/08-507, and on FDsys.gov DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Marketing
More informationThe Electoral College
The Electoral College 1 True or False? The candidate with the most votes is elected president. Answer: Not necessarily. Ask Al Gore. 2 The 2000 Election The Popular Vote Al Gore 50,996,039 George W. Bush
More informationFEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION [NOTICE ] Price Index Adjustments for Contribution and Expenditure Limitations and
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 02/03/2015 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2015-01963, and on FDsys.gov 6715-01-U FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION
More informationAppendix: Legal Boundaries Between the Juvenile and Criminal. Justice Systems in the United States. Patrick Griffin
Appendix: Legal Boundaries Between the Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems in the United States Patrick Griffin In responding to law-violating behavior, every U.S. state 1 distinguishes between juveniles
More informationComponents of Population Change by State
IOWA POPULATION REPORTS Components of 2000-2009 Population Change by State April 2010 Liesl Eathington Department of Economics Iowa State University Iowa s Rate of Population Growth Ranks 43rd Among All
More informationDETAILED CODE DESCRIPTIONS FOR MEMBER DATA
FORMAT SUMMARY FOR MEMBER DATA Variable Congress Office Identification number Name (Last, First, Middle) District/class State (postal abbr.) State code (ICPSR) Party (1 letter abbr.) Party code Chamber
More informationSELA Antenna in the United States SELA Permanent Secretary No th Quarter 2007
SELA Antenna in the United States SELA Permanent Secretary No. 86 4 th Quarter 2007 SUMMARY: TRADE POLICY AND THE U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION Impact of the Election on Issues in 2008 Impact of the Election
More informationElection Notice. FINRA Small Firm Advisory Board Election. September 8, Nomination Deadline: October 9, 2017.
Election Notice FINRA Small Firm Advisory Board Election Nomination Deadline: October 9, 2017 September 8, 2017 Suggested Routing Executive Representatives Senior Management Executive Summary The purpose
More informationLimitations on Contributions to Political Committees
Limitations on Contributions to Committees Term for PAC Individual PAC Corporate/Union PAC Party PAC PAC PAC Transfers Alabama 10-2A-70.2 $500/election Alaska 15.13.070 Group $500/year Only 10% of a PAC's
More informationGender, Race, and Dissensus in State Supreme Courts
Gender, Race, and Dissensus in State Supreme Courts John Szmer, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Robert K. Christensen, University of Georgia Erin B. Kaheny., University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
More informationApportionment. Seven Roads to Fairness. NCTM Regional Conference. November 13, 2014 Richmond, VA. William L. Bowdish
Apportionment Seven Roads to Fairness NCTM Regional Conference November 13, 2014 Richmond, VA William L. Bowdish Mathematics Department (Retired) Sharon High School Sharon, Massachusetts 02067 bilbowdish@gmail.com
More information2016 us election results
1 of 6 11/12/2016 7:35 PM 2016 us election results All News Images Videos Shopping More Search tools About 243,000,000 results (0.86 seconds) 2 WA OR NV CA AK MT ID WY UT CO AZ NM ND MN SD WI NY MI NE
More informationVOTING WHILE TRANS: PREPARING FOR THE NEW VOTER ID LAWS August 2012
VOTING WHILE TRANS: PREPARING FOR THE NEW VOTER ID LAWS August 2012 Regardless of whether you have ever had trouble voting in the past, this year new laws in dozens of states will make it harder for many
More informationUnion Byte By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* January 2015
January 21 Union Byte 21 By Cherrie Bucknor and John Schmitt* Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Ave. NW Suite 4 Washington, DC 29 tel: 22-293-38 fax: 22-88-136 www.cepr.net Cherrie
More informationThe Changing Face of Labor,
The Changing Face of Labor, 1983-28 John Schmitt and Kris Warner November 29 Center for Economic and Policy Research 1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 4 Washington, D.C. 29 22-293-538 www.cepr.net CEPR
More informationINTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Gender Parity Index INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY - 2017 State of Women's Representation Page 1 INTRODUCTION As a result of the 2016 elections, progress towards gender parity stalled. Beyond Hillary Clinton
More informationCRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web
CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RS20273 Updated January 17, 2001 The Electoral College: How it Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Thomas H. Neale Analyst, American
More informationCITIZENS RESEARCH COUNCIL OF MICHIGAN IS A 501(C) 3) TAX EXEMPT ORGANIZATION
Citizens Research Council of Michigan 625 SHELBY STREET, SUITE 1B, DETROIT, Ml 48226,3220 (313) 961-5377 FAX (313) 9614)648 1502 MICHIGAN NATIONAL TOWER, LANSING, Ml 48933-1738 (517) 485-9444 FAX (547)
More informationComplying with Electric Cooperative State Statutes
Complying with Electric Cooperative State Statutes Tyrus H. Thompson (Ty) Vice President and Deputy General Counsel Director and Member Legal Services Office of General Counsel National Rural Electric
More informationSome Change in Apportionment Allocations With New 2017 Census Estimates; But Greater Change Likely by 2020
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Date: December 20, 2017 Contact: Kimball W. Brace 6171 Emerywood Court Manassas, Virginia 20112 202 789.2004 tel. or 703 580.7267 703 580.6258 fax Info@electiondataservices.com Tel.:
More informationElection Notice. FINRA Small Firm Advisory Board Election. September 7, Executive Summary. Suggested Routing
Election Notice FINRA Small Firm Advisory Board Election Nomination Deadline: October 7, 2016 Executive Summary The purpose of this Notice is to inform FINRA Small Firm members 1 of the upcoming Small
More informationIn the Margins Political Victory in the Context of Technology Error, Residual Votes, and Incident Reports in 2004
In the Margins Political Victory in the Context of Technology Error, Residual Votes, and Incident Reports in 2004 Dr. Philip N. Howard Assistant Professor, Department of Communication University of Washington
More informationElder Financial Abuse and State Mandatory Reporting Laws for Financial Institutions Prepared by CUNA s State Government Affairs
Elder Financial Abuse and State Mandatory Reporting Laws for Financial Institutions Prepared by CUNA s State Government Affairs Overview Financial crimes and exploitation can involve the illegal or improper
More informationThis report was prepared for the Immigration Policy Center of the American Immigration Law Foundation by Rob Paral and Associates, with writing by
This report was prepared for the Immigration Policy Center of the American Immigration Law Foundation by Rob Paral and Associates, with writing by Rob Paral and Madura Wijewardena, data processing by Michael
More informationYOU PAY FOR YOUR WRONG AND NO ONE ELSE S: THE ABOLITION OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY
30 YOU PAY FOR YOUR WRONG AND NO ONE ELSE S: THE ABOLITION OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY By: Alice Chan In April 2006, Florida abolished the doctrine of joint and several liability in negligence cases.
More informationWe re Paying Dearly for Bush s Tax Cuts Study Shows Burdens by State from Bush s $87-Billion-Every-51-Days Borrowing Binge
Citizens for Tax Justice 202-626-3780 September 23, 2003 (9 pp.) Contact: Bob McIntyre We re Paying Dearly for Bush s Tax Cuts Study Shows Burdens by State from Bush s $87-Billion-Every-51-Days Borrowing
More informationThe sustained negative mood of the country drove voter attitudes.
3 The sustained negative mood of the country drove voter attitudes. Last Time Mood Was Positive: 154 Months Ago 01/2004: 47% RD 43% WT The Mood of the Country Rasmussen Reports 11/20 11/22: 30% - 58% The
More informationDecision Analyst Economic Index United States Census Divisions April 2017
United States s Arlington, Texas The Economic Indices for the U.S. s have increased in the past 12 months. The Middle Atlantic Division had the highest score of all the s, with an score of 114 for. The
More informationACTION: Notice announcing addresses for summons and complaints. SUMMARY: Our Office of the General Counsel (OGC) is responsible for processing
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 02/23/2017 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2017-03495, and on FDsys.gov 4191-02U SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
More informationNominating Committee Policy
Nominating Committee Policy February 2014 Revision to include clarification on candidate qualifications. Mission Statement: The main purpose of the nominating committee is to present the Board of Directors
More informationINSTITUTE of PUBLIC POLICY
INSTITUTE of PUBLIC POLICY Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs University of Missouri ANALYSIS OF STATE REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES Andrew Wesemann and Brian Dabson Summary This report analyzes state
More informationCRS Report for Congress
Order Code RS20273 Updated September 8, 2003 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Thomas H. Neale Government and
More informationOverall, in our view, this is where the race stands with Newt Gingrich still an active candidate:
To: Interested Parties From: Nick Ryan, RWB Executive Director Re: Our Analysis of the Status of RNC Convention Delegates Date: March 22, 2012 With 33 jurisdictions having voted so far, we thought this
More informationTELEPHONE; STATISTICAL INFORMATION; PRISONS AND PRISONERS; LITIGATION; CORRECTIONS; DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION ISSUES
TELEPHONE; STATISTICAL INFORMATION; PRISONS AND PRISONERS; LITIGATION; CORRECTIONS; PRISONS AND PRISONERS; June 26, 2003 DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION ISSUES 2003-R-0469 By: Kevin E. McCarthy, Principal Analyst
More informationIncarcerated America Human Rights Watch Backgrounder April 2003
Incarcerated America Human Rights Watch Backgrounder April 03 According to the latest statistics from the U.S. Department of Justice, more than two million men and women are now behind bars in the United
More informationBranches of Government
What is a congressional standing committee? Both houses of Congress have permanent committees that essentially act as subject matter experts on legislation. Both the Senate and House have similar committees.
More information