Government. Roots and Reform. MyPoliSciLab. AP Edition Twelfth Edition. Karen O Connor. American University. Larry J. University of Virginia

Transcription

1 American Government Roots and Reform MyPoliSciLab AP Edition Twelfth Edition Karen O Connor American University Larry J. Sabato University of Virginia Alixandra B. Yanus High Point University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo 3rd Proof

2 Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Editor-in-Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Senior Acquisitions Editor: Vikram Mukhija Assistant Editor: Beverly Fong Editorial Assistant: Emily Sauerhoff Editorial Assistant: Isabel Schwab Director of Development: Sharon Geary Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Executive Marketing Manager: Wendy Gordon Marketing Assistant: Zakiyyah Wiley Senior Managing Editor: Ann Marie McCarthy Senior Project Manager: Debra Wechsler Procurement Manager: Mary Fischer Procurement Specialist: Mary Ann Gloriande Creative Director: Blair Brown Art Director: John Christiana, Kathryn Foot Director of Digital Media: Brian Hyland Senior Digital Media Editor: Paul DeLuca Digital Media Editor: Alison Lorber Multimedia Project Manager: Michael Granger Media Project Manager: Joseph Selby Full-Service Project Management and Composition: Cenveo Publisher Services Printer/Binder: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Text Font: Adobe Caslon Pro 10.5/13 Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text (or on pages ). Copyright 2014, 2011, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey or you may fax your request to Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. O Connor, Karen. American government : roots and reform / Karen O Connor, Jonathan N. Helfat Distinguished Professor of Political Science, American University, Larry J. Sabato, University Professor and Robert Kent Gooch Professor of Politics, University of Virginia, Alixandra B. Yanus, Assistant Professor of Political Science, High Point University election edition. pages cm ISBN United States--Politics and government--textbooks. I. Sabato, Larry. II. Yanus, Alixandra B. III. Title. JK276.A dc AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product PearsonSchool.com/Advanced Student Edition: ISBN 10: (High School Binding) ISBN 13: (High School Binding)

3 Brief Contents Contents iv To the Student xiii To the Teacher xiv AP Edition Program Components xviii Correlation Guide for AP xxi Acknowledgments xxiii PART I foundations of Government 1 American Government: Roots, Context, and Culture 2 2 The Constitution 28 3 The Federal System 62 4 Civil Liberties 90 5 Civil Rights 126 PART II institutions of Government 10 Public Opinion and Political Socialization Political Parties Elections and Voting The Campaign Process The News Media Interest Groups Congress Domestic Policy The Presidency Economic Policy The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy The Judiciary 264 PART III Political Behavior PART IV Public Policy 18 Foreign and Defense Policy 548 Glossary 587 Notes 599 Credits 613 Index 615 Answer Key 639 On MyPoliSciLab The Declaration of Independence The Constitution of the United States Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 15 Federalist No. 51 Federalist No. 78 Anti-Federalist No. 17 Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) The Gettysburg Address Washington s First Inaugural Speech Note: The icons listed here and throughout this book lead to learning resources on MyPoliSciLab. iii

4 Contents To the Student xiii To the Teacher xiv AP Edition Program Components xviii Correlation Guide for AP xxi Acknowledgments xxiii PART I foundations of Government 1 American Government: Roots, Context, and Culture 2 Mypoliscilab Video Series Political Ideology 18 Finding Your Political Ideology 19 Take a Closer Look 20 Problem with Ideological Labels 21 Toward Reform: People and Politics 21 Redefining Our Expectations 21 Infographic: is the American Dream a Reality? Roots of American Government: We the People 5 On Mypoliscilab 25 The Earliest Inhabitants of the Americas 5 The Living Constitution 6 2 The Constitution 28 The First Colonists Types of Government 7 Mypoliscilab Video Series Devising a National Government in the American Colonies 8 Functions of American Government 9 Establishing Justice 9 Ensuring Domestic Tranquility 9 Providing for the Common Defense 10 Promoting the General Welfare 10 Securing the Blessings of Liberty 10 American Political Culture and the Basic Tenets of American Democracy 10 Liberty and Equality Roots of the New American Nation 31 Trade and Taxation 32 First Steps Toward Independence 32 The First Continental Congress 34 The Second Continental Congress 34 The Declaration of Independence 35 Take a Closer Look 36 The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation 37 Problems Under the Articles of Confederation 38 Shays s Rebellion Explorer: How Do you Measure Freedom? 11 Popular Consent, Majority Rule, and Popular Sovereignty 12 Individualism 12 Religious Faith and Religious Freedom 12 The Changing American Public The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution 40 The Characteristics and Motives of the Framers 40 Infographic: Who Were the Framers? 41 The Virginia and New Jersey Plans 42 Constitutional Compromises 42 Simulation: You are a City Council Member 13 Unfinished Business: The Executive Branch 43 Racial and Ethnic Composition The U.S. Constitution 44 Aging 14 The Basic Principles of the Constitution 44 iv Explore Your World 15 Explore Your World 45 Religious Beliefs 16 The Articles of the Constitution 48 Regional Growth and Expansion 16 Family and Family Size 17 Note: The icons listed here and throughout this book lead to learning resources on MyPoliSciLab. iv 3rd Proof

5 2.5 The Drive for Ratification of the U.S. Constitution Federal Grants to State and Local Governments 79 Simulation: You are a Founder 51 Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists 51 Explorer: How Long DID it Take to Ratify the Constitution? 52 The Federalist Papers 53 Ratifying the Constitution 54 The Bill of Rights 55 Categorical Grants 80 Block Grants 80 Unfunded Mandates 80 Explorer: Which States Win AND Lose the Federal AID Game? 81 Programmatic Requests 82 Take a Closer Look Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the U.S. Constitution 55 Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution Judicial Federalism 84 The Rehnquist Court 84 The Roberts Court 84 The Living Constitution 57 Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution Toward Reform: Attempts to Balance National and State Power 85 On Mypoliscilab 59 The Price of Federalism 85 Progressive Federalism 85 3 The Federal System 62 On Mypoliscilab 87 Mypoliscilab Video Series 64 4 Civil Liberties Roots of the Federal System 65 Simulation: You are a Federal Judge 65 National Powers Under the Constitution 66 State Powers Under the Constitution 67 Concurrent Powers Under the Constitution 68 Powers Denied Under the Constitution 68 Interstate Relations Under the Constitution 68 The Living Constitution 69 Local Governments Under the Constitution 70 Federalism and the Marshall Court Mypoliscilab Video Series 92 Roots of Civil Liberties: The Bill of Rights 93 The Incorporation Doctrine: The Bill of Rights Made Applicable to the States 94 Selective Incorporation and Fundamental Freedoms 95 First Amendment Guarantees: Freedom of Religion 97 The Establishment Clause 97 The Free Exercise Clause 99 Defining National Power: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 71 Affirming National Power: Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) First Amendment Guarantees: Freedoms of Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition Explore Your World 72 Limiting the Bill of Rights: Barron v. Baltimore (1833) 73 Dual Federalism: States Rights, the Civil War, and Reconstruction 73 The States Assert Their Powers: Nullification 74 States Rights and the Dred Scott Decision 74 Reconstruction and the Transformation of Dual Federalism 74 Amending the National State Relationship 76 Cooperative Federalism: The Growth of National Government 76 A Need for National Action Arises: The New Deal 77 Infographic: How Has the Federal-State Relationship Evolved? Simulation: you are a Police Officer 99 Freedoms of Speech and the Press 100 Protected Speech and Press 101 Explore Your World 102 Unprotected Speech and Press 104 Freedoms of Assembly and Petition 106 The Second Amendment: The Right to Keep and Bear Arms 106 Infographic: How do States Restrict the Right to Bear Arms? 107 The Rights of Criminal Defendants 108 The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures 108 The Fifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination and Double Jeopardy 109 v 3rd Proof

6 4.6 The Fourth and Fifth Amendments and the Exclusionary Rule 110 The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel 111 Take a Closer Look 112 The Sixth Amendment and Jury Trials 113 The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual Punishment 113 Explorer: Should the Government Apply the Death Penalty? 115 The Right to Privacy 116 Birth Control 116 Abortion 117 The Living Constitution The Women s Rights Movement 147 The Equal Rights Amendment 148 Explore Your World 149 The Equal Protection Clause and Constitutional Standards of Review 150 Statutory Remedies for Sex Discrimination 152 Other Groups Mobilize for Rights 153 Hispanic Americans 154 American Indians 155 Asian and Pacific Island Americans 157 Gays and Lesbians 159 Infographic: How Do Governments Regulate Same-Sex Marriage? 161 Homosexuality 119 Americans with Disabilities Toward Reform: Civil Liberties and Combating Terrorism Toward Reform: Civil Rights and Affirmative Action 163 The First Amendment 120 The Fourth Amendment 120 Due Process Rights 121 Simulation: You are a Mayor 163 On Mypoliscilab On Mypoliscilab 123 Civil Rights 126 Mypoliscilab Video Series 128 PART II institutions of Government 6 Congress Roots of Suffrage: Slavery and Congress 129 The First Civil Rights Movements: Abolition and Women s Rights Mypoliscilab Video Series 170 Roots of the Legislative Branch of Government 171 The 1850s: The Calm Before the Storm 130 The Living Constitution The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Civil Rights Laws and Constitutional Amendments 132 The Living Constitution 133 Civil Rights, Congress, and the Supreme Court 133 The Push for Equality, The Members of Congress 175 Congressional Demographics 175 Running for and Staying in Office 176 Infographic: The PEOPLE S House? 177 The Founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 136 Key Woman s Groups 136 Explorer: are all Forms of Discrimination the Same? How Congress is Organized 179 Leadership in the House of Representatives 179 Leadership in the Senate 182 Explore Your World 183 Litigating for Equality 139 The Committee System The Civil Rights Movement Powers of Congress 187 School Desegregation After Brown 141 The Law-making Function 187 A New Move for African American Rights 142 Formation of New Groups 143 Take a Closer Look 188 The Budgetary Function 191 Take a Closer Look 144 The Oversight Function 192 vi vi The Civil Rights Act of Statutory Remedies for Race Discrimination How Members Make Decisions 195 Simulation: You are a Consumer Advocate 195 3rd Proof

7 Political Parties 195 Explorer: Can Congress Get Anything Done? 196 Constituents 197 Colleagues and Caucuses 198 Interest Groups, Lobbyists, and Political Action Committtees 198 Staff and Support Agencies Infographic: What Does the West Wing Say about the Presidency? 224 Presidential Leadership and the Importance of Public Opinion 225 Presidential Leadership and Personality 225 Going Public 226 The President and Public Opinion Toward Reform: Balancing Institutional Power 199 Explorer: What Influences a President s Public Approval? 228 Congress and the Executive 199 Congress and the Judiciary Toward Reform: The President as Policy Maker 229 Congress and the People 200 On Mypoliscilab 201 The President s Role in Proposing and Facilitating Legislation 229 Explore Your World The Presidency 204 The Budgetary Process and Legislative Implementation 231 Policy Making Through Executive Order 232 Mypoliscilab Video Series 206 On Mypoliscilab Roots of the Office of President of the United States 207 Presidential Qualifications and Terms of Office 208 Rules of Succession 210 The Living Constitution The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy The Constitutional Powers of the President 212 Simulation: You are a First-Term President 212 The Appointment Power 212 The Power to Convene Congress 212 The Power to Make Treaties 213 The Veto Power 213 Take a Closer Look 214 The Power to Preside over the Military as Commander in Chief 215 The Pardoning Power 217 The Development and Expansion of Presidential Power 217 Establishing Presidential Authority: The First Presidents 218 Incremental Expansion of Presidential Powers: Mypoliscilab Video Series 238 Roots of the Federal Bureaucracy 239 The Civil War and the Growth of Government 240 From the Spoils System to the Merit System 240 Regulating Commerce 241 The World Wars and the Growth of Government 242 The Modern Bureaucracy 244 Who Are Bureaucrats? 244 Infographic: WHO ARE Federal Workers? 246 Formal Organization 247 The Living Constitution 248 Government Workers and Political Involvement 250 How the Bureaucracy Works 251 Simulation: You are Head of Fema 251 Creating the Modern Presidency 220 Making Policy The Presidential Establishment 221 Take a Closer Look 253 The Vice President 221 The Cabinet 221 The First Lady 222 The Executive Office of the President (EOP) 223 The White House Staff Toward Reform: Making Agencies Accountable 255 Executive Control 256 Explore Your World 257 Congressional Control 258 vii 3rd Proof

8 Explorer: What Puts the Big in Big Government? 259 Judicial Control 260 On Mypoliscilab 261 PART III Political Behavior 9 The Judiciary Public Opinion and Political Socialization 300 Mypoliscilab Video Series Roots of the Federal Judiciary 267 Mypoliscilab Video Series The Judiciary Act of 1789 and the Creation of the Federal Judicial System 268 The Living Constitution 269 The Marshall Court: Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Judicial Review 270 The Federal Court System 271 The District Courts 272 The Courts of Appeals 273 The Supreme Court 274 Explore Your World 275 How Federal Court Judges Are Selected 276 Who Are Federal Judges? 276 Nomination Criteria Roots of Public Opinion Research 303 The Earliest Public Opinion Research 304 The Gallup Organization 305 The American National Election Studies 305 Conducting and Analyzing Public Opinion Polls 306 Simulation: You are A Polling Consultant 306 Explore Your World 307 Designing the Survey and Sample 308 Contacting Respondents 309 Take a Closer Look 310 Analyzing the Data 312 Shortcomings of Polling 312 Infographic: Who are Federal Judges? 278 The Confirmation Process 279 Survey Error 312 Explorer: What do Young People Think about Politics Today? 313 Appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court 281 Limited Respondent Options The Supreme Court Today 282 Simulation: You are a Supreme Court Clerk 282 Deciding to Hear a Case 283 How Does a Case Survive the Process? 286 Hearing and Deciding the Case 288 Take a Closer Look 289 Judicial Philosophy and Decision Making 290 Judicial Philosophy, Original Intent, and Ideology 291 Public Opinion 291 Explorer: Who are the Activist Judges? 292 Toward Reform: Power, Policy Making, and the Court 293 Policy Making Lack of Information 314 Difficulty Measuring Intensity 315 Lack of Interest in Political Issues 315 Forming Political Opinions 315 Demographic Characteristics 315 Family, Peers, and School 316 Infographic: How do Demographic CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT PUBLIC OPINION? 318 The Mass Media 319 Cues from Leaders or Opinion Makers 320 Political Knowledge 320 The Living Constitution 321 Toward Reform: The Effects of Public Opinion on Politics 321 Implementing Court Decisions 295 On Mypoliscilab 323 On Mypoliscilab 297 viii 3rd Proof

9 11 Political Parties Elections and Voting 356 Mypoliscilab Video Series 328 Mypoliscilab Video Series Roots of the Two-Party System 329 The Development of Political Parties, Jacksonian Democracy, The Golden Age, The Modern Era 331 The Living Constitution Roots of American Elections 359 Purposes of Elections 359 Types of Elections 360 Presidential Elections 362 Primaries and Caucuses Citizen Support and Party Realignment 332 The Organization of American Political Parties 333 The National Party 334 The National Convention Infographic: How Does the Iowa Caucus work? 363 Electing a President: The Electoral College 365 The Living Constitution 367 Congressional Elections 368 State and Local Parties 335 The Incumbency Advantage 369 Informal Groups 335 Why Incumbents Lose 370 Explore Your World Patterns in Vote Choice Activities of American Political Parties 337 Running Candidates for Office 338 Formulating and Promoting Policy 339 Organizing Government 340 Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability 342 Party Identification 372 Ideology 373 Income and Education 373 Race and Ethnicity 373 Gender 374 Religion 374 Explorer: Which Party Governs Better? 343 Explorer: Who Votes and Who Doesn t? Party Identification 344 Simulation: You are a Voter Issues 376 Voter Turnout Political Socialization 344 Group Affiliations 344 Minor Parties in the American Two-Party System 347 The Formation and Role of Minor Parties 347 Take a Closer Look 348 Barriers to Minor-Party Success 349 Simulation: you are a Voting Registration Volunteer 376 Income and Education 376 Race and Ethnicity 377 Take a Closer Look 378 Gender 379 Age 379 Civic Engagement Toward Reform: Red States and Blue States 350 United or Divided? 350 Causes of Polarization Interest in Politics 380 Toward Reform: Problems with Voter Turnout 380 Why Don t Americans Turn Out? 380 Infographic: Are AMERICAN Political Parties Polarized? 351 Consequences of Polarization 352 On Mypoliscilab 353 Ways to Improve Voter Turnout 383 Explore Your World 384 On Mypoliscilab 387 ix 3rd Proof

10 13 The Campaign Process 390 Explorer: Where do you Get your Political News? 431 Online Media Mypoliscilab Video Series 392 Roots of Modern Political Campaigns Current News Media Trends 433 Corporate Ownership and Media Consolidation 433 Infographic: WHO OWNS THE NEWS MEDIA? 434 The Nomination Campaign 393 General Election Campaign 394 Narrowcasting 435 Infotainment 436 Explore Your World 395 Increasing Use of Experts Assembling a Campaign Staff 396 The Candidate Citizen Journalists 438 Rules Governing the News Media 439 The Campaign Staff 397 Simulation: You are a Newspaper Editor 439 Explorer: How are People Involved in Politics? 399 Journalistic Standards Raising Money 401 Regulating Campaign Finance 401 Sources of Campaign Funding 402 Public Funds 404 Infographic: HOW HAS CAMPAIGN FINANCING CHANGED OVER TIME? Government Regulations 440 How the News Media Cover Politics 442 How the Press and Public Figures Interact 442 Covering the Presidency 442 Take a Closer Look Reaching Voters 406 Simulation: You are a Campaign Strategist 406 Traditional Media 406 New Media 408 Take a Closer Look 409 Campaign Advertisements 410 Toward Reform: The 2012 Presidential Campaign 410 The Nomination Campaign 411 The Interim Period Covering Congress 444 Covering the Supreme Court 445 Toward Reform: News Media Influence, News Media Bias, and Public Confidence 445 News Media Influence 445 Explore Your World 446 News Media Bias 447 Public Confidence 448 On Mypoliscilab 449 The Party Conventions 413 The General Election Campaign 414 The Living Constitution Interest Groups Election Results and Analysis 418 On Mypoliscilab 421 The News Media Mypoliscilab Video Series 454 Roots of the American Interest Group System 455 Theories of Interest Group Formation 456 Kinds of Organized Interests Mypoliscilab Video Series 426 Roots of the News Media in the United States 427 Print Media 428 Radio News Take a Closer Look 457 The Development of American Interest Groups 458 National Groups Emerge ( ) 459 The Progressive Era ( ) 460 The Rise of the Interest Group State 461 The Living Constitution 430 TV News 430 Infographic: WHO ARE UNION MEMBERS? 463 x 3rd Proof

11 What Do Interest Groups Do? 464 Simulation: You are a Lobbyist 464 Lobbying 465 The Living Constitution 467 Election Activities 469 What Makes Interest Groups Successful? 470 Explore Your World 471 Leaders Energy and Environmental Policy Today 506 Energy Policy 506 Environmental Policy 508 Explore Your World 509 Climate Change 510 Toward Reform: Ongoing Challenges in Domestic Policy 511 On Mypoliscilab Funding and Patrons 472 Members 473 Toward Reform: Regulating Interest Groups and Lobbyists 474 Regulating Congressional Lobbyists 474 Explorer: Can Interest Groups Buy Public Policy? Economic Policy 516 Mypoliscilab Video Series 518 Roots of Economic Policy 519 The Nineteenth Century 519 Regulating Executive Branch Lobbyists 476 The Living Constitution 520 Regulating Judicial Branch Lobbyists 476 The Progressive Era 520 On Mypoliscilab 477 The Great Depression and the New Deal 522 Deregulation 523 PART IV Public Policy 17.2 Fiscal Policy 525 The Foundations of Fiscal Policy Domestic Policy 480 Infographic: How Much Government Debt is too Much? 527 Responding to Recession Mypoliscilab Video Series 482 Roots of Domestic Policy in the United States 483 The Evolution of Health Care Policy Explorer: Who Broke the Economy? 529 The Debt Ceiling 530 Fiscal Policy in a Global Context 530 Monetary Policy 532 The Evolution of Education Policy 485 The Evolution of Energy and Environmental Policy 486 A Model of the Policy-Making Process 488 Simulation: you are a Federal Reserve Chair 532 The Federal Reserve System 532 The Tools of Monetary Policy 532 The Living Constitution 492 Explore your World Health Policy Today Income Security Policy 536 Simulation: You are an Omb Staffer 495 The Foundations of Income Security Policy 536 Medicare 495 Income Security Programs Today Explorer: is Health Care a Public Good? 496 Medicaid 497 Health Insurance 498 Take a Closer Look 499 Public Health 500 Education Policy Today 502 The No Child Left Behind Act 502 Infographic: HAS THE NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT INFLUENCED EDUCATION? Toward Reform: Recession and Economic Recovery 541 Fiscal Policy 541 Monetary Policy 542 Income Security Policy 542 Evaluating the Government s Response 542 Take a Closer Look 543 On Mypoliscilab 545 Federal Aid to Higher Education 505 xi 3rd Proof

12 Foreign and Defense Policy 548 Mypoliscilab Video Series 550 Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy 551 Isolationism in the Early Republic 552 The United States as an Emerging Power 552 World War I and the Interwar Years 554 The United States as a World Power 555 World War II and Its Aftermath 555 The Cold War and Containment 556 The Post-Cold War World 559 Explore Your World 560 September 11, 2001, and the War on Terrorism 561 Foreign and Defense Policy Decision Making 562 Simulation: You are a President During a Foreign Policy Crisis Explorer: How Much does America Spend on Defense? 563 The Constitution 564 The Living Constitution 564 The Executive Branch 565 Congress 566 The Judiciary 569 Interest Groups 570 Contemporary Challenges in Foreign and Defense Policy 571 Trade 571 Terrorism 573 Nuclear Weapons 576 Infographic: HOW BIG IS THE WORLD S Stockpile of Nuclear Weapons? 577 Toward Reform: New Challenges in American Foreign Policy 580 Take a Closer Look 581 On Mypoliscilab 583 Glossary 587 Notes 599 Credits 613 Index 615 Answer Key 639 On MyPoliSciLab The Declaration of Independence The Constitution of the United States Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 15 Federalist No. 51 Federalist No. 78 Anti-Federalist No. 17 Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) The Gettysburg Address Washington s First Inaugural Speech xii 3rd Proof

13 to the Student As you open this book you may be asking yourself, what possible impact could the Framers of the Constitution long gone have on my life in the twentyfirst century? Why is learning about history important to the study of politics today? And how are the ideas of the Framers relevant for understanding modern political issues such as healthcare, immigration, and abortion rights? We believe that without knowing the history the roots of our government, we won t understand how movements for political change or reform came to pass. As students of the American political process, it can be challenging to identify what is really important and how government truly affects your lives. It is tempting to get caught up in key terms and definitions and miss the major themes that prevail not only in the American political system, but also around the world. People like you are still the cornerstone of the political process, something we may forget from time to time. But your vote counts, and executing your rights as a citizen of the United States by taking the time to vote is an important facet of American life that has changed over time to include nearly all citizens, regardless of gender or race. We hope that you will challenge prevailing notions about politics, ideas that suggest that government is bloated, inefficient, wasteful, and only for old people. We hope that you will come to see that politics can be a good thing, and that government is only able to represent the interests of those who actively pursue their own voice. To this end, we challenge you to identify the issues that affect your everyday lives education, health care, the economy, just to name a few and take every opportunity to make your voices heard. Just as the Framers decisions in crafting a constitution live on in American political institutions, every decision made by policymakers today will have a lasting impact on your lives tomorrow. Meet Your Authors Watch on MyPoliSciLab Karen O Connor is the Jonathan N. Helfat Distinguished Professor of Political Science and the Founder and Director Emerita of the Women & Politics Institute at American University. Before coming to American University, Karen taught political science for seventeen years at Emory University in Atlanta, GA, where she was the first woman to receive the university s highest teaching award. She has been recognized by several associations as the most outstanding woman in political science and public administration as well as by the Southern Political Science Association for her contributions to the discipline. From , she has been selected by The Irish Times as one of the top 100 Irish American lawyers in the United States. Larry J. Sabato Dubbed the most quoted college professor in the land by the Wall Street Journal, Larry J. Sabato bridges the gap between the ivory tower and the real world of politics. A Rhodes Scholar, Larry has taught more than 15,000 students in his career at Oxford University, Cambridge University, and the University of Virginia. He has received every major teaching award at the University of Virginia, and in 2001, he was named the Thomas Jefferson Award winner. Larry is the University Professor of Politics and director of the University of Virginia s Center for Politics, founded in 1998 to improve civic education and the political process. Follow Larry s Crystal Ball at www. centerforpolitics.org/crystalball. Alixandra B. Yanus is Assistant Professor of Political Science at High Point University, where she teaches courses in Enduring Questions in Political Science, American Government, and Research Methods. She holds a B.A. in Political Science from American University and a M.A. and Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her scholarly research has appeared in peer-reviewed venues including Justice System Journal and Politics and Gender and in book chapters published by Oxford University Press, CQ Press, and Sage. xiii

14 To The TEACHER I This country was founded with the express purpose of welcoming immigrants with open arms, providing safe haven from persecution in native lands. Could the Framers have foreseen tough immigration laws like those considered by the Court in Arizona v. United States (2012)? I The Framers saw Congress as a body with limited powers. But modern members of Congress balance the roles of lawmaker, budgeter, and policy maker while also acting as representatives of their district, state, party, and sometimes their race, ethnicity or gender. How does this affect their behavior? I The Twenty-Sixth Amendment lowered the voting age to 18. Today, young people are becoming increasingly civically aware and engaged. Could the Framers ever have anticipated how demographic changes would affect public policy? American Government: Roots and Reform AP Edition provides students with a historical context for understanding modern-day events and legislation. By drawing on more than 250 years of the American political experience, the text aids teachers and students in making comparisons between past and present. In so doing, it helps students realize that some of the challenges we face in American politics today are not new they are simply new to us. Further, it emphasizes that by learning from the experiences of our predecessors, we may be more able to address these problems efficiently and effectively. As teachers of American government and politics, we are faced with an increasingly challenging dilemma persuading students to invest in the American political system at a time when trust in government is at all-time lows, and disillusionment is the norm. But as we well know, this task is perhaps more important than ever. Our students live in a rapidly changing political landscape, where the identity of America, as well as the role of the United States in the world, are being dramatically challenged and altered. We explore issues that the Framers could never have envisioned and how the basic institutions of governments have changed in responding to these new demands. Our philosophy remains the same as always roots and reform. By providing students with information about the roots of government and by explaining why it is important, they come to understand how their participation influences policy reforms today. And we hope that students will come to see that politics can be, and most often is, a good thing. xiv New to This Edition While the content and pedagogy of this text stays true to its roots by continuing to provide clear, concise prose that receives high marks from students on readability and ease of comprehension, we strive to present a currency unparalleled by any other book on the market. American Government: Roots and Reform AP Edition has been reformed to include fully updated examples, figures, and text that draw on experiences in American government that are relevant to students lives. I Complete coverage of the 2012 congressional elections and the makeup of the 112th Congress and the incoming 113th Congress are included, as well as a discussion of major recent shifts in congressional rules and roles in budgeting, lawmaking, and oversight.

15 I Complete coverage of the 2012 presidential election contest, including the Republican primaries and the general election between Governor Mitt Romney and President Barack Obama. Coverage of election night results and analysis of the implications of the election for American politics are also included. I Complete coverage of the and terms of the U.S. Supreme Court on important issues such as healthcare, immigration, and criminal procedure. I Policy chapters have been dramatically revised with the latest information on healthcare, education, and energy and the environment in domestic policy today; new coverage of the 2012 fiscal cliff, how the government responded to the recession, the debt ceiling crises of 2011 and 2012; and updated coverage of Obama s recent foreign policy engagement as well as the latest challenges the U.S. faces in the world today. I New opening vignettes for eleven chapters deliver up-to-the moment coverage that addresses issues at the forefront of political debates. These openers were written to engage students in the conversations that take place in today s world. I Take a Closer Look is a new visual feature that includes targeted critical thinking questions that encourage readers to progressively engage in deeper understanding and analysis. These features take students beyond answering solely the what of the visual and help them to better focus on the why. I Explore Your World is a new feature that includes a more comparative visual study of politics around the world, including up-to-date images and critical thinking questions that ask readers to examine some of the most commonly held assumptions about how American government does or should function in an increasingly globalized world. I Photos over 30% of which are new to this edition capture major events from the last few years, of course, but to illustrate politics relevancy, they show political actors and processes as well as people affected by politics, creating a visual narrative that enhances rather than repeats the text. Also, qualitative literacy the ability to analyze, interpret, synthesize, and apply visual information is essential to today s world, so all of the figures and tables included in this edition reflect the latest available data, facilitating quantitative analysis. Finally, to create a tighter pedagogical connection between this book and MyPoliSciLab, we integrated several new features that move students from the book to online active learning opportunities. *The icons listed throughout the book lead to learning resources on MyPoliSciLab. I A new design simplifies the presentation of content to facilitate print and digital reading experiences. It also focuses reading by turning our book s learning objectives into a clear learning path backed by personalized study plans on MyPoliSciLab. I Videos now support the narrative in each chapter. We the authors frame each chapter topic, and interviews with political scientists and everyday citizens look at interesting aspects of each topic. The videos are listed at each chapter s start and can be watched on MyPoliSciLab. xv

16 I Infographics demonstrate how political scientists use data to answer questions like How Long Did it Take to Ratify the Constitution? or What Influences a President s Public Approval? On MyPoliSciLab, students can use interactive data to further investigate the same question. I In every chapter, On MyPoliSciLab helps students review what they just read. In addition to a chapter summary, key term list, short quiz, and further reading list, there are reminders to use the chapter audio, practice tests, and flashcards on MyPoliSciLab. xvi Features Every chapter in this text uses history to serve three purposes: first, to show how institutions and processes have evolved to their present states; second, to provide some of the color that makes information memorable; and, third, to provide students with a more thorough appreciation of the fact that that our government was born amid burning issues of representation and power, issues that continue to smolder today. A richer historical texture helps to explain the present. With Roots and Reform providing the foundation from which all topics and concepts in this book are discussed, the text is divided into four parts. Part I, Foundations of Government, covers the political landscape and puts into context through a discussion of the Constitution those broad concepts associated with government in the United States: federalism, state and local government, civil liberties and civil rights. Part I sets the stage for the coverage in Part II, which introduces students to the institutions of government through its discussion of Congress, the Presidency, the Executive and Federal Bureaucracy, and the Judiciary. Political Behavior, Part III, delves into the ideas and processes that make democracy what it is: public opinion and political socialization, political parties, elections and voting, the campaign process, what role the news media plays in politics, and how interest groups can shape a party s platform. Part IV rounds out the coverage with detailed discussions of domestic policy, economic policy, and foreign and defense policy. Coverage in these chapters makes use of the most current data and debates to frame discussions of health care, energy and the environment, education, and the United States role on the global political stage. The AP Edition of American Government: Roots and Reform includes a Correlation Guide. This guide lists all of the topics covered in the AP Exam and shows how they correlate to this book s coverage. By following this guide, students can comprehensively and successfully study for the AP Exam. Each chapter also includes the following pedagogical features: I Roots of and Toward Reform sections highlight the text s emphasis on the importance of the history of American government, as well as the dynamic cycle of reassessment and reform that allows the United States to continue to evolve. Every chapter begins with a Roots of section that gives a historical overview of the topic at hand, and ends with a Toward Reform section devoted to a particularly contentious aspect of the topic being discussed. I The Living Constitution reflects the authors emphasis on the origins of America s democratic system and expertise in constitutional law. To further support the text s emphasis on the constitutional underpinnings of government and politics, this boxed feature appears in every chapter. Each feature examines the chapter s topic in light of what the Constitution says or does not say about it. I A running marginal glossary facilitates students understanding of key terms related to the chapter content. A list of key terms also appears at the end of the chapter for easy reference; these key terms are also defined in a glossary at the end of the book.

17 I A focus on qualitative literacy helps students analyze, interpret, synthesize, and apply visual information skills that are essential in today s world. We receive information from the written and spoken word, but knowledge also comes in visual forms. We are used to thinking about reading text critically, but we do not always think about reading visuals in this way. A focus on qualitative literacy encourages students to think about the images and informational graphics they will encounter throughout this text, as well as those they see every day in the newspaper, in magazines, on the Web, on television, and in books. Critical thinking questions assist students in learning how to analyze visuals. I Tables consist of textual information and/or numerical data arranged in tabular form in columns and rows. Tables are frequently used when exact information is required and when orderly arrangement is necessary to locate and, in many cases, to compare the information. All tables in this edition include questions and encourage critical thinking. I Charts and Graphs depict numerical data in visual forms. Examples that students will encounter throughout this text are line graphs, pie charts, and bar graphs. Line graphs show a progression, usually over time (as in how the U.S. population has grown over time). Pie charts (such as ones showing population demographics) demonstrate how a whole (total American population) is divided into its parts (different racial and ethnic groups). Bar graphs compare values across categories, showing how proportions are related to each other (as in how much money each party raised in presidential election years). Bar graphs can present data either horizontally or vertically. All charts and graphs in this edition are based on questions that encourage critical thinking. I Some of the most interesting commentary on American politics takes place in the form of political cartoons. The cartoonist s goal is to comment on and/or criticize political figures, policies, or events. The cartoonist uses several techniques to accomplish this goal, including exaggeration, irony, and juxtaposition. For example, the cartoonist may point out how the results of governmental policies are the opposite of their intended effects (irony). In other cartoons, two people, ideas, or events that don t belong together may be joined to make a point (juxtaposition). Knowledge of current events is helpful in interpreting political cartoons. xvii

18 AP EDITION PROGRAM COMPONENTS Pearson is pleased to offer teacher and student program components that will make teaching and learning from the AP Edition of American Government: Roots and Reform even more effective and enjoyable. For the Teacher Most of the teacher supplements and resources for this text are also available electronically to qualified adopters on the Instructor Resource Center (IRC). Upon adoption or to preview, please go to request and select Instructor Resource Center. You will be required to complete a brief one-time registration subject to verification of educator status. Upon verification, access information and instructions will be sent to you via . Once logged into the IRC, enter ISBN in the Search our Catalog box to locate resources. AP Instructor s Resource DVD Includes AP Instructor s Manual, AP Test Bank, AP TestGen, AP PowerPoints, and AP Digital Transparency Masters. I AP Instructor s Manual. Create a comprehensive roadmap for teaching classroom, online, or hybrid courses. Designed for new and experienced instructors, the Instructor s Manual includes a sample syllabus, lecture and discussion suggestions, activities for in or out of class, essays on teaching American Government, and suggestions for using MyPoliSciLab. Available on the AP Instructor s Resource DVD or on the IRC for download. I AP Test Bank. Evaluate learning at every level. Reviewed for clarity and accuracy, the Test Bank measures this book s learning objectives with multiple-choice, true/false, fill-in-the-blank, short answer, and essay questions. Available on the AP Instructor s Resource DVD or on the IRC for download. I AP Test Gen. Customize and assign all of the AP-style multiple choice questions from the AP Test Bank. This fully networkable, user-friendly program enables instructors to view and edit questions and print tests in a variety of formats. Available on the AP Instructor s Resource DVD or on the IRC for download. I AP PowerPoint Presentation. Make lectures more enriching for students. The PowerPoint Presentation includes a full lecture script, discussion questions, photos and figures from the book, and links to MyPoliSciLab multimedia. Available on the AP Instructor s Resource DVD or on the IRC for download. I AP Digital Transparency Masters. Features all of the maps, tables, and figures from the text. Available on the AP Instructor s Resource DVD or on the IRC for download. For the Student Test Prep Workbook for AP Government and Politics: United States Contains an overview of the College Board s AP program and the Government and Politics: United States AP Exam, guidelines for mastering multiple-choice and free response questions, practice tests, and more. Available for purchase. MyPoliSciLab Media Resources for Teachers and Students MyPoliSciLab with Pearson etext is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment system that improves results by helping students better master concepts and by providing educators a dynamic set of tools for gauging individual and class performance. Its immersive experiences truly engage students in learning, helping them to understand course material and improve their performance. And MyPoliSciLab comes from Pearson your partner in providing the best digital learning experiences. xviii xviii

19 Personalize learning. Reach every student at each stage of learning, engage them in active rather than passive learning, and measure that learning. Refined after a decade of real-world use, MyPoliSciLab can be customized to support each individual student s and educator s success. You can fully control what your students course looks like; homework, applications, and more can easily be turned on or off. You can also add your own original material. I The intuitive assignment calendar lets teachers drag and drop assignments to the desired date and gives students a useful course organizer. I Automatically graded assessment flows into the gradebook, which can be used in MyPoliSciLab or exported. Emphasize outcomes. Keep students focused on what they need to master course concepts. I Practice tests help students achieve this book s learning objectives by creating personalized study plans. Based on a pre-test diagnostic, the study plan suggests reading and multimedia for practice and moves students from comprehension to critical thinking. I Students can study key terms and concepts with their own personal set of flashcards. Engage students. Students each one is different. Reach all of them with the new MyPoliSciLab Video Series, which features this book s authors and top scholars discussing the big ideas in each chapter and applying them to enduring political issues. Each chapter is supported by six videos that help students work through the material and retain its key lessons. I The Big Picture. Understand how the topic fits into the American political system. I The Basics. Review the topic s core learning objectives. I In Context. Examine the historical background of the topic. I Thinking Like a Political Scientist. Solve a political puzzle related to the topic. I In the Real World. Consider different perspectives on a key issue in American politics. I So What? Connect the topic to what is at stake for American democracy. Improve critical thinking. Students get a lot of information about politics; your challenge as a teacher is to turn them into critical consumers of that information. Explorer is a hands-on way to develop quantitative literacy and to move students beyond punditry and opinion. In the book, infographics introduce key questions about politics. On MyPoliSciLab, guided exercises ask students to read the data related to the questions and then find connections among the data to answer the questions. Explorer includes data from the United States Census, General Social Survey, Statistical Abstract of the United States, Gallup, American National Election Studies, and Election Data Services with more data being regularly added. xxiii xix

20 Analyze current events. Prepare students for a lifetime of following political news. Coverage of the 2012 elections and more keeps politics relevant and models how to analyze developments in the American political system. I Get up-to-the-minute analysis by top scholars on MyPoliSciLab s blogs, take the weekly quiz, and register to vote. I Or reflect on a theoretical case with the simulations in MyPoliSciLab. Easy to assign and complete in a week, each simulation is a game-like opportunity to play the role of a political actor and apply course concepts to make realistic political decisions. The Pearson etext offers a full digital version of the print book and is readable on Apple ipad and Android tablets with the Pearson etext app. Like the printed te xt, students can highlight relevant passages and add notes. The Pearson etext also includes primary sources like the Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, selected Federalist Papers, key Supreme Court decisions, Lincoln s Gettysburg Address, and Washington s Farewell Address. Chapter Audio lets students listen to the full text of this book. Upon textbook purchase, students and teachers are granted access to MyPoliSciLab with Pearson etext. High school teachers can obtain preview or adoption access for MyPoliSciLab in one of the following ways: Preview Access Teachers can request preview access online by visiting and using Option 2. Preview Access information will be sent to the teacher via . Adoption Access I With the purchase of this program, a Pearson Adoption Access Card, with codes and complete instructions, will be delivered with your textbook purchase. (ISBN: ). I Ask your sales representative for an Adoption Access Code Card (ISBN: ). OR I Visit PearsonSchool.com/Access_Request, Option 3. Adoption access information will be sent to the teacher via . Students, ask your teacher for access. xx xx