Imperial Decision-Making and Communication in Early China

Transcription

1 Opera Sinologica 20 Imperial Decision-Making and Communication in Early China A Study of Cai Yong's Duduan Bearbeitet von Enno Giele 1. Auflage Buch. X, 367 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 800 g Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Enno Giele Imperial Decision-Making and Communication in Early China A Study of Cai Yong s Duduan 2006 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden ISSN ISBN after :

3 Contents Acknowledgements Introduction Intent and content Sources The Dúduàn 獨斷 Historiographic sources Epigraphic sources Traditional explanations The field Method and limitations The Dúduàn The title The author Textual history Editions Quotations Collations Contemporaries and their texts Hú Guǎng 胡廣 Wèi Hóng 衛宏 Cài Zhí 蔡質 Yīng Shào 應劭 Hàn záshì 漢雜事 and other works The value of the Dúduàn The structure and content... 44

4 VI Contents 3 The Setting Imperial authority The bureaucracy The executive council (sāngōng 三公 ) The chief minister The chief prosecutor and the meaning of yùshǐ 御史 The chief of staff, the regent, and the meaning of sāngōng The commissioner of the capital region (sīlì xiàowèi 司隸校尉 ) Offices in charge of imperial communication (sāntái 三臺 ) The imperial secretariat (shàngshūtái 尚書臺 ) Receptionists (yèzhě 謁者 ) and palace secretaries (zhōngshū 中書 ) The prosecutors office (yùshǐtái 御史臺 ) External supervisors of the imperial secretariat The power of the imperial secretariat Direct submissions (fēngshì 封事 ) The office of official carriages (gōngjū 公車 ) The palaces (at Cháng ān, Luòyáng, and Yè) The Letters to the Throne General information on letters to the throne Yì zào 衣皁 vs. yì bó 衣帛 Audience officials (cháochén 朝臣 ) Physical Expressions of Respect: Jiǔbài 九拜 : qǐshǒu and dùnshǒu Courageous or Crushed in the Face of Death: mèisǐ 昧死 and sǐzuì 死罪 The four standards of submissions to the throne Petitions (zhāng 章 ) Informing the Emperor (yǐwén 以聞 ) Indentation as a form of respect: xūtóu 需頭 Selfish gratitude: xièēn 謝恩

5 Contents VII Following up accusations from outside the palace: the zhāng xià 章下 evidence Pilgrimage to the Palace Gate: yìquè 詣闕 Screening Petitions for Politeness: the importance of gǎn gào 敢告 Cài Yōng s petition Memorials (zòu 奏 ) The meaning of dàn 但 If vs. or: the meaning of ruò 若 The difference between zhāng 章 and zòu 奏 Reporting before the emperor: mèisǐ yán 昧死言 and qǐshǒu yán 稽首言 Presentations (biǎo 表 ) Substitute variables: mǒujiǎ 某甲 and jiǎyǐ 甲乙 Submissive servants: chén...yán 臣 言 and the use of surnames Terrified servants: chénghuáng chéngkǒng 誠惶誠恐 and similar expressions Three post-hàn presentations Chén Shòu s 陳壽 presentation Péi Sōngzhī s 裴松之 presentation Shěn Yuē s 沈約 presentation Hàn evidence: shàngbiǎo 上表, biǎoyán 表言, and biǎozòu 表奏 Imperial answers (bào 報 ) A logical error: tóngxìng guānbié 同姓官別 vs. tóngmíng guāntóng 同名官同 A general rule or the effect of qúnchén shàngshū 群臣上書 Once again: silk or black cloth? (bónáng 帛囊 vs. zàonáng 皁囊 ) What s in a brush stroke? (zhāng yuē bào 章曰報 vs. zhāng kǒubào 章口報 vs. zhāngbào 章報 ) Who memorialized petitions and conveyed the imperial response? A polite rejection? The meaning of bàowén 報聞 Imperial replies to presentations: rúshū 如書

6 VIII Contents Classified information forwarded in black pouches: zàonáng 皁囊 Memorializing (zòu 奏 ) The zòuzhuàng 奏狀 references Military emergency messages: fā bēnmìng shū 發奔命書 Reports on weird affairs: biànshì 變事 Why two different kinds of zòu? The reliability of the Wénxīn diāolóng 文心雕龍 The unifying sense of zòu 奏 and the meaning of zhāngzòu 章奏 Dissenting opinions (bóyì 駮議 ) The meaning of yì 議 Variant readings: yì 義 and bó 駁 Differing positions and disputing the status quo: yì yǐwéi 議以為 Polite stupidity: chén yú(zhuàng) 臣愚 ( 戇 ) The disputes on the occasion of emperor Liú Zhuāng s death in AD Dissent and approval: yì yì 議異 and yì kě 議可 Characteristics of discussions at court The Edicts The four forms of imperial commands Decisions (zhìshū 制書 ) What was the formula used in decisions? Lú Wénchāo s 盧文弨 ( ) contributions The direct evidence for zhìshū Calendrical changes The imperial ancestral cult Dating of decisions The zhìzhào 制詔 evidence Why decision? The zhì yuē 制曰 evidence The decision of Liú Héng to increase sacrifices in the year 167 BC

7 Contents IX The proposal of Gōngsūn Hóng 公孫弘 to install secretaries in provincial governments The enfeoffment of the Three Princes (sānwáng 三王 ) Instructions (zhàoshū 詔書 ) Gào mǒuguān 告某官 vs. gào mǒuguān mǒu 告某官某 Xià yǒu zhì yuē 下有制曰 vs. xià yǒusī yuē zhì 下有司曰制 Problems of interpretation Instructing governors and other officials: zhàogào 詔告 Honored history: rú gùshì 如故事 Imperial approval: zhì yuē kě 制曰可 Alternative approvals: nuò 諾 etc Elusive expressions: xià dāngyòngzhě 下當用者 and rú zhàoshū 如詔書 Deciding and instructing (zhì 制 and zhào 詔 ) Hierarchical difference? Chronological differences? No difference? Ōba Osamu s classification Cài Yōng s definition of zhì and zhào The double-standard of zhì and zhào Informal imperial messages Special instructions (tèzhào 特詔 ) Instructions written by the emperor himself (shǒuzhào 手詔 ) An imperial note (zhàojì 詔記 ) Diplomas (cèshū 策書 ) The general meaning of cè 策 / 冊 Cài Yōng s definition of cèshū Diplomas for investitures, appointments, and dismissals Establishing a vassal king Appointing a chief prosecutor Other appointments and dismissals

8 X Contents Diplomas conferring posthumous honors Diplomas and charges: the relationship between cè 策 and mìng 命 Cèshū that were not diplomas Admonitions (jièshū 戒書 ) Direct evidence for admonitions Stern beratings: the indirect evidence Imperial orders (zhàochì 詔敕 ) (1): military marching orders Imperial orders (zhàochì) (2): wills Imperial rhetoric Conclusion Summary of findings Punctuated best text of the Dúduàn with translation in the original order Abbreviations and Conventions Bibliography Sources and works from before the Qīng 清 period Secondary literature and works since the Qīng period Official Titles During the Hàn Period Index of Translated and Paraphrased Source Texts Index of Parts of Formulaic Speech General Index 中文概要 Charts 1 Relationship between the main powers in the communicative process Layout of the palace gates and government agencies at Yè... 80