Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes

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1 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes Selected Pertinent Issues Bearbeitet von Ciara Damgaard 1. Auflage Buch. xiv, 456 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 866 g Recht > Strafrecht > Internationales Strafrecht Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements... xiii Part I - General 1 Introduction Opening Remarks and Objectives Overview and Target Audience Germane Considerations Introductory Remarks Meaning of Individually Criminally Responsible Objectives of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes Sources of, and Judicial Precedent in, International Criminal Law Introductory Remarks General Sources of International Criminal Law Treaties Custom General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations Judicial Decisions Teachings of the Most Highly Qualified Publicists Sources of International Criminal Law Relevant to Adjudication Before the ICC and the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals ICC Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals Significance of the ICC, ICTY and ICTR Statutes other than as a Binding Source of Law Evaluation of other Potential Sources of International Criminal Law Nuremberg Principles Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind.. 48 v

3 vi Table of Contents CCL Resolutions of the UN General Assembly and UN Security Council Reports of the International Law Commission Judicial Precedent and the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals, the ICC and the SCSL Judicial Precedent and the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals and the SCSL Judicial Precedent and the ICC Conclusion Concluding Remarks Definition of Core International Crimes Introductory Remarks Definition of Core International Crimes Core International Crimes for which a Person can be Individually Criminally Responsible Genocide War Crimes Crimes Against Humanity Evolution of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes Introductory Remarks Evolution of the Concept of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes in International Law Pre-Nuremberg and Tokyo Nuremberg and Tokyo up to the 1990s Post Nuremberg and Tokyo ICTY and Beyond Conclusion Part II - Selected Pertinent Issues 3 The Joint Criminal Enterprise Doctrine: A monster theory of liability or a legitimate and satisfactory tool in the prosecution of the perpertrators of core international crimes? Introduction and Overview Terminology History The JCED Before the Ad Hoc Tribunals and as Contained in Other Instruments ICTY Tadić Appeals Judgment Application of the Principles Identified in the Tadić Appeals Judgment ICTR

4 Table of Contents vii ICC Observations to Article 25(3)(d), ICC Statute Future Employment of the JCED Before the ICC Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind Special Court for Sierra Leone Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal US Military Commission Distinguishing the JCE Concept from Other Modes of Liability/Crimes Relevance of Making the Distinction Aiding and Abetting Conspiracy Membership of a Criminal Organisation Issues Arising in Relation to the JCED from a Review of the JCED Jurisprudence Is The JCE Mode of Liability a Form of Principal or AccompliceLiability? Significance of Classification Jurisprudence Supporting the Position that JCE Liability is a Form of Principal Liability Jurisprudence Supporting the Position that JCE Liability is a Form of Accomplice Liability Jurisprudence Supporting the Position that JCE Liability is Both a Form of Principal and Accomplice Liability Employment of Terminology Genocide and JCE Category Case Law Criticism of the Brdanin Appeals Decision The Pleading of the JCE Mode of Liability in Indictments Relevant Provisions of the ICTY Statute, ICTY Rules and Rules Arising From the Case Law of the ICTY, in Relation to the Form of Indictments Blanket Pleading of All Modes of Responsibility Under Article 7(1) ICTY Statute Revealing the Nature of the Alleged Individual Criminal Responsibility of the Accused in the Prpsecution s Pre-Trial Brief JCE Specifically Charged, but not Specified which JCE Category is Being Charged Permissibility of Charging Under Alternative Categories of JCE Liability Concluding Remarks.234

5 viii Table of Contents 3.7 Critique of the JCED Pertinent Issues Rationale of the JCED Undermining the Principle of Individual Criminal Responsibility in Favour of Collective Responsibility Infringement of the Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Principle JCE Scenarios Already Covered by Aiding and Abetting? Principal/Accomplice Debate Genocide and JCE Category Pleading of the JCED in Indictments Significant Level of Participation of the Accused in the JCE The Application of the JCED to the Little Fish The ICC and the JCE Mode of Liability Conclusion The Defining Criteria of International Criminal Courts for the Purposes of Lifting State Official Immunity Introduction Scope, Aim and Overview Terminology Yerodia Case Defining Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body Introduction Defining Criteria of an International Judicial Body Jurisprudence and Literature on the Defining Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body Amicus Curiae Brief of Professor Philippe Sands Amicus Curiae Brief of Professor Diane F. Orentlicher SCSL Appeals Chamber s Taylor Decision Defining Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body Introduction Legal Basis of an International Criminal Judicial Body An International Criminal Judicial Body may not be Part of the Judiciary of One Single State An International Criminal Judicial Body Shall Apply International Criminal Law The Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae and Ratione Personae of the International Criminal Judicial Body Must be International

6 Table of Contents ix The Decisions of the International Criminal Judicial Body are Binding The Judiciary of an International Criminal Judicial Body is Impartial, Independent and International The Judiciary must not have been Appointed Ad Hoc by the Parties Adjudication According to a Pre-Determined Set of Rules of Procedure and Evidence, which cannot be Modified by the Parties Relationship with the Domestic Courts of a State: Concurrent/Primacy or Complementarity Jurisdiction Independent Financing of the International Criminal Judicial Body Fulfilment of the Criteria Associated with Classical International Organisations Existence of Chapter VII Powers Intention of the Parties to Establish an International Criminal Judicial Body Designation of a Judicial Body as International Express Lifting of Immunity from Prosecution for Core International Crimes Does an International Criminal Judicial Body have to be Permanent? Jurisdiction Between States and the Equality of the Parties The International Criminal Judicial Body shall have Jurisdiction only in Cases in which the Parties, Either in General, or by Special Agreement have Accepted the Jurisdiction of the Tribunal Other Potential Criteria/Indicia of an International Criminal Judicial Body Summary of the Fundamental and Indicative Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body Analysis of Hybrid Criminal Judicial Bodies Introduction Analysis Special Court for Sierra Leone Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia Special Panels for Serious Crimes of the District Court of Dili (East Timor) Regulation 64 Panels of Kosovo War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia and Herzeggovina.. 345

7 x Table of Contents Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal Special Tribunal for Lebanon Conclusion Final Note Conclusion Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism as a Crime Against Humanity: An Appropriate Expansive Adaptation of the Subject Matter of Core International Crimes? Introduction and Overview Clarification Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism: Defining the Categories of Criminalisation Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as a Distinct Crime Individual Criminal Responsibility for Certain Manifestations of Terrorism Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as a War Crime Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as Genocide Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as a Crime Against Humanity History of the Crime of Terrorism and the ICC Statute Draft Definition of the International Law Commission Preparatory Committee Session Definition of the Preparatory Committee s Working Group Rome Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court End Result Terrorism, as a Crime Against Humanity in Accordance with the ICC Statute and/or under General International Law? Literal Interpretation of Article 7 of the ICC Statute Indicia that Militate Against the Inclusion of Terrorism Perpetrated by Individuals Within the Scope of Article 7 of the ICC Statute Indicia that Acts of Terrorism Fall Outside the Scope of Crimes Against Humanity in General International Law Conclusion Other Issues Relating to the Prosecution of Terrorism Before the ICC Additional Obstacles to the Prosecution of Terrorism Before the ICC Jurisdictional Obstacles

8 Table of Contents xi Obstacle of Complementarity Other Obstacles Should Terrorism Fall Within the Jurisdiction of the ICC? Conclusion Appropriate Expansive Adaptation of Core International Crimes? Summary Introduction Summary Significance of Conclusions Bibliography 413 Jurisprudence Index

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