Susanne Buckley-Zistel CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN UGANDA Remembering after Violence

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1 Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond, Professor, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, UK Editorial Board: Roland Bleiker, University of Queensland, Australia; Henry F. Carey, Georgia State University, USA; Costas Constantinou, University of Keele, UK; A.J.R. Groom, University of Kent, UK; Vivienne Jabri, King s College London, UK; Edward Newman, University of Birmingham, UK; Sorpong Peou, Sophia University, Japan; Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, University of Sheffield, UK; Professor Michael Pugh, University of Bradford, UK; Chandra Sriram, University of East London, UK; Ian Taylor, University of St. Andrews, UK; Alison Watson, University of St. Andrews, UK; R.B.J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada; Andrew Williams, University of St. Andrews, UK. Titles include: Roland Bleiker AESTHETICS AND WORLD POLITICS Morgan Brigg THE NEW POLITICS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Responding to Difference Susanne Buckley-Zistel CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN UGANDA Remembering after Violence Karina Z. Butler A CRITICAL HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION APPROACH Jason Franks RETHINKING THE ROOTS OF TERRORISM Vivienne Jabri WAR AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF GLOBAL POLITICS James Ker-Lindsay EU ACCESSION AND UN PEACEMAKING IN CYPRUS Roger MacGinty NO WAR, NO PEACE The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords Carol McQueen HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND SAFETY ZONES Iraq, Bosnia and Rwanda Audra L. Mitchell LOST IN TRANSFORMATION Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland Sorpong Peou INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE FOR PEACEBUILDING Cambodia and Beyond

2 Sergei Prozorov UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE EU The Limits of Integration Oliver P. Richmond THE TRANSFORMATION OF PEACE Bahar Rumelili CONSTRUCTING REGIONAL COMMUNITY AND ORDER IN EUROPE AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Chandra Lekha Sriram PEACE AS GOVERNANCE Power-Sharing, Armed Groups and Contemporary Peace Negotiations Stephan Stetter WORLD SOCIETY AND THE MIDDLE EAST Reconstructions in Regional Politics Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Standing Order ISBN (hardback) & (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 A Critical Humanitarian Intervention Approach Karina Z. Butler Research Fellow, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK

4 Karina Z. Butler 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

5 Contents List of Figure, Box and Tables Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations vi vii viii ix Introduction 1 1 The Theory of World Security and Humanitarian Intervention 21 2 Problem-Solving Solidarist Theorising on Humanitarian Intervention 55 3 International Society s Role in the Restructuring of Yugoslavia s National Economies A Critical Humanitarian Intervention Approach: How Might We Act to Prevent in the Future 144 Conclusion 179 Notes 189 Bibliography 194 Index 211 v

6 List of Figure, Box and Tables Figure I.1 Solidarist theorising as legitimising the structures of the neo-liberal international economic order 13 Box 2.1 Free market beliefs 93 Source: Cited in Thomas (2000: 40) Tables 2.1 Underlying assumptions of neoclassical economics 94 Source: Adapted from Korten (1995: 70) 3.1 Inter-regional trade in South East Europe with percentage of total exports of SEE economies 137 Source: Adapted from Bjelic (2005: 6) 4.1 FTF principles and practices 166 Source: Adapted from Fair Trade Federation (2006: 3) 4.2 How Fair Trade Organisations differ from commercial importers 167 Source: Adapted from Fair Trade Federation (2006: 5) vi

7 Preface This book explores how reconceptualising security in terms of Ken Booth s Theory of World Security can improve the theoretical and practical limitations of solidarist theorising on the subject of humanitarian intervention. These limitations stem from solidarism s problem-solving approach to analysing Supreme Humanitarian Emergencies (SHEs), where the focus is on intervention to manage them rather than on preventing them in the first place. In an attempt to move beyond these limitations, this book proposes an alternative perspective, a critical humanitarian intervention approach, which argues that theories of humanitarian intervention need to focus on the prevention of SHEs rather than their management. This could be made possible if greater attention was given to the economic conditions that contextualise SHEs in the first place. This claim is substantiated with an analysis of the SHE in Kosovo (1998 9) where economic factors played an important role in the outbreak of violence. Failing to consider the economic context in which SHEs erupt brings with it the risk of missing opportunities for their future prevention. Only when the wider context in which SHEs occur, what I call the neo-liberal international economic order, becomes an integral part of theorising about them can solidarist theorising on humanitarian intervention genuinely claim to promote international society s moral commitment to encouraging human rights around the world. vii

8 Acknowledgements This book would not have been written if it was not for the support of my two colleagues Paul Williams and Matthew Watson. They have repeatedly gone far beyond the call of duty to give me the support, advice, encouragement and feedback that I truly needed. While a great many other people have helped me along the way, I would particularly like to thank Professor Stuart Croft at the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick for his involvement in the final stages of writing A Critical Humanitarian Intervention Approach. This book would never have had been published if it was not for the support I have received from the Economic and Social Research Council working as one of their postdoctoral research fellows. I would also like to thank Eve Richards for her support and feedback, which was found particularly valuable at the writing up stage of my book. Next, I must acknowledge the support I received from Nicki Smith and Julie Gilson. I treasure their friendship. None of this work would have been possible if it was not for the dedicated support I had from the Barrow Cadbury Trust and in particular Mr Eric Adams, thanks to whom I was able to fulfil my dream to study. Last, but by no means least, I am indebted to my family and friends. My dearest June for her faith in my big ideas and my parents, Zofia and Krzysztof Pawłowscy for instilling the love for knowledge into me. Above all else, I am grateful to my dearest friend and soul mate, my husband, Simon, for his persistent belief in my abilities. It is his love, dedicated support, patience and endurance which made my experience of this project as enjoyable as it was. To Simon, together with our three little children, six-year-old Adam, three-year-old Anna and nine-month-old Oliver; this book is dedicated to all four of you. Karina Z. Butler (née Pawlowska) Birmingham viii

9 List of Abbreviations AAK AVNOJ BAOL BSEC BIS CMEA CEFTA CAFOD CHIA Comecon EU ECOWAS EBRD EIB EFTA ECC ESAF FYROM FRY FDI GATT GDOs HDI HIPC IBRD ICISS IFIs IMF Alliance for the Future of Kosovo Anti-Fascist Liberation Council of Yugoslavia Basic Organisation of Associated Labour Black Sea Economic Co-Operative Bank of International Settlements Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Central European Free Trade Agreement Catholic Found for Overseas Development Critical Humanitarian Intervention Approach Council for Mutual Economic Assistance European Union Economic Community of West African States European Bank for Reconstruction and Development European Investment Bank European Free Trade Association European Economic Community IMF Emergency Social Adjustment Fund Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Foreign Direct Investment General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Grassroots Development Organisations Human Development Index Heavily Indebted Poor Countries International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty International Financial Institutions International Monetary Fund ix

10 x List of Abbreviations ICJ IPE IFC ICG IPA KLA LDK LCY NATO NAM NAFTA NGO OECD ODI OSCE PRGF SAPs SEE SHEs SPSEE TNCs TDF UNDP UNMIK UNCTAD UNRATTI UNCED WTO WBG WHO YPA YCLCC International Court of Justice International Political Economy International Finance Corporation International Crisis Group International Peace Academy Kosovo Liberation Army Democratic League of Kosovo League of Communists of Yugoslavia North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Non-Aligned Movement North American Free Trade Agreement Non-Governmental Organisation Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Overseas Development Institute Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Structural Adjustment Programs South East Europe Supreme Humanitarian Emergencies Stability Pact for South East Europe Transnational Corporations Territorial defence forces United Nations Development Programme UN Mission in Kosovo United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UN Regulatory Agency for Transnational Trade and Investment UN Conference on Environment and Development World Trade Organisation World Bank Group World Health Organisation Yugoslav s People Army Comité Central de la Liga Comunista de Yugoslavia