Counter-Terrorism. Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Terror Crime. Basia Spalek University of Derby, UK. Edited by

Transcription

1 Counter-Terrorism

2 Counter-Terrorism Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Terror Crime Edited by University of Derby, UK

3 COUNTER-TERRORISM: COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACHES TO PREVENTING TERROR CRIME Introduction, selection and editorial matter 2012, 2016 Individual chapters Contributors 2012, 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition Corrected Printing 2012 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 2012 Published in paperback 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500 New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Paperback ISBN: E-PUB ISBN: Distribution in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

4 Contents List of Figures Preface Notes on Contributors vi vii viii 1 Introducing Counter- Terrorism Studies 1 2 Community- Based Approaches to Counter-Terrorism 27 3 Policing within Counter-Terrorism 50 4 Engagement and Partnership in Community- Based Approaches to Counter-Terrorism 74 Abdul Haqq Baker 5 Gender within a Counter- Terrorism Context 100 Laura Zahra McDonald 6 Engaging Young People within a Counter- Terrorism Context 119 Laura Zahra McDonald 7 Religion, Theology and Counter-Terrorism 137 Salwa El-Awa and 8 Policing, Terrorism and the Conundrum of Community : A Northern Ireland Perspective 157 John Topping and Jonathon Byrne 9 Communities and Counter- Terrorism: Some Final Reflections 181 Index 208 v

5 List of Figures 3.1 A model of police and community engagement The Funnel Model Cross- section of the Funnel Model STREET operational workstreams Adapted model for the life cycle of a convert s post- conversion process 92 vi

6 Preface This book presents a series of chapters by leading authors in relation to community-based approaches to counter-terrorism. Whilst the majority of the contributions have come from academics who have undertaken research in relation to communities defeating Al- Qaeda-linked or influenced terrorism, the lessons learned and the key messages that are featured here are relevant when thinking about the role of communities in helping to counter other forms of ideologically or politically motivated violence. This book presents a unique set of approaches to preventing and responding to terrorism, which can be applied across different international contexts, albeit in different ways. Key issues that are addressed include: an analysis of community-focused and community-targeted approaches to counter-terrorism; the role of trust and community empowerment; the ways in which communities and police engage and can even enter into partnership with each other; the role of community policing; responses to terrorism in relation to questions of governance; the role of gender, youth and religion; and the ways in which socio-politica l contexts can create particular challenges for both communities and practitioners. As such, this book provides real insights into community-based approaches to counter-terrorism insights which can help communities and practitioners, including police officers, who are involved in co-producing security within wide-ranging social, political and cultural locations. Importantly, implicit in this book is the notion of connectors being individuals who may experience community memberships in highly complex ways and are able to negotiate forms of frame alignment so that groups with very different positionalities are able to work with each other towards common goals. vii

7 Notes on Contributors Jonathon Byrne is a lecturer in criminology and a member of the Institute for Research in the Social Sciences (IRiSS) at the University of Ulster. He has nearly 15 years experience of working with the community and the voluntary sector in Northern Ireland in relation to policing. His current research focuses upon the peace divides of Northern Ireland, along with sectarian division and policy making. He has published numerous reports relating to Northern Ireland through the Institute for Conflict Research. He is also on the Board of Directors for the Community Relations Council for Northern Ireland. Salwa El- Awa is a lecturer at Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Her expertise lies in researching international programmes of de- radicalization. She was also the co- investigator for two high- profile AHRC/ ESRC- funded projects focusing upon exploring partnership approaches to challenging religiously endorsed violence involving Muslim groups and the police. Abdul Haqq Baker is Lecturer in Terrorism Studies at the Centre for Studies in Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV) at the University of St Andrews and is a research associate at the European Muslim Research Centre (EMRC) at the University of Exeter. The focus of his PhD research at the University of Exeter was the phenomenon of violent extremism in the UK amongst Muslim converts, the subject of his paper being: Countering Extremism Locally: A Convert Community Perspective. His book Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror (Palgrave Macmillan) was published in July In 2010 he co- authored a report titled Muslim Communities Perspectives on Radicalisation in Leicester, UK for the Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation (CIR), Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Denmark. He has also co- authored a chapter with Basia Spalek and Robert Lambert, Minority Muslim Communities and Criminal Justice: Stigmatised UK Faith Identities Post-9/11 and 7/7, in H. Bhui (ed.), Race and Criminal Justice. viii

8 Notes on Contributors ix Laura Zahra McDonald is a research fellow within the Institute of Applied Social Studies at the University of Birmingham. Her research interests include Islam, gender and activism, Muslim experiences and critical perspectives of new terror, and the politics of diversity and identity. She is keen to develop the links between academic research, grassroots activism and public policy, particularly with regard to their impact on minority groups in Britain. is Reader in Communities & Justice within the Institute of Applied Social Studies at the University of Birmingham. Her research interests lie in community- based approaches to counterterrorism, criminal and social justice in relation to minorities, and faith/ethnicity and diversity in relation to victimization. Along with with Salwa El- Awa, Laura McDonald and Robert Lambert, she has led two high- profile AHRC/ ESRC- funded projects focusing upon exploring partnership approaches to challenging religiously-endorsed violence involving Muslim groups and police. She has written and edited a number of publications including: Counter- Terrorism: Community-Based Approaches to Preventing Terror Crime (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Ethnicity and Crime: A Reader (2008); Communities, Identities and Crime (2008); and Crime Victims: Theory, Policy and Practice (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). John Topping is a lecturer in criminology and a member of Institute for Research in the Social Sciences (IRiSS) at the University of Ulster. His research interests include policing, police reform and officer training. He has published widely on policing and has experience of engaging with policing organizations and acting as a consultant for the PSNI designing community policing training, as well as working with the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland on informal resolutions to officer complaints. He is also on the Board of Directors for Community Restorative Justice Ireland.