The China Latin America Axis
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1 The China Latin America Axis
2
3 The China Latin America Axis Emerging Markets and the Future of Globalisation Gastón Fornés University of Bristol (UK) and ESIC Business & Marketing School (Spain) and Alan Butt Philip University of Bath (UK)
4 Gastón Fornés and Alan Butt Philip 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
5 To my parents, an endless source of good examples and inspiration. Gaston To my teachers and my students, who continue to inspire me. Alan
6
7 Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Boxes Acknowledgements x xii xiii xiv 1 Introduction Context and motivation Structure 2 2 Emerging Markets: The Markets of the Future Introduction Emerging markets Trade and investments Main characteristics Local players Emerging cities China Latin America: the emerging markets axis Conclusion 26 3 China Latin America: The Emerging Markets Axis Introduction China Latin America 28 Trade 29 Investments Main players 41 Latin America 41 China Conclusions 68 4 Rivals and Partners? Introduction What is China seeking from its engagement with Latin America? What is Latin America seeking from its engagement with China? Conclusions 82 vii
8 viii Contents 5 Chinese Dragons Disembarking in Latin America Introduction Chinese companies main characteristics 84 Prospects The international expansion of Chinese SMEs Chinese dragons in Latin America 95 Competition in Latin American markets 98 The Spanish connection Conclusions Multilatinas and the China Challenge Introduction Latin American companies development and main characteristics 103 Drivers for the multilatinas expansion 108 Main characteristics of multilatinas The multilatinas and China Conclusions US and European Perspectives Introduction Reactions from the United States The European Union perspective Regional integration in Latin America Conclusions Conclusions Introduction and summary Flying with the dragon Samba, tequila, and tango: how does the party continue in Latin America? Concluding remarks 135 Appendix 1 China s Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean (Gov.cn, 2008) 136 Foreword 136 A1.1. The status and role of Latin America and the Caribbean 137 A1.2 China s relations with Latin America and the Caribbean 137 A1.3 China s policy on Latin America and the Caribbean 138 A1.4 Strengthen China s comprehensive cooperation with Latin American and Caribbean region 139 In the political field 139 In the economic field 140
9 Contents ix In the cultural and social aspects 143 On peace, security and judicial affairs 146 A1.5 China s relations with Latin American and Caribbean regional organisations 147 Appendix 2 Latibex 148 A2.1 What is Latibex? 148 A2.2 Main features of Latibex 148 A2.3 Indices 149 Appendix 3 American Depository Receipts 152 A3.1 ADRs 152 A3.2 Capital raising and non-capital raising ADRs 152 A3.3 Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs)/European Depositary Receipts (EDRs) 153 A3.4 Buying and selling DRs 153 A3.5 Why do investors buy DRs? 154 Some of the factors contributing to the appeal of DRs to international investors 155 A3.6 Why do companies launch DR programs? 155 ADRs 155 EDRs/GDRs 156 A3.7 A useful structuring tool 156 Appendix 4 Chile China Free Trade Agreement 157 A4.1 China 157 A4.2 Free trade agreement between China and Chile 157 A4.3 Negotiation process 157 A4.4 Matters covered by the FTA 158 A4.5 Tariff reduction program 158 A4.6 China Chile FTA on service trade implemented (MOFCOM, 2010a) 159 Appendix 5 China and Peru Signed Free Trade Agreement 160 Appendix 6 China Signed Free Trade Agreement with Costa Rica (People s Daily Online, 2010) 162 Notes 164 References 167 Index 179
10 Tables 2.1 FTSE Global Equity Index Series World merchandise exports by country and region, World merchandise exports and imports by country, FDI inward stock to developing economies, FDI outward stock as percentage of GDP, The top 75 nonfinancial firms from developing and transition economies, ranked by foreign assets, Projections of the 30 largest urban agglomerations in 2025 ranked by population size Number of visits by heads of state between China and Latin America China and Latin America GDP and export volume growth Latin America s and the Caribbean s structure of merchandise trade with China by category Evolution of trade between Latin America and China in the first semesters of 2009 and 2010 compared with the same period in the previous year FDI inward stock for China and selected Latin American and Caribbean countries Chinese ODI to Latin America, per country Chinese ODI to Latin America from , per country and sector Selected Chinese investments in Latin America Latin American and the Caribbean trade with China, rest of Asia, US, EU, and rest of the world Evolution of Latin American and the Caribbean exports to main destinations China s position as a trade partner for selected Latin American countries Net foreign direct investments to selected Latin American countries, by country of origin A brief chronology of the main Chinese dynasties and republics 64 x
11 List of Tables xi 3.14 China s trade with Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia-Pacific, North America, EU and rest of the world Selected economic and social indicators for China, (main Chinese provinces) and Latin America (main Latin American countries) Trade relations between China and Latin American states China s top nonfinancial firms, ranked by foreign assets, Latin American and the Caribbean net outward FDI, Latin American and the Caribbean intraregional exports Latin America s top firms, ranked by Globalisation Index developed by América Economía Trading partners of leading Latin American states in A2.1 Latibex s issuing companies and shares 149
12 Figures 2.1 Comparison of the performance of the FTSE Emerging Markets Index and the FTSE All World Index from Share of developing economies in world trade, Inward and outward FDI flows, annual, Map of Latin America Mercosur logo CAN logo CARICOM logo UNASUR logo Latin American and the Caribbean exports to the main three destinations, (projected) Latin American and the Caribbean imports from the main three sources, (projected) Argentina s flag and coat of arms Brazil s flag and coat of arms Chile s flag and coat of arms 3.11 Colombia s flag and coat of arms 3.12 Costa Rica s flag and coat of arms 3.13 Ecuador s flag and coat of arms 3.14 Mexico s flag and coat of arms 3.15 Peru s flag and coat of arms 3.16 Venezuela s flag and coat of arms 3.17 China s flag and emblem 3.18 Map of China Latin American and the Caribbean net outward FDI, Brazilian exports by sector, xii
13 Boxes 2.1 FTSE Emerging Markets Index performance compared to FTSE All World Index A short description of the main Latin American countries A short description of the People s Republic of China China in talks with Brazil over trade barriers Chinese international companies in the academic literature 87 xiii
14 Acknowledgements First, we would like to thank the institutions that helped and supported us during the development of this book, in particular the University of Bath School of Management, ESIC Business and Marketing School, and SPAIS at the University of Bristol. Second, we would like to express our gratitude to various people who in different ways have helped us during this process: Jose Duran from ECLAC, Luis Bussio from the China Argentina Chamber of Commerce, Neil Davila from ProMexico, Xu Ning from Nanjing University, Ma Jikai from the Ningxia Foreign Experts Bureau, Angus MacInnes, and Luis Tapia from World Trade Center, San Luis Potosi and Anna Trueman. We are also grateful for the assistance from several colleagues at the Technological University of Monterrey both in San Luis Potosi and at the CCM campus in Mexico City. Finally, and most importantly, we would like to thank our families and friends for being patient and supportive while we wrote this book. xiv
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