Name : Assigned: 4/21 DUE: COLD WAR CONFLICTS. Table of Contents:

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1 Name : Assigned: 4/21 DUE: COLD WAR CONFLICTS Table of Contents: Assignment 1: Truman vs. MacArthur 2-3 How did the Korean War end? 4 North Korea: A Brief History to the current conflict 5 Assignment 2: North Korea Political Cartoons 6-9 Group Work: Cuban Missile Crisis 10 Assignment 3: Why the U.S. "lost" in Vietnam Assignment 4: Attack the Text: The Berlin Wall ESSAY: Cold War Mini-DBQ Packet Rubric: 25 Essay Rubric: 26 1

2 Assignment 1: Truman vs. MacArthur At the beginning of the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur was appointed as the commander of U.S. and U.N. forces. In 1951, MacArthur advocated using atomic weapons against both North Korea and China. At that point, President Truman fired MacArthur. Directions: Read President Truman's statement below on the left explaining why he fired MacArthur. Then read MacArthur's defense of his conduct. Then answer the questions on page three. Harry S. Truman, Speech Explaining the Firing of MacArthur, April 13, 1951 General Douglas MacArthur Defends His Conduct in the War in Korea, April 19, 1951 The question we have had to face is whether the Communist plan of conquest can be stopped without general war... That is what we have been doing. It is a difficult and bitter task. But so far it has been successful So far, by fighting a limited war in Korea, we have prevented aggression from succeeding, and bringing on a general war. And the ability of the whole free world to resist Communist aggression has been greatly improved. We have taught the enemy a lesson. He has found out that aggression is not cheap or easy. Moreover, men all over the world who want to remain free have been given new courage and new hope. They know now that the champions of freedom can stand up and fight and that they will stand up and fight We do not want to see the conflict in Korea extended. We are trying to prevent a world war not to start one. The best way to do that is to make it plain that we and the other free countries will continue to resist the attack. But you may ask, why can t we take other steps to punish the aggressor? Why don t we bomb...china itself? If we were to do these things we would be running a very grave risk of starting a larger general war. If that were to happen, we would have brought about the exact situation we are trying to prevent. If we were to do these things, we would become entangled in a vast conflict on the continent of Asia and our task would become immeasurably more difficult all over the world. If a potential enemy can divide his strength on two fronts, it is for us to counter his efforts. The Communist threat is a global one. Its successful advance in one sector threatens the destruction of every other sector. You cannot appease 1 or otherwise surrender to communism in Asia without simultaneously 2 undermining our efforts to halt its advance in Europe......[In Korea]... we hurled back the invader and decimated 3 his forces. Our victory was complete, and our objectives within reach, when Red China intervened with numerically superior ground forces. This created a new war and an entirely new situation, a situation not contemplated 4 when our forces were committed against the North Korean invaders; a situation which called for new decisions... to permit the realistic adjustment of military strategy. Such decisions have not been forthcoming... There are some who for varying reasons would appease Red China. They are blind to history s clear lesson, for history teaches with unmistakable emphasis that appeasement but begets 5 new and bloodier war. It points to no single instance where this end has justified that means, where appeasement had led to more than a sham 6 peace appease: give into an aggressor's demands 2. simultaneously: at the same time 3. decimated: destroyed, killed a large percentage of 4. contemplated: thought of 5. begets: leads to 6. sham: fake, false, pretend 2

3 1. RIGHT THERE: According to Truman, why has fighting a limited war been succesful in Korea? 2. RIGHT THERE: What is the reason Truman does not want the war in Korea expanded into China? 3. RIGHT THERE: Why does MacArthur believe the United States should not back down from a war with China? 4. RIGHT THERE: What does MacArthur say will happen if the United States gives into China's aggression in Korea? 5. AUTHOR AND YOU: Whose arguments do you find more convincing, Truman or MacArthur's? In other words, who do you think was right? Why? 3

4 How did the Korean War end? After the firing of MacArthur, the war continued for another two bloody years, although it soom became a stalemate, with neither side winning. A ceasefire stopped the fighting on July 27, There was an armistice signed by North Korea, China, and the UN, but not South Korea. Technically, the two countries are still in a state of war. Korea is still split into North Korea, which is communist, and South Korea which is non-communist. The border, protected by a demilitarized zone, was established along the 38th parallel. It is one of the most heavily fortified and protected borders in the world. When the two sides want to negotiate they go to Panmunjon, a group of buildings located directly on top of the border. Even the table they sit at has a line down the middle so neither side ever crosses into the other. Border between North and South Korea. North Korea is on the far side. 4

5 North Korea: A Brief History to the Current Conflict After the Korean War, North Korea was under the control of communist dictator Kim Il-Sung. Under Kim Il-Sung s rule, North Korea went back and forth between getting along with other countries and causing conflict. In the 1980 s, Kim Il-Sung had the country start trying to develop nuclear technology. Kim Il-sung died of a sudden heart attack on July 8, Kim's son, Kim Jong-il, became the next dictator. Kim Jong-il adopted an policy known as Songgun "Army First" which meant focusing the country s resources on military strength. Under Kim Jong-Il s rule, North Korea spent much of its money on building up its military, while regular people suffered. Like the Soviet Union under Stalin, North Korea is also not a free society and is known for human rights violations. Think Animal Farm under Napoleon. North Korea's nuclear ambitions were overshadowed by famine [mass starvation] in the late 1990s after the country suffered first through horrific flooding and then through drought. Because of famine, a failing economy, and a disintegrating infrastructure, North Korea now relies on international aid to keep its citizens fed. In 2005, North Korea announced that it had completed its first underground nuclear test, and its ongoing nuclear program continues to be a point of contention in the international community. Outcry over unconfirmed violations of human rights by the North Korean government has also caused North Korea to be isolated and without allies. Kim Jong-il died on December 17, 2011, and his son, Kim Jong-un, took power. Since Kim Jong-un is the new leader, much of what you see in the news is about Kim Jong-un making himself look tough to his own military so they will support him. Most experts believe North Korea will not actually start a war, as that would be suicide for the military government. South Korea, United States, Japan, and probably the United Nations would quickly defeat North Korea and Kim Jong-un would lose power. Meanwhile, under capitalism, South Korea has done very well. Although a small country, South Korea is now the worlds 15 th largest economy. Products from companies like Samsung, LG, and Hyundai are common in other areas of the world, and South Koreans enjoy a high standard of living. 5

6 Assignment #2: North Korea Political Cartoons Technically, the Korean War never ended. There was never a peace treaty, and in March of 2013, North Korea announced that it no longer recognized the armistice (cease-fire) that ended direct fighting. Since the 1950s, there have only been three communist dictators in North Korea: Kim Il-Sung, his son Kim Jong-Il, and now, his grandson Kim Jongun. In the late 1990s, North Korea obtained nuclear weapons, which makes many fear that the Korean peninsula might have another war. When countries develop the technology for nuclear weapons it is called nuclear proliferation. If you read the newspaper, you may often see political cartoons about the situation in North Korea. Before we look at some political cartoons related to North Korea, review some of the techniques that political cartoonists use below: Techniques cartoonists use: 1. Symbolism: cartoonists often use simple objects or symbols to stand for larger concepts or ideas. Some commons examples are: Uncle Sam = America, a dove = peace, etc. 2. Caricature: Sometimes cartoonists overdo, or exaggerate, the characteristics of people, things, or events to criticize or make fun of them. 3. Labeling: Cartoonists often label objects or people to make it clear exactly what they stand for. 4. Comparison: Cartoonists often compare one situation to another to make a point. This could be to show things are better or worse. Example: Symbolism: the barbed wire barrier between the two sides of the table represents the heavily fortified border between the two countries at the 38th parallel. Labeling: The two sides of the table are labelled North and South Korea to make it clear to the reader what they represent, even though the table is already in the shape of Korea. Comparison: The South Korean side of the table has lots of food, while the North Korean side has only a few fish bones. Symbolism: The food can be taken literally, or to symbolize prosperity or lack thereof in general. Main Idea: North Korea and its people have suffered under communism, and lack many of the basic needs of life. Meanwhile, South Korea has prospered under capitalism and democracy. 6

7 Directions: Using the model on the previous page, analyze the following political cartoons about North Korea. First, answer the "right there" questions about the techniques the cartoonist is using. Then IN YOUR OWN WORDS, describe what you think the main idea of the cartoon is. Labeling: What is the missile labeled? * incinerated: blown up, destroyed Symbolism: Why is there a concrete and barbed wire fence in the cartoon? * Labeling: What does the phrase "our people starve so others may be incinerated" imply about N. Korea's weapons program? In my own words, the main idea is: 7

8 Labeling: Who is standing in the box labeled North Korea? Labeling: What does the phrase "if you'd feed us, o exalted one, we could throw farther" imply about N. Korea's weapons program? Labeling: Why is the missile labeled "Taepodong 2?" See the timeline on page 5 for help. In my own words, the main idea is: 8

9 Labeling: Based on what the general is saying, is Kim Jong Un going to change his father's leadership style much? Labeling: Who is the general speaking to? Who is he? Symbolism: What do the shoes and footprints represent about the Kim dictatorship in North Korea? In my own words, the main idea is: 9

10 Group Work: Cuban Missile Crisis Day 1: Complete the simulation packet you received. Day 2: In a moment, you are going to be put in mixed groups. Remember, which country you represent. You ll be meeting with representatives from the other country. Your job is to resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis by coming up with an agreement that lets both sides save face and prevent nuclear war. Review the information below before you are put into groups. U.S. Objectives Soviet Union s Objectives KEEP SOVIET MISSILES OUT OF CUBA if the Soviet Union is allowed to put missiles in Cuba, it gives them the ability to strike the U.S. with little to no warning. KEEP YOUR OWN MISSILES IN TURKEY right now, you have a huge advantage in the Cold War by having missiles in Turkey. IF POSSIBLE, GET RID OF CASTRO turning Cuba from communist back to capitalist would be a major victory for you. GET YOUR MISSILES TO CUBA right now, the U.S. has missiles 150 miles from your border. If you can get missiles into Cuba, you can counteract that advantage. GET U.S. MISSILES OUT OF TURKEY these missiles are a major threat to your country you want to try and get them removed KEEP CUBA COMMUNIST Cuba is a communist country and you want to keep it as an ally. Allowing it to turn back to capitalist would make you look weak. REMEMBER: You have two weeks to prevent a nuclear war. As representatives for the United States and Soviet Union, you have 14 minutes (1 minute for each day of the crisis) to come up with a list of agreements that will avoid nuclear war. Word of advice: a good quote about compromise is that a good compromise is one where both parties are unhappy. AGREEMENTS 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 10

11 Assignment 3: Why the U.S. lost Vietnam The United States entered the Vietnam war to stop the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia. American leaders feared that Communist forces would gain control of Vietnam. After that, the fear was that nation after nation might fall to Communism. This belief was called domino theory, and the fear of U.S. leaders can be summed up by the cartoon below: Vietnam had been split in half in 1954, after fighting a war to gain independence from France. When French forces withdrew, Vietnamese Communists gained control of North Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the North Vietnamese Communists. South Vietnam had a non-communist government. This government was weak. But the United States supported it in order to keep the Communists from taking control of all of Vietnam. Ultimately, the U.S. had to withdraw from Vietnam and the country was united into a single communist country. Reasons why the U.S. "lost" are complex, but Vietnam was a major embarassament for the United States in the Cold War. Directions: In a minute, you are going to be divided into groups for a stations activity. You are going to be completing a graphic organizer outlining four reasons why the United States "lost" in Vietnam. Each circle around the central idea "Reasons why the U.S. 'lost' in Vietnam," should have the main idea of your reading in it. Then, branching out from it should be three supporting details. An example is below: : 11

12 REASONS WHY THE U.S. "LOST" IN VIETNAM 12

13 Assignment 4, Part 1: Attack the Text - The Berlin Wall Left Hand learning: Summarize each chunk Number, Chunk, Mark At the end of World War II, the city of Berlin and Germany were divided between a communist east and a capitalist west. The existence of West Berlin, a conspicuously capitalist city deep within communist East Germany, stuck like a bone in the Soviet throat, as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev put it. The Russians began maneuvering to drive the United States, Britain and France out of the city for good. In 1948, a Soviet blockade of West Berlin aimed to starve the western Allies out of the city. Instead of retreating, however, the United States and its allies supplied their sectors of the city from the air. This effort, known as the Berlin Airlift, lasted for more than a year and delivered more than 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and other goods to West Berlin. The Soviets called off the blockade in Right hand learning: make a connection Within a short period of time after the war, living conditions in West Germany and East Germany became distinctly different. With the help and support of its occupying powers, West Germany set up a capitalist society and experienced such a rapid growth of their economy that it became known as the "economic miracle." With hard work, individuals living in West Germany were able to live well, buy gadgets and appliances, and to travel as they wished. Nearly the opposite was true in East Germany. Since the Soviet Union had viewed their zone as a spoil of war, the Soviets stole factory equipment and other valuable assets from East Germany and shipped them back to the Soviet Union. When East Germany became its own country, it was under the direct influence of the Soviet Union. In East Germany, the economy dragged and individual freedoms were severely restricted. 13

14 After a decade of relative calm, tensions flared again in For the next three years, the Soviets emboldened by the successful launch of the Sputnik satellite the year before and embarrassed by the seemingly endless flow of refugees from east to west (nearly 3 million since the end of the blockade, many of them young skilled workers such as doctors, teachers and engineers) blustered and made threats, while the Allies resisted. Summits, conferences and other negotiations came and went without resolution. Meanwhile, the flood of refugees continued. No longer able to stand the repressive living conditions of East Germany, people would pack up their bags and head to West Berlin. Although some of them would be stopped on their way, hundreds of thousands of others made it across the border In June 1961, some 19,000 people left the GDR through Berlin. The following month, 30,000 fled. In the first 11 days of August, 16,000 East Germans crossed the border into West Berlin, and on August 12 some 2,400 followed the largest number of defectors ever to leave East Germany in a single day. By the early 1960s, East Germany was rapidly losing both its labor force and its population. Desperate to keep its citizens, East Germany decided to build a wall to prevent them from crossing the border. Premier Khrushchevof the Soviet Union gave the East German government permission to stop the flow of emigrants by closing its border for good. In just two weeks, the East German army, police force and volunteer construction workers had completed a makeshift barbed wire and concrete block wall the Berlin Wall that divided one side of the city from the other.. The Berlin wall was much larger than the city of Berlin itself. It stretched for hundreds of miles and totally surrounded West Berlin. 14

15 Over time, East German officials replaced the makeshift wall with one that was sturdier and more difficult to scale. A 12-foot-tall, 4-foot-wide mass of reinforced concrete was topped with an enormous pipe that made climbing over nearly impossible. Behind the wall on the East German side was a so-called Death Strip : a gauntlet of soft sand (to show footprints), floodlights, vicious dogs, trip-wire machine guns and patrolling soldiers with orders to shoot escapees on sight. In all, at least 171 people were killed trying to get over, under or around the Berlin Wall. Escape from East Germany was not impossible, however: From 1961 until the wall came down in 1989, more than 5,000 East Germans (including some 600 border guards) managed to cross the border by jumping out of windows adjacent to the wall, climbing over the barbed wire, flying in hot air balloons, crawling through the sewers and driving through unfortified parts of the wall at high speeds. Most communist governments were only able to stay in power with help from the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union was having trouble keeping up with the cost of competing with the U.S. During the 1980's, when Ronald Reagan upped the U.S. defense budget, the Soviet Union began to cut back its help to other communist countries. When these governments became weak, people began to rise up against them. Sometimes, communist governments gave their people more rights to try and make them happy, but this only made the people want even more rights. For example, in the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev s policies of glasnost (allowing more freedom of speech) and perestroika (allowing more capitalism) only led people to want more freedom. As communism fell in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, East Germans thought it could happen in their country too. 15

16 On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to thaw across Eastern Europe, the spokesman for East Berlin s Communist Party announced a change in his city s relations with the West. Starting at midnight that day, he said, citizens of the GDR were free to cross the country s borders. East and West Berliners flocked to the wall, drinking beer and champagne and chanting Tor auf! ( Open the gate! ). At midnight, they flooded through the checkpoints. More than 2 million people from East Berlin visited West Berlin that weekend to participate in a celebration that was, one journalist wrote, the greatest street party in the history of the world. People used hammers and picks to knock away chunks of the wall they became known as mauerspechte, or wall woodpeckers while cranes and bulldozers pulled down section after section. Soon the wall was gone and Berlin was united for the first time since Only today, one Berliner spray-painted on a piece of the wall, is the war really over. The reunification of East and West Germany was made official on October 3, 1990, almost one year after the fall of the Berlin Wall. 16

17 ESSAY: Cold War Mini DBQ Rationale: This assignment is about analyzing and incorporating primary sources into your writing. This is an important skill in history class, but this skill will help you in other classes as well. Any college major will require you to write essays, reports, or research papers that require you to bring in information from outside sources, and to add your own knowledge as well. Being able to write well is an important life skill that goes beyond the history classroom. Historical Context: Between 1945 and 1950, the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union broke down and the Cold War began. For the next 40 years, relations between the two superpowers swung between confrontation and détente. Each tried to increase its worldwide influence and spread its competing economic and political systems. At times during this period the competitors were at the brink of war. Your Task: Answer the questions after each document in Part A. For each document in Part A, list possible pieces of outside information you could use to relate to that document. For Part B, write two paragraphs incorporating information from the documents and outside information in which you: Discuss how the Cold War began Discuss how the Cold War led to conflict 17

18 Document 1: The Soviet Government will never be easy to get along with. as long as the Soviet Government maintains its present foreign policy, the United States must assume that the U.S.S.R. might fight at any time for the twofold purpose of expanding territory under communist control and weakening its capitalist opponents Write down outside information you could relate to this document: The language of military power is the only language which the Soviet Union understands. The United States must use that language to show the Soviet leaders that our government is determined to uphold the interests of its citizens and the rights of small nations. Compromise is considered by the Soviets as a sign of weakness Source: Clark Clifford, Advisor to President Truman, September 24, According to Clark Clifford, what might the Soviet Union do at any time? (1) 2. According to Clark Clifford, how should the United States deal with the Soviet Union? (2) Document 2: The inspirers of the cold war began to establish military blocs the North Atlantic bloc, SEATO, and the Baghdad pact. (They claim) they have united for defense against the communist threat. But this is sheer hypocrisy! We know from history that when planning a redivision of the world, the imperialist powers have always lined up military blocs. Today the anti-communist slogan is being used as a smoke screen to cover up the claims of one power for world domination. The United States wants, by means of blocs and pacts, to secure a dominant position in the capitalist world. Write down outside information you could relate to this document: The inspirers of the position of strength policy assert that it makes another way impossible because it ensures a balance of power in the world. (They) offer the arms race as their main recipe for the preservation of peace! It is perfectly obvious that when nations compete to increase their military might, the danger of war becomes greater, not lesser. Capitalism will find its grave in another world war, should it unleash it. Source: Nikolai Kruschev, Speech to Communist Party,

19 1. According to Nikolai Krushchev, why is the United States responsible for Cold War conflict? (1) Document 3: The threat of nuclear war was obvious in the Cuban missile crisis of This excerpt, from President John F. Kennedy s speech to the American people, explains the US position. We have unmistakable evidence that a series of offensive missile sites is now being built on that island Cuba has been made into an important strategic base by the presence of these long-range offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction. This is an open threat to the peace and security of the Americas. Write down outside information you could relate to this document: Our objective must be to prevent the use of these missiles against this or any other country. We must secure their withdrawal from the Western Hemisphere I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt and eliminate this secret and reckless threat to world peace. 1. According to Kennedy, why are nuclear missiles in Cuba a problem? (1) Document 4:... Our freedom and happiness did not last long. In June 1950, war broke out. North Korean and Communist soldiers filled the streets of Seoul, and were soon joined by Chinese Communist troops. Russian tanks came barreling through. In the chaos, many more North Korean refugees made their way to Seoul. Theresa and the other nuns finally escaped, and made their way to our house. They told us that the Russians and Town Reds had found out about Kisa s and Aunt Tiger s other activities. They died as all traitors did. They were shot with machine guns, and then hanged in the town square to serve as a lesson to others. We never heard any further news about the sock girls, or about my friend Unhi. I still wonder if they are alive in the North. Write down outside information you could relate to this document: Source: Sook Nyul Choi, Year of Impossible Goodbyes 19

20 1. According to Choi, how did the Cold War affect the people of Korea? (1) Document 5a: Document 5b: 2. Based on these documents, how did the Cold war affect the people of Berlin? (1) Part B: Your Task: Write two paragraphs incorporating information from the documents and outside information in which you: Discuss how the Cold War began Discuss how the Cold War led to conflict 20

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25 PACKET RUBRIC: Assignment A B C D F Student fully and correctly answers all four right there questions Student fully and correctly answers author and you, demonstrating thorough understanding of complexity of topic Student correctly answers all technique questions around cartoon Student thoroughly and accurately explains the main ideas of the cartoons, demonstrating thorough understanding of complexity of topic Student thoroughly and accurately completes graphic organizer, with all main ideas demonstrating a strong understanding and with three supporting details for each main idea Student uses all five components of "attack the text" strategy Left hand summaries are accurate and concise There are multiple and various right hand connections that demonstrate the student was engaged in active learning Student adequately answers all four right there questions, with some stronger than others Student adequately answers author and you, demonstrating basic understanding of topic Student adequately answers all/most technique questions, with some stronger than others Student explains main ideas of the cartoons, demonstrating basic understanding of topic, with some stronger than others Student adequately completes graphic organizer, with some main ideas better than others, and/or missing some supporting details Student uses all five components of "attack the text" strategy Left hand summaries are mostly accurate and concise There are some right hand connections that demonstrate the student was engaged in active learning Student partially answers all four right there questions, or answers three Student partially answers author and you, showing some lack of understanding of topic Student partially answers technique questions, or has incorrect responses Student partially explains main ideas of the cartoons, demonstrating simple understanding of topic, or with one incorrect answer showing misunderstanding Student partially completes graphic organizer, with some inaccuracies that demonstrate a lack of understanding Student uses only three or four components of "attack the text" strategy Left hand summaries are mostly accurate and concise, but have some minor inaccuracies or are incomplete There are few right hand connections that demonstrate the student was engaged in active learning Student vaguely/incompletely answers all four right there questions, or answers two Student vaguely or incompletely answers author and you, showing major misunderstandings Student vaguely/incompletely tecnique questions Student vaguely or incompletely explains main ideas Student vaguely/incompletely completes graphic organizer, or has major inaccuracies Student uses two or less components of the "attack the text" strategy Left hand summaries are vague, incomplete, or have major inaccuracies There are little or no right hand connections that demonstrate the student was engaged in active learning Student leaves majority of assignment blank Student leaves majority of assignment blank Student leaves majority of assignment blank Student leaves majority of assignment blank OVERALL PACKET GRADE: 25

26 ESSAY RUBRIC ESSAY GRADE: 26