World History Détente Arms Race and Arms Controls The Reagan Era
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1 World History 3201 Détente Arms Race and Arms Controls The Reagan Era
2 The relaxation of international tensions, specifically between the Soviet Union and USA in the 1970 s Détente
3 USA- detente Why did the US want détente? The USA realized that there were better ways of containing communism than the ways done previously. It was also aware of the massive cost of weapons production and maintaining a huge armed force. A peaceful relationship with the USSR would be very beneficial to USA especially after the cost of the Vietnam War
4 Soviet Union: détente Why did the Soviets want détente? USSR was spending a huge amount on weapons at the expense of basic household goods. Living standards were poor USSR was also aware that her relationship with China was far from good while USA was trying to improve hers with China.
5 Arms Race and Arms Controls Soviet Strategies DO NOT WRITE DOWN (below) First Hydrogen bomb developed (USA) First artificial satellite in orbit (USSR) First solar-powered satellite (USA) First weather satellite (USA) First impact into another world: the moon (USSR) First plants and animals in space to return alive (USSR) First manned spaceflight (USSR) Diplomatic: promoted détente to avoid confrontation with the US Military: tested intercontinental ballistic missiles and launched Sputnik satellite
6 The Cold War in the 1980 s The Reagan Era a) Ronald Reagan, elected US president in 1980, had little respect for détente b) Reagan did not trust the Soviet Union c) He increased military spending by 40%in his first three years in office to assure American superiority over the Soviets a) He created Star Wars or SDI: Strategic Defense Initiative, which was supposed to provide a shield of laser weapons in space that would shoot down any incoming missiles from the Soviets d) The Soviets responded by increasing their military spending
7 The End of the Cold War (We will focus more on this in future chapter) The Soviet economy faced the continuously escalating costs of the arms race. Throughout the 1980s, the Soviet Union fought an increasingly frustrating war in Afghanistan. People grew increasingly frustrated as their economy faltered There were attempted reforms within the Soviet Union
8 Death of a Superpower: The End of the Cold War The Cold War came to an end when Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announced the people of Eastern Europe were free to choose their own political and economic system By 1990, free elections were held, the Berlin Wall came down and the two Germany s were reunited. One by one the Soviet republics declared their independence
9 Gorbachev s Peace Initiatives A. Gorbachev assumed leadership of the Soviet Union in March, 1985, at the age of 54, and quickly challenged the West to stop the arms race B. He Reduced size of Soviet armed forces, especially in Eastern Europe C. In 1988, he ordered the Soviet troops to withdraw from Afghanistan
10 Gorbachev s Peace Initiatives (con t) D. He signed an agreement with the US, agreeing to destroy all intermediate and short range missiles E. He signed Conventional Forces in Europe treaty It greatly reduced arms and armies in Europe
11 Gorbachev s Economic Reform Gorbachev felt the main threat to Soviet security was economic collapse, not invasion from the West He believed too much of Soviet production (about 25%) was being spent on the military He believed that private farms were much more productive than collective farms
12 Gorbachev s Economic Reform (con t) Gorbachev s solution to the economic problems was perestroika the restructuring of government and economics in the Soviet Union in the 1980 s by moving away from state socialism and towards a free(er) market economy Free market economy: business governed by the laws of supply of demand, not restrained by government interference or regulation. By 1990, because of the magnitude of changes required and fierce opposition from Communist forces, little progress had been made in establishing a freer market system with private ownership in the Soviet Union
13 Social Problems in the Soviet Union A. As the economy worsened, an increase in crime occurred B. The health-care system deteriorated C. Infant mortality rates rose D. Life expectance declined E. Pollution levels increased dramatically F. Increase in alcohol consumption G. Conditions for women worsened
14 Glasnost Glasnost was a policy of openness and increased freedom in social and cultural matters in the Soviet Union, which was introduced by Gorbachev in 1986 It removed censorship to allow freedom of information Gave media the right to criticize authority It ended the ban on Western broadcasting
15 Chernobyl In April of 1986 a reactor at the nuclear power complex broke down They were on the brink of nuclear meltdown. The explosion, fire and resulting radioactive debris caused hundreds of deaths and injuries The highly publicized disaster exposed Soviet backwardness in technology Soviet prestige took a blow By 1993, 8000 people had died from radiation-induced diseases, and a million cases of serious illness diagnosed This helped deteriorate the social conditions in USSR (health care, pollution )
16 World History 3201 Chapter 7 German Reunification
17 The fall of Berlin
18 German Reunification A. Soviet Union, after 1985, withdrew its military support for satellite Communist governments, including East Germany B. Hopes were raised in East Germany for reunification with West Germany C. Demonstrations for reform increased D. East German Communist Party chief, Erich Honeker, was forced from office in 1989
19 German Reunification E. Reform-minded government took control of East Germany and opened the borders F. This led to the dismantling of the Berlin Wall in 1989 G. Thousands of East Germans fled H. West German chancellor Helmert Kohl proposed a unnification plan, if East Germany agreed to hold free elections
20 German Reunification (con t) I. Free elections were eventually held in East Germany in March 1990, whereby the people voted for a government that supported reunification J. East and West Germany were reunited on October 3, 1990
21 Problems of German Reunification 1. The economy was much more prosperous and the standard of living was much higher in West Germany than it was in East Germany 2. West German laws and practices were applied to the whole country banking, taxes, welfare system 3. Guaranteed employment and subsidized food, features of the East German communist system, were done away with
22 Problems of German Reunification 4. Many West Germans resented financing the much higher spending on social welfare programs in the east 5. Many Germans resented the large influx of immigrants and refugees into their country because they felt they were taking away jobs from Germans 6. Skinheads and others often attacked and killed immigrants and refugees
23 Political Rivalry in the Soviet Union A. Gorbachev was more popular in the West than in his own country B. Gorbachev s main rival was Boris Yeltsin, the president of Russia, the largest of the Soviet republics C. Gorbachev and Yeltsin were both committed to reform, but Gorbachev wanted to introduce reforms by reforming the Communist system, while Yeltsin wanted Communist system abolished D. Gorbachev, who had not been elected by the people in a democratic election, lost popularity as the economy declined and the standard of living did not improve
24 The Moscow Coup (August 1991) Small groups of hardline communists, whom Gorbachev had supported, attempted a coup to overthrow Gorbachev and the reform movement It began on August 18 when Gorbachev was placed under house arrest The Communist hardline leaders, trying to eliminate the radical reform group headed by Yeltsin, ordered army tanks through the streets of Moscow, including the Russian parliament where Yeltsin had taken refuge
25 Moscow Coup (con t) Yeltsin emerged from the building and defied the soldiers and declared that the army supported the people who wanted democracy Coup leaders, realizing Yeltsin had the support of the people, gave up their coup attempt and dispersed Yeltsin was now perceived to be the real leader of the Soviet Union Betrayed by his own party, Gorbachev resigned and recommended the dissolution of the Communist Party
26 The Effects of the Moscow Coup Prior to the coup attempt, Communist leaders had planned to block the new Union Treaty, which Gorbachev had proposed in order to give the rebublics greater control over their internal affairs, thereby hopefully keeping the Soviet Union together The failed coup exposed weaknesses of the central government Nationalism increased in many republics By the end of August 1991, most republics had declared independence The failed coup brought about the end of Soviet communism, Soviet Union, and Gorbachev s leadership
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