1. How would you describe the new mood in Moscow in 1989? 2. What opposition did Gorbachev face in instituting his reforms?
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1 Segment One In December 1988, Gorbachev makes a speech to the United Nations outlining his vision for the future of the Soviet Union. By 1989, Gorbachev tells the countries of Eastern Europe that they have the right to choose their own futures. In response to Hungarian popular unrest, leaders there plan to hold free multiparty elections. The Hungarian government declares that the 1956 revolution was justified; the barbed wire on Hungary's border with Austria comes down. Moscow does nothing. East German leader Erich Honecker protests; Moscow again does nothing. 1. How would you describe the new mood in Moscow in 1989? 2. What opposition did Gorbachev face in instituting his reforms? 3. What did Gorbachev assume would be the reaction of the East Bloc countries to his reforms? 4. Compare what happened in Hungary in 1956 with what happened in Hungary in What was the symbolic significance of the removal of the barbed wire on Hungary's border with Austria? 6. What was the significance of the reburial of Imre Nagy and his comrades?
2 Segment Two In 1981, with Soviet approval, the Polish army had crushed Solidarity and imprisoned its leaders. In 1989, the government opens round-table talks with Solidarity. In the June elections, Solidarity wins 99 of the 100 seats in the Senate. East Germany's Erich Honecker and Romania's Nicolae Ceausescu are alarmed by events in Hungary and Poland. President George Bush and the West provide moral support but promise to tread lightly on events happening in the East Bloc. In Communist China, a surge of demands for human rights and democracy results in tragedy in Tiananmen Square. 1. What was the history of the relationship between Solidarity and the Polish government? What effect did Lech Walesa and the Solidarity movement have on the elections in Poland in 1989? 2. How did East Germany and Romania react to the events in Poland and Hungary? What was Gorbachev's response? 3. What was the significance of the uprising in Tiananmen Square in Beijing? Segment Three Erich Honecker in East Germany admires the Chinese solution to unrest in that country. East Germans flee to Hungary. In Budapest, they besiege the West German Embassy, demanding emigration to the West. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposes that he will help rescue the Hungarian economy if the East Germans are allowed to go the West. Honecker now blocks travel to Hungary. East Germans travel to the West German Embassy in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Honecker permits the refugees to go West but only if they travel by train first through East Germany; this way he can claim that he expelled them. Within days, another 7,000 people make their way to the embassy grounds in Prague. 1. What was Gorbachev's response to problems in the East German system? How did this differ from the past? 2. Describe life in East Germany in Why did East Germans go to Hungary and then to Czechoslovakia? How does Honecker react to this "betrayal?
3 4. What role did West Germany play in the liberation of the East German refugees? Segment Four Rather than leave the country, some East Germans choose to stay and protest. In Leipzig, the police strike back. Mass protests escalate. A Soviet delegation arrives to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the East German state. Young protesters chant "Gorby! Gorby!" A group in the East German Politburo decides to remove Honecker from power. Demonstrations in East Berlin continue. 1. Why did many East Germans stayed behind to protest? 2. What was happening in Leipzig? How did the East German government interpret these events? 3. What was the significance of the East Germans' chants of "Gorby, Gorby"? 4. Why do you think the "Chinese solution" was not used to quell the demonstrations? Segment Five On October 7, the police charge and scatter demonstrators in Leipzig. But an even larger protest rally is called for two days later-70,000 people gather in the streets. The Soviet Ambassador telephones the commander of the Soviet forces in the region. The Leipzig Communists beg the opposition to talk with them. Without higher orders, they pull back the East German police and troops. The demonstration proceeds peacefully. For East Germans, this is the turning point. Honecker is removed from power. Despite offers of new freedoms, half a million people gather in East Berlin to demand reforms. 1. What happened in the streets of Leipzig on October 9, 1989 and why was it a turning point for the East Germans? 2. What happened to Erich Honecker? Why?
4 Segment Six On November 9, 1989, East German Politburo member Guenther Schabowski promises changes in travel regulations. East Berliners rush to see if the checkpoints between East and West Berlin are open. Under pressure, the guards open the barriers. West Berliners arrive from the other direction and begin to demolish the Wall in front of the Brandenburg Gate. The Wall dividing East Berlin from West Berlin comes down. 1. Describe the confusion that ensues as a result of Schabowski's press conference on November 9, How did Mikhail Gorbachev and President Bush react to the opening of the Wall?
5 Segment One In December 1989, George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev meet on a ship off the Mediterranean island of Malta. Changes continue to take place in Eastern Europe. In Czechoslovakia, a "Velvet Revolution" begins on November 17 and soon sweeps the Communist party from power. Before the end of the year, playwright Vaclav Havel is elected President of Czechoslovakia, and a non- Communist government takes office. In Romania, riots begin in mid-december in opposition to the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceausescu, and crowds storm the Central Committee building. Ceausescu escapes, but is caught later that day. The Ceausescus are given a sham trial and are executed on Christmas Day. 1. According to George Bush, what were the hesitations within his administration about the Malta Summit? 2. What had changed in Eastern Europe between August and December of 1989? Why were these changes significant to the Malta talks? 3. What was Civic Forum? 4. Compare the Velvet Revolution with the events in Romania. How do you explain the different experiences?
6 Segment Two In the Soviet Union, the Communist Party is losing control and goods in the shops are scarce. The young want pop music, fashion, a chance to make money and the right to travel. Gorbachev grants Soviet citizens the freedom to demonstrate. Despite objections from Communist hard- liners, Gorbachev allows for open criticism of the government. The Soviet Union's Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania press for independence. Gorbachev does not want the Soviet Union to break up. Boris Yeltsin, chosen parliamentary leader of the Russian Republic, openly confronts Gorbachev. 1. What problems did Gorbachev face in the Soviet Union? According to Gorbachev, what "one thing" did he "get wrong? 2. How did his domestic popularity compare with his appeal in the West? Why do you think this was the case? 3. Why was Gorbachev's decision to allow pluralism in government significant? 4. What were some of the early results of Gorbachev's policies regarding freedom of protest? 5. How did the feeling of nationalism and the demand for independence in the Baltic States conflict with Gorbachev's hopes for the Soviet Union? 6. What did Boris Yeltsin use to weaken Gorbechev?
7 Segment Three Divided by the Cold War, Germany moves toward reunification. West German Chancellor Kohl agrees to limit Germany's military strength, pay the Soviet Army's resettlement costs and keep NATO troops and weapons out of eastern Germany. Gorbachev agrees that a united Germany can be in NATO. In Moscow, daily lines for food grow longer. As divisions in the Soviet Union increase, Gorbachev brings hard-liners into the government. 1. What was the "question mark" regarding Germany? 2. What do you think is the significance of the fact that Gorbachev accepted a united Germany belonging to NATO? 3. What conditions led people to support Boris Yeltsin? Segment Four In January 1991, Soviet troops enter the capital of Lithuania to take back public buildings for the Soviet state. Soviet tanks attack. In Moscow, thousands march to protest the crackdown. Gorbachev defends his government's actions. In July 1991, Gorbachev meets Bush in London to ask the leading capitalist countries for massive loans. They turn him down. In Moscow, his enemies prepare to move against him. Hard- line Communists, appalled at Gorbachev's new Union Treaty that loosens the ties between the Soviet center and the Republics, place Gorbachev under house arrest. On August 19, Moscow awakes to the sound of tanks; an Emergency Committee has taken over. 1. Why did Gorbachev support the government crackdown in Lithuania? 2. Why did the leading capitalist countries turn down Gorbachev s requests for financial aid?
8 Segment Five In Moscow, confused and concerned people begin to gather at the Russian Parliament building, the While House. Boris Yeltsin defends rival Gorbachev and the constitution, and enters the White House. As night falls, fears grow that the increasingly desperate Emergency Committee might order an attack on Parliament. Finally, the Emergency Committee admits defeat. Yeltsin sends a plane to bring Gorbachev back to Moscow; Yeltsin is now in command. Gorbachev resigns as General Secretary, but remains President of the USSR until late December. On December 8, the three Slav states of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine act to dissolve the Soviet Union and set up a Commonwealth of Independent States. The Soviet Union has broken up. 1. Why did Yeltsin inform the United States of the end of the Soviet Union before telling Gorbachev? Segment Six For 45 years, the world fears a nuclear apocalypse, but it never comes. Statesmen on both sides who have the power to push the nuclear button choose not to in crisis after crisis. Nuclear deterrence keeps the peace. But questions remain: "Need the Cold War have begun? Could it all have been avoided back in 1945? The costs of the Cold War, human and material, are staggering. The United States and the Soviet Union spend trillions of dollars on armaments. The Cold War leaves countless dead-millions in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan, hundreds of thousands in Africa and Central America, thousands in a divided Europe, two hundred at the Berlin Wall. For half a century, the superpowers have confronted each other. In 1991, one side withdraws. 1. What were the costs of the Cold War? 2. Compare the perspectives of Fidel Castro and Vaclav Havel on Communism.
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