AP European History Reading Guide Chapter 22 v Robert Castlereah Ø Foreign minister Great Britain balance of power meant international equilibrium of

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1 AP European History Reading Guide Chapter 22 v Robert Castlereah Ø Foreign minister Great Britain balance of power meant international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states of demonstration of Europe by a single state v Charles Talleyrand Ø French foreign prime minister (shares in Robert Castlereah s ideas) v Balance of power Ø See bolded Ø Great powers used this to settle own dangerous disputes with congress Vienna v Outcome of congress of Vienna Ø Raise barriers renewed French aggression low countries Belgium and Holland united under enlarged Dutch monarchy Prussia get more territory general agreement among victors each receive compensation in form of territory France lost territory pay demanding 700 million francs support large army of occupation for 5 years Ø Britain already won colonies. Strategic outpost Ø Austria gave up territories Belgium and southern Germany but expanded into Venetia and Lombardy in northern Italy as well as former polish possessions and new lands on eastern coast of the Atlantic Ø Russia small polis kingdom Ø Prussia part of Saxony v Congress system Ø Quadruple alliance meet periodically to discuss common interests and consider appropriate measures maintenance peace in Europe Ø Lasted into the 19 th century settled many international crisis through international conference and balance of power diplomacy v Dual revolution Ø Term historian Eric Hobsbawn used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse and reinforce each other after 1815 v Holy alliance Ø An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria Russia and Prussia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe v German confederation Ø Due to peace settlement in Vienna 38 independent German sates met in complicated assemblies demonstrated by Austria with Prussia willing junior partner in execution of repressive measured through confederation Mediterranean issued Carlsbad decrees v Carlsbad degreed Ø Issued in 1819 these decrees we designed to uphold Mediterranean conservatism requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organization v Conservatism of Metternich

2 Ø Believed liberalism responsible war and suffering blamed liberal middle class revolution allied stirring up the lower classes whom he believed wanted nothing more than peace and quiet liberalism also dangerous because went with right to establish own independent government idea self determination repellent because threaten to destroy Austrian empire and nationalities central Europe v What groups made up the multiethnic Austrian empire of the Hapsburgs Ø Germans dominate empire (1/4 of the population) Magyars (Hungarian) dominated kingdom of Hungary not account for majority o the population in that part of the Austrian empire Czechs in Bohemia Moravia large number Italians Poles Ukraines smaller group Slovenes Croats Serbs and Romanians different ethnic groups often in the same provinces or villages = many different languages customs and institutions Ø Strong because large population/territories weak because potentially dissatisfied nationalities v Liberalism Ø Principle ideas of the government were equality and liberty liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press speech assembly and arbitrary arrest v Lassiez faire Ø A doctrine of economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy v What is the difference between classical liberalism and modern American liberalism Ø Classical lassiez faire Ø Modern American liberalism usually favors more government programs to meet social needs and to regulate the economy v Radical democratic republicans Ø 19th century liberal political ideas associated narrow lass interest favor representative government but property qualifications attached to the right to vote Ø Call universal voting rights 89maes) and democracy Ø More willing than most liberals endorse violent upheaval to achieve goals means radical democratic republicans could join forces against conservatives up to a point v Nationalism Ø The idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity which manifested itself especially in a common language and history often led to the desire for an independent political state v John Gottfried von Herder Ø 18 th century philosopher/historian argues people has own genius and cultural unity Ø Foundations cultural nationalism Ø Advocate preservation traditions s not creation political entities/nation states

3 v What were the components of cultural unity Ø Self evident manifesting itself particularly in common language history and territory v What are the various ways in which scholars understand nationalism Ø Development complex industrial and urban society require better communication between individuals and croups promoted use standardized national language creating (superficial) unity Ø When minority population large (concentrated) nationalist campaign standardized language often lead to push for nation state Ø Argue nation states recent creations product new set conscious nationalist ideology so imagined communities bind strangers together with national identity = traditions and holidays Ø Dynamic ever changing character v Jules Michelet Ø French historian early nationalist Believe every nation like every citizen had the right to exist in freedom and develop its character and spirit Confident symphony nations promote harmony and ultimate unity of all peoples v Giuseppe Mazzini Ø Italian patriot Ø Believed that in laboring according to the principles of out country we are laboring for humanity v Socialism Ø A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and move toward cooperation and a sense of community the key ideas were economic planning greater economic equality and state regulation of property v French socialists Ø Violent need reorganization society establish cooperation new sense of community believe economic planning government rationally organize economy not depend on destructive competition help the poor all should be equal economically private property strictly regulated or abolished for community ownership Ø Planning greater economic equality state regulation property v Count henry de Saint- Simon Ø Socialist thinker nobleman proclaim possibilities industrial development key progress social organization require parasites court aristocracy lawyers churchmen give away to doers leading scientists engineers industrialists they would plan economy guide undertake public works and establish investment banks stress highly moralistic terms every social institution ought to have assists main goal improved conditions for poor v Charles Fourier Ø Envisaged socialist utopia mathematically precise self- sufficient communities early proponent total emancipation of women called fro abolition of marriage free unions based only on love and sexual freedom

4 v Louis Blanc Ø Journalist focused practical improvements organization of work urged workers want universal voting rights take control state peacefully state should set up government backed workshops/factories guarantee full employment v Pierre Joseph Proudhon Ø Self educated printer what is property = nothing but theft property was profit stolen from the worker source of all wealth v Karl Marx Ø Communist manifesto, for emancipation of women, abolition of family ridicule want to help the poor interest middle class/industrial working class oppose synthesized French utopian schemes English classical economies German philosophy profits = wages stolen fro workers oppression factory workers v What is the main argument of the communist manifesto Ø One class always exploited the other with modern industry society split more clearly than ever before predict proletariat overthrow middle class with violent revolt v Bourgeoisie Ø Middle class minority who owned the means of production and according to Marx exploited the working class proletariats v Proletariat Ø Industrial working class who according to Marx were unfairly exploited by the profit seeking bourgeoisie v What is Georg Hegel s view of history as a dialectic process of change Ø Each age characterized dominant ideas that produce opposing ideas and eventually a new synthesis Ø Marx made economic relationships between classes riving force decline organization feudalism rise industrial capitalism v Romanticism Ø A movement at its height from about s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the enlightenment characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance unrestrained imagination and spontaneity in both art and personal life v Storm and Drang Ø Germany early romantics storm and stress v How does romanticism specifically differ from classicism Ø Conception nature = growth modern industry ugly brutal attack Ø History = romantic passion Ø Universe is organic and dynamic v William Wordsworth Ø Influenced Rousseau and spirit early French revolution lyrical ballads with Coleridge abandon flowery classical conventions and endowed simple subjects loftiest majesty Ø Simplicity and love of nature

5 Ø Note with him and Hugo contrast suggest romanticism a cultural movement compatible many political beliefs v Germaine de Stael Ø Franco Swiss writer in exile urged French to throw away worn out classical models her study on Germany extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm German writers/thinkers and had powerful impact past 1825 generation in France v Victor Hugo Ø See bolded point Ø Wide range rhythm language and image in his lyric poetry novels exemplify romantic fascination with fantastic characters exotic historical settings and human emotions hunch back of Notre dame renouncing early conservatism equated freedom in literature with liberty in politics and society political evolution opposite Wordsworth v George Sand Ø Defined narrow conventions of her time to unending search self- fulfillment Ø Over 80 novels social romantic themes Ø Leila modern quest sexual personal freedom Ø Abandon husband and children to write v Brothers Grimm Ø German fairy tales Ø Central and Eastern Europe well educated romantic writers write down historical cultures peasant life folk songs takes from enlightenment v Aleksander Pushkin Ø Slavic lands romantics converting spoken in peasant languages into modern written languages Ø Reject 18 th century attempts force Russian poets into classical straight jackets use lyric genius vivid modern literary language v Eugene Delacroix Ø Romantic painter in France Ø Master dramatic colorful series stir emotions Ø Fascinated remote exotic objects Ø Passionate spokesman freedom v Joseph M.W. Tuner and John Constable Ø Fascinated nature interpretations contrast Ø Joseph natures power/terror Ø Constable human beings one with environment v Franz Liszt Ø Greatest pianist of his age Ø Music transfer to not all church more for enjoyment v Ludwig van Beethoven Ø First great romantic composer Ø Contrast themes and tuned produce dramatic conflict inspiring resolutions Ø Peak fame began to lose hearing v Alexander Ypsilanti

6 Ø Rising national Greek movement (they were under control of the ottoman Turks) led to formation secret societies then revolt 1821 led by him Greek patriot and general in Russian army v Why and how did Greece gain its independence Ø Greeks battle against Turks hope support European governments 1827 great Britain France and Russia yielded to popular demands at home and directed Turkey to accept and armistice Turks refused navel three powers trapped the Turkish fleet at Navanno and destroyed it Russia then declared another of as periodic wars of expansion against the Turks led establishment Russian protectorate aver much of present day Romania (also under Turkish rule) great Britain France and Russia finally declares Greece independent in 1832 v Corn laws Ø British laws revised 1815 prohibited foreign importation grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices raise for working class Ø Time widespread unemployment postwar economic distress triggered protests and demonstrations by urban laborers Ø Tory government controlled landed aristocracy/respond temporarily suspend traditional rights peaceable assembly and habeas corpus v Six acts Ø Placed controls on heavily taxed press and practically eliminated all mass meetings v Battle of Peterloo Ø A protest that took place as St. peters fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn laws broken up by armed cavalry v Reform bill of 1832 Ø A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50% and gave political representation to new industrial areas Ø Popular support move British politics in democratic direction allow house of commons emerge as all important legislative body Ø Rotten boroughs electoral districts had very few voters and that the landed aristocracy had brought and sold were eliminated Ø Whig v Peoples charter of 1838 Ø Principle radical program for continued reform partly inspired economic disasters of the working class in the 1830s- 40s chartists core demand universal male suffrage saw compute political democracy and rule by common people as means to a good an just society many sign petitions (three of the) for men voting parliament rejected them all v Ten hours acts of 1847 Ø Tories Ø Limited workday form women and young people in factories to 10 hours v What was the conditions for the Irish people in the 1800s Ø Not benefit political competition in Britain most Irish Catholics rent land minority of church of England protestants landlords use power grab as

7 much as possible typical peasant live cottage afford no socks or shoes hopeless poverty but large population growth caused by the potato v Great famine Ø The result of 4 years of potato crop failure Ireland a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple Ø Starvation lesser epidemics British government slow to act lassiez faire relief efforts inadequate continue collect taxes not pay = elicited home to be destroyed Ø Declining population Ø Intensity anti- British feeling promote Irish nationalism v Louis XVIII s constitutional charter of 1814 Ø Response to political pressured liberal constitution economic and social gains made by sections idle class and peasantry in French revolution fully protected great intellectual artistic freedom and political and a parliament with upper and lower houses was created Ø Only had (few) right to vote for disputes = not democratic v Charles X and Algeria Ø French force cross Mediterranean landed west Algiers took capital city in 3 weeks 1831 tribes in the interior revolted waged war until 1847 French armies finally subdue country bring French Spanish and Italian settlers to Algeria leading to expropriation large tracts of Muslim land conquest Algeria mark rebirth French colonial expansion v Louis Philippe of France Ø Cousin Charles of Orleans get French throne Ø Accept constitutional charter 1814 new red white and blue flag just king French people yet France remain unchanged cote extend citizens Ø For upper middle class change in dynasty to protect statue quo and the liberal constitutions in 1815 Ø Republicans democrats social reformers poor Paris disappointed revolution for nothing v When and were did pre- revolutionary outbreaks occur Ø Paris 1848 worker and students demand new government national guard broke ranks and joined revolutionaries Louis Philippe not order full scale attack royal army abdicate = grandson but no monarchy wanted = refuse = proclaim provisional republic headed ten man executive committee v Frances second republic Ø Want truly popular and democratic republic so common people could participate in f=reforming society = men all get the right to vote free all slaves in French colonies abolition death penalty establishment ten hour work day in Paris Ø Moderate liberal republican middle class male vote huge concession to be made to popular forces oppose for their radical social measures Oppose government cooperative workshops should be established for workers alternative capitalist employment new uncompromised social order

8 Ø Radical republicans influence utopian socialists appalled poverty misery committed some kinds socialism advocate combination strong craft unions worker aimed businesses v National workshops Ø Compromise Ø Vast program pick and shovel public works satisfy no one Ø Desperate poor French provinces and foreign countries sign up (Paris) economic crisis worsen number enrolled workshops soared v Constituent assembly Ø People of France elected them 500 moderate republicans 300 monarchists 100 radicals professed various brands socialism v Alexis de Tocqueville Ø Author democracy in America (moderate republican) Ø Predicted overthrow Louis Philippe s government Ø Majority numbers (observe) firmly committed to republic strongly opposed to the socialists and artisan allies share views v June days Ø New government drop Blanc = no representative for the working class invade constituent assembly tried proclaim new revolutionary state government used national guard stop it government dissolved national workshops = violent uprising Ø Street fighting death and injury of more than ten thousand people v Louis Napoleon Ø In place of democratic republic constituent assembly computed constitution featuring strong executive allowing him, nephew napoleon Bonaparte win because people know him and desire property class for order or any cost produce semi authoritarian regime v How did the Hapsburg state under Ferdinand I interact with the revolutionaries especially the Hungarians? Ø Coalition revolutionaries not stable when monarchy abolish serfdom with its degrading forced labor and feudal services newly freed peasants lost interest in the political and social questions agitating cities coalition urban revolutionaries also broke down along class lines over issue of socialist workshops and universal voting rights for men revolutionary coalition also weakened then destroyed by conflicting national aspirations Ø Hungarian revolution push through very liberal almost democratic constitution but Hungarian revolutionaries also sought to transform provinces and peoples with a unified centralized nation unify groups = ½ population Croats Serbs Romanians unification is unacceptable each want entitles political authority and cultural independence v Francis Joseph Ø Son archduchess Sophia who wanted Ferdinand to abdicate throne to him powerful nobles organize to help her= gets crown v How did Fredrick William IV of Prussia interact with the liberals Ø Promised to grant Prussia liberal constitution and to merge Prussia into a new national German state that was to be created but urban workers wanted

9 much more and Prussian aristocracy wanted much less than the moderate constitutional liberalism the king conceded workers issued series democratic vaguely socialist demands that troubled the middle class conservative urge kind counter revolution v Prussian constituent assembly Ø Elected met in Berlin write constitution for Prussian state v Conflict over the Schleswig- Holstein provinces Ø Denmark claimed provinces inhabited mostly by Germans national assembly at Frankfort call on Prussian army to oppose Denmark in name of the German nation Prussia responded and began war with Denmark v Formation of a German national state Ø A self appointed committee of liberals from various Germanic states began organizing in for the creation of a united German sates Ø National assembly composed liberals professors doctors officials and businessmen convene to write German federal constitution elect king Fredrick William as emperor national state (minus Austria and Schleswig- Holstein) Ø William Fredrick reassert royal authority disband Prussian constitutional assembly granted limited conservative constitution Ø But then try to get elected as emperor want monarchs Germany to elect him, Austria backed by Russia force Prussia renounce schemed unification German confederation reestablished