MIGRATION POLICIES IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES

Transcription

1 MIGRATION POLICIES IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES

2 Migration Policies in Europe and the United States edited by Giacomo Luciani Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

3 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1993 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION Giacomo Luciani Chapter 1: MIGRATION: NEW DEMANDS AND APPROACHES FOR EUROPE Daniel Franklin vii 1 17 Chapter 2: TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE 1990s AND BEYOND 33 Reginald T. Appleyard Chapter 3: ARE THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES UNDER SIEGE? Aristide R. Zolberg 53 Chapter 4: THE UNITED ST ATES IMMIGRATION REFORM AND CONTROL ACT OF 1986: IMPLEMENT A TION AND EFFECTS 83 Georges Vemez Chapter 5: LOS ANGELES, A WORLD OF NEW IMMIGRANTS: AN IMAGE OF THINGS TO COME? 97 Georges Sabagh Chapter 6: THE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN POST -WAR EUROPE Georges Tapinos 127 Chapter 7: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON THE HOST COUNTRY 145 Andrea!chino

5 PREFACE The themes of migration and economic development are traditionally related. The debate over these issues has recently gained great relevance, particularly in Europe, as the phenomenon of migration tends to be seen as a possible consequence (and cause) of political and environmental unrest. In this case, the impacts of migration have not only to do with development but also with welfare, social norms and political stability. In recent months, the issues of xenophobia, of openness to refugees, of a reasonable attitude towards international migration have come to the fore as a key to the future shape of Europe. The discussion is unfortunately couched in extreme and irrational terms: social scientists may bear part of the responsibility for this, because for a very long time they devoted only minimal attention to the phenomenon of international migration, and we are still lacking a coherent view which will integrate international development with the freedom of movement of capital and labour and the preservation of the environment. Given the growing attention on the issue, the Conference organised by Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei on 3-4 June 1991 at the Centro Studi Americani in Roma was extremely timely. In the light of 'new' migration phenomena, such as the migration wave into Germany from the East or into Italy from Albania, the Conference represented a unique opportunity to think of new policy measures to tackle migration. Two years following the Conference, the essays in this volume appear to give a balanced picture of the various issues under discussion. A detailed overview of the papers gathered in the volume is given in the general introduction by Giacomo Luciani. Herewith, I would just like to discuss briefly the main objectives of the Conference. In the first place, the Conference aimed at comparing two different approaches to the issue of migration. On one hand, the economic approach stresses the positive effects of migration on the pattern of long term growth. Migration, even when it comes from the supply side, implies greater mobility of production factors and human capital influx. On the other hand, the social and political approach emphasises the short-term negative effects: disruption of social norms, social conflicts, racism and, in general, a great deal of adjustment costs. Personally I tend to be sympathetic with the economic viewpoint, and I do not believe that Europe can tackle the demographic expansion in LDCs and the vii

6 Vlll problems of Eastern European countries by building a new "Berlin Wall". But it is also for this reason that migration policies must be realistic, innovative and well thought of. Otherwise intolerant and racist reaction tend to gain a disquieting moment This collection, apart from exposing these contrasting viewpoints, makes significant contributions to the study of migration. It explains the available techniques for regulating the phenomenon, and the necessary ingredients for successful migration, including giving proper citizenship to the immigrants. It also explains specific problems for Europe and the need for co-ordinated national policies. In this sense, the volume gives an important contribution to the move towards ('new') migration policies which increase total welfare, both in the host countries and in the countries of origin. It provides a useful framework for the rethinking of migration policies based on a pragmatic approach and aiming at avoiding the mistakes of the past. Looking at the most recent events, I have the feeling that, unfortunately, intolerance has prevailed upon the processes of migration management themselves. It is for these reasons that further studies have to be carried out and better policies towards immigrants' integration have to be introduced and implemented. Domenico Sinisca1co Director Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei