1920s beginnings of new middle class

Transcription

1 1920s beginnings of new middle class

2 Tokyo rail/subway system

3 Railroad urbanism Fundamentally shaped the character of urban experience in Osaka and Tokyo from the 1920s to the present-day Tokyo Tokyu line, Keio line, Odakyu line, Seibu line, Tobu line, each controlling development in particular sectors of Tokyo suburbs

4 Expansion of suburban rail lines Post 1923 earthquake Outward expansion of city Incorporation of surrounding rural villages City of Tokyo expanded from 15 wards to 35 Private rail lines began to integrate with central hub of rail and street cars

5 Railroad urbanism The creation of the ekimae the station plaza At first sites of civic grandeur By 1920s, taking on character of sakariba entertainment districts (in Edo, these were at bridges and along canals; Tokyo, around stations)

6 Shimbashi, 1906

7 Tokyo Station, ca. 1915

8 Shinjuku the archetypical new urban center of the 1920s commuting terminal for western suburbs modern popular culture department stores, bars, clubs, music halls salarymen and flappers

9 Moga ( modern girl )

10 New social types Moga modern girl Mobo modern boy Sarariiman salaryman Moga, iconic of the Taisho period Sarariiman, iconic throughout the 20 th century

11 New social types Lifestyles defined by new family forms (or independence from family), by styles of consumption (cosmopolitan rather than traditionally Japanese); and by mobility (transportation, commuting, separation of home and work) Implications for gender roles

12 Jazz age Tokyo Post earthquake reconstruction -- art deco modernism Rise of new middle class consumption, class identity, class anxiety Moral panic of modernity clashing with traditional values Rising Imperial militarism

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14 Late Meiji and early Taisho Massive industrial growth (partly stimulated by R-J War) Growth of Tokyo-Yokohama industrial belt Real working class in proletarian terms White-collar middle class WWI Japan non-combatant

15 Taisho boom and WWI Japan nominally an allied power (alliance with Britain) No fighting in Pacific Japanese industry goes into overdrive and expands markets throughout Asia Enormous prosperity Japan gets German possessions in Pacific

16 1918 Hyper-inflation (and war profits) lead to unrest Rice Riots of 1918 urban uprisings in over 140 cities and towns nationwide Military is called out to put down rebellion Structural reforms for urban food supply

17 Rise of military Foreshadowing future developments, R-J war created genuine national heros from military ranks Political influence of military expanded Military officers largely drawn from conservative rural backgrounds

18 Military and cities Major garrisons in cities to preserve order Put down urban riots Rice Riots of 1918 Crackdown after Kanto earthquake of 1923 Used to supress urban labor movements, suspected leftists

19 Post WW I prosperity & business Centered on Tokyo and Osaka in particular Crystallization of modern patterns of Japanese industry Large-scale integrated conglomerates Oligopoly of economic/political power Creation of Japanese style employment system corporate familism Japanese business globally oriented

20 Zaibatsu and corporate structure Concentration of economic power in major conglomerates Mitsui Mitsubishi Yasuda Sumitomo

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23 Zaibatsu (or Keiretsu) Close ties between zaibatsu and government Beginnings of lifetime employment Beginnings of enterprise unionism Corporation as conformist cocoon

24 Dual Structure Persistent social/economic divisions between large-scale modern sectors of economy and society, and small-scale traditional sectors Interdependence Subcontracting systems -- shitauke

25 New Urban Middle Class Family Closely linked to rise of large corporations and b cratic organizations Single-income Separation of men s and women s roles, time, space, emotional commitment Salarymen expected to be totally committed to organization Wives expected to be totally committed to domesticity, child-rearing, education of children

26 New urban middle class Development of nuclear family as urban norm Contrast with multigenerational ie (stem family) Vastly different dynamics of family composition and family life Demographic transition as historical trend

27 Stem vs. nuclear family nuclear family structure households of consumption; wages earned outside the home status achieved through consumption; cultural capital based on modernity not tradition nuclear family economic resources, livelihood based on non-inheritable achieved status emphasis on education nuclear family at most two generations, generally mobile

28 Discontinuities between 1920s and wartime/postwar End of Jazz Age liberalism/cultural experimentation Militarization of society Total destruction of urban infrastructure Total destruction of industrial infrastructure Shifting values of traditional vs. modern sources of cultural capital

29 Continuities between 1920s and postwar Japan Consistent trend toward urban concentration Role of large corporations in society, and persistent dual structure Japanese industry as globally oriented Demography and family trends