The Many Faces of. Poverty. Volume 8

Transcription

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2 The Many Faces of Poverty Volume 8

3 The Many Faces of Poverty: Volume 8 Copyright PEP-CBMS Network Office, 27 Prepared by Celia M. Reyes Anne Bernadette E. Mandap Jasminda A. Quilitis Steffie Joi I. Calubayan Jezha Lee Z. Nabiong Rachelle Gladys M. Audar Vincent Brylle W. Biñas Eva Salve T. Bacud Joshua D. Moreto ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means whether virtual, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright owner. Published by De La Salle University Publishing House for the CBMS International Network Coordinating Team First printing, 27 Published and distributed by De La Salle University 24 Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines 922 Tel. No: (62) loc. 27 Telefax: (62) s: dlsupublishinghouse@dlsu.edu.ph Website: The De La Salle University Publishing House is the publications office of De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines Printed in the Philippines Acknowledgements The publication of this volume has been made possible through the PEP-CBMS Network Office based at the Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies of De La Salle University-Manila with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada and the Department for International Development (DFID) of United Kingdom.

4 CONTENTS i Foreword Introduction Explanatory Text The Many Faces of Poverty Province of Albay Province of Marinduque City of Balanga City of Candon City of Marikina City of Parañaque City of Valenzuela

5 FOREWORD The official poverty monitoring system (PMS) in the Philippines relies mainly on family income and expenditure surveys. Information on other aspects of well-being is generally obtained from demographic and health surveys, national population and housing censuses, labor force survey, and others. However, these surveys and censuses are (i) too costly to be replicated frequently; (ii) conducted at different time periods, making it impossible to get a comprehensive profile of the different socio-demographic groups of interest at a specific point in time; and (iii) have sampling designs that do not usually correspond to the geographical disaggregation needed by local government units (LGUs). In addition, the implementation of the decentralization policy, which devolves to LGUs the function of delivering basic services, creates greater demand for data at the local level. The Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) seeks to address these gaps by providing data at the local level appropriate for diagnosing the cause and extent of local poverty, formulating appropriate policies and programs, identifying eligible beneficiaries for targeted programs, and assessing the impact of policies and programs. It also supports the decentralization process by capacitating the LGUs to collect, analyze, and use the data in local planning, budgeting, and program implementation to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This eighth volume of statistical tables and poverty maps of provinces and cities generated through the CBMS methodology represents part of a series of publications resulting from the collaboration between the CBMS Network Coordinating Team and its partner-lgus. These partnerships have been in place for several years now, and these partner-lgus are finally enjoying the fruits of their hard labor. The CBMS poverty maps will identify who and where the poor are as they provide a comprehensive picture of the different faces of poverty in different parts of the country. They will also aid in identifying the most pressing needs of the community, assist in prioritizing interventions to address these needs, and facilitate the targeting of programs for those who need the assistance most. This volume features the provinces of Albay and Marinduque and the cities of Balanga, Candon, Marikina, Paranaque and Valenzuela. Since 2, we have used mobile technology to fast-track the generation of CBMS results in order to serve as timely inputs in local development planning and budgeting. The CBMS Accelerated Poverty Profiling (APP) is an organized, systematic, and efficient use of the latest information and communication technology tools, and the standard CBMS instruments for data collection, processing, and poverty mapping and data management instruments. The work leading to the publication of this book owes much to the unwavering support and commitment of our partners both at the local and national levels. We have worked hand-in-hand with them in consolidating databases and validating our survey findings. And now, with their consent, we are sharing their data to a wide range of CBMS stakeholders all over the country indeed a glowing testament of their dedication to make their development planning processes more efficient and effective! We are grateful to all our partner LGUs, national government agencies, non-government organizations, donors and other development partners for making this possible. It is hoped that this publication will provide the necessary data to facilitate evidence-based decisionmaking toward improving local governance and reducing poverty and inequality in the country. CELIA M. REYES CBMS Network Team Leader i

6 INTRODUCTION Considered a foremost legislation that ushered in a new era of local governance, the Local Government Code (LGC) of 99 has paved the way not only for greater autonomy but also for increased expenditure responsibility and revenue authority of local government units. Since then, the local government units (LGUs) have assumed a greater role in local government management and service delivery. The devolution is substantial not only in the magnitude of responsibilities that were shifted to LGUs but also in the amount of resources at their disposal to effectively discharge the devolved functions. Today, LGUs have access to multiple revenue sources, chief of which is their share in the national internal revenues the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA). For the period 2-26, the average IRA per year is P65.6 billion (see Table ). Table. Internal Revenue Allotment of Local Government Units, 2 26 TOTAL Year Ave. per year Source: DBM Amount (in P billion) , While experts agree that local governments are not awash with cash, the P462.4 billion worth of IRA that the LGUs have received over the 4-year period is certainly a big amount. This underscores the importance of making sure that LGUs are equipped with the right tools, systems, and procedures to ensure the effective use of these public financial resources. One way to do this is by providing them access to comprehensive socioeconomic data, on the basis of which they can craft their development plans and budgets. Statistical Issues and Concerns at the Subnational Level With decentralization, the types of data demanded by a wide range of users policymakers, program implementers, civil society, and others are changing. Data disaggregated to correspond to the different levels of government are needed by LGUs to adequately assess their local situation. Moreover, longitudinal data are needed to track welfare changes over time. Household-level data are also needed to identify eligible beneficiaries of different programs. In 25, 4 years after the LGC enactment, the Asian Development Bank-World Bank released a report highlighting statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level. It said: "The most comprehensive and consistent comparative subnational data is at the regional level although this is simply an administrative level of government that has no responsibilities for delivery of social services. More data is gradually becoming available at the provincial level, but not at lower levels, which are at the frontline of efforts to reduce poverty. Decentralization in the Philippines: Strengthening Local Government Financing and Resource Management in the Short- Term, 25 (A joint document of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank).

7 Local Poverty Monitoring System Rise up to the Challenge Owing to still unresolved statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level, an increasing number of LGUs all over the country have taken the initiative to adopt and establish the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS). National government agencies have likewise recognized the value of CBMS as a cost-effective tool for various thematic concerns such as the Millenium Development Goals/Sustainable Development Goals, gender and development, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM), and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Bottom- Up Budgeting (BUB), and migration and development, among others. The CBMS was developed in 99 to fill in the necessary information for more evidence-based planning and program implementation and for monitoring the micro-level impacts of macro policies and shocks particularly on the most vulnerable groups of the population. CBMS is an organized process of collecting, processing, validating and use of data for various development concerns. It was designed as a system that can be used and sustained by LGUs over time and facilitates information sharing at each geopolitical level for purposes of better policymaking and program implementation. Since the early 2, the implementation and use of CBMS has been supported by policy issuances at the local and national levels. Also, the inclusion of CBMS in the list of projects that can be funded through the BUB funds is a recognition that CBMS is important in facilitating evidence-based decision-making. Some of the policy issuances are as follows: o DILG Memorandum Circular 2-5 Issued in August 2, the circular enjoins all local chief executives to undertake local programs on poverty reduction and economic transformation and emphasized the need to designate Local Poverty Reduction Action Officers (LPRAOs) and to formulate a Local Poverty Reduction Action Plan (LPRAP). o NAPC En Banc Resolution No. 7 Issued in March 2, the resolution directs LGUs to adopt the core local poverty indicators as the minimum set of community-based information for poverty diagnosis and planning at the local levels and integrate such information in their local poverty monitoring system and local level action plans and program. o DILG Memorandum Circular 2-92 Issued in April 2, it provides policy guidelines for the adoption of the core local poverty indicators for planning. The guidelines shall aid the LGUs in assessing and understanding poverty and its dimensions at the barangays, municipalities, cities and provinces with the end view of formulating an LPRAP and implementing the plans and programs to reduce poverty. o DILG Memorandum Circular Issued in November 24, the circular encourages LGUs to intensify efforts in implementing programs, projects and activities towards the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs). o NSCB Resolution No. 6, Series of 25 Issued in January 24, 25, the resolution recognizes the CBMS as a viable and cost efficient system that can be used to generate the Core Local Poverty Indicators (CLPIs) and ensure uniformity and standardization of CLPI databases of all LGUs. It further enjoined the NAPC, DILG, other government agencies and LGUs to coordinate with the CBMS International Network Coordinating Team towards the fastracking and full implementation of the CBMS. o League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP) Memorandum Circular Issued in June 26, enjoining all CBMS-implementing municipalities to adopt/sustain the adoption of the CBMS as a tool for local poverty diagnosis and ensure the incorporation of the MDG targets and utilization of CBMS data in the formulation of local development plans. o SDC Resolution No., Series of 26 Issued on July 9, 26, the resolution adopts the CBMS as the prescribed monitoring tool for the generation of the Core Local Poverty Indicator Database. It further enjoined the NAPC, DILG, other government agencies and LGUs to coordinate with the CBMS Network Coordinating Team towards the fast-tracking and full implementation of the CBMS. o PhilHealth Board Resolution No. 982, S.27 In March 27, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) adopted the CBMS as the principal source of data in identifying indigent families to be enrolled under the sponsorship program of the National Health Insurance 2

8 Program (NHIP). The Program is implemented in partnership with the local government units (LGUs) and PhilHealth. The LGU and the National Government through PhilHealth share the annual premium payment of P,2 per indigent household to get enrolled. o League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP) Resolution No. 2- Issued in January 28, 2, urging the Department of Social and Welfare Development (DSWD) and the Department of Health (DOH) to adopt the CBMS and other locally-developed poverty monitoring systems as its targeting system in identifying beneficiaries to the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and the Philhealth Indigent Sponsored Program o DBM-DILG-DSWD-NAPC Joint Memorandum Circular No., Series of 22 Issued on March 8, 22, the joint memorandum circular identifies the collection of relevant economic and social data such as those that can be obtained from CBMS, as one of the main components in empowering poor LGUs and in the bottom-up planning and budgeting approach. o DILG Memorandum Circular 22-7 Issued on April 7, 22, the circular provides that the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund can be utilized for disaster prevention and mitigation projects including the implementation of a CBMS with CCA/DRRM indicators. o DILG Memorandum Circular Issued in August, 22, the circular enjoins all local chief executives to utilize the community-based monitoring system (CBMS) in planning and project development. It also recommends for the adoption of CBMS to coincide with the synchronized local planning and budgeting calendar and with the bottom up planning and budgeting preparation calendar. o DILG Memorandum Circular Issued in May 2, 26, the circular provides policy guidelines for the implementation of CBMS and capacity development projects on GAD and DRR-CCA under the FY 26 Bottom-Up Budgeting (BUB). The guidelines shall aid the LGUs for the efficient and effective execution of subproject components, monitoring, and reporting of projects under the BUB program. As of February 2, 27, CBMS is being implemented in 77 provinces (2 of which are implementing the system province-wide), 9 municipalities, and 79 cities, covering a total of 24,676 barangays. Data generated by CBMS have so far been used in diagnosing the nature and extent of poverty in their localities, identifying appropriate interventions, identifying eligible beneficiaries of poverty reduction programs, and monitoring the impact of some of these programs. Parallel with efforts to establish databanks at each geopolitical level, a national repository of CBMS data has also been established at the CBMS Network Office, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC). The national repository aims to facilitate data sharing across government agencies, the private sector, donor agencies, and other relevant stakeholders. Specifically, the national repository will (i) facilitate the access and use of the integrated CBMS database by national entities in their advocacy work with key decision makers, (ii) support government and non-government funding sources in strengthening evidence-based planning and monitoring and in aligning their interventions to national priorities, and (iii) facilitate the implementation of targeted programs. Concluding Remarks Public statistics will increasingly shape public agenda at the local level as more and more LGUs establish their own monitoring systems to make their development planning processes more efficient and effective. In this scenario, local poverty monitoring systems such as the CBMS will have an extremely important role to play. The country's experience with local-level poverty monitoring systems clearly demonstrates that there can be a comprehensive picture of the poverty situation. Very few, if any, national surveys collect information on the different dimensions of poverty. There is a survey on income and expenditure, another on health, another on education, another on employment, another on nutrition, and others. As the samples and the reference periods are different, there is no comprehensive picture of the poverty status of the population at any point in time. This is where CBMS can make a difference as it addresses these gaps through its set of core indicators relating to the different dimensions of poverty.

9 EXPLANATORY TEXT A. CBMS Core Indicators The statistical tables and poverty maps presented in this volume pertain to the CBMS Core Indicators (also known as Core Local Poverty Indicators ), which were generated using the CBMS methodology. Box. Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) The CBMS is an organized way of collecting ongoing or recurring information at the local level to be used by local governments, national government agencies, non-government organization (NGOs), and civil society for planning, budgeting, and implementing local development programs, as well as for monitoring and evaluating their performance. It is a tool for improved local governance and democratic decision-making that promotes greater transparency and accountability in resource allocation. It involves the following steps: Step Step 2 Step Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 CBMS APP Track Advocacy/organization Data collection, GPS reading, and data transmission Data consolidation, database-building, and poverty mapping Data validation and community consultation Knowledge (database) management Plan formulation Dissemination, implementation, and monitoring The CBMS Core Indicators are a set of carefully selected indicators that capture the multiple dimensions of poverty. They define the basic criteria for attaining a decent quality of life and correspond to the minimum basic needs covering (a) health, (b) nutrition, (c) housing, (d) water and sanitation, (e) basic education, (f) income, (g) employment, and (h) peace and order. Together, these indicators provide information not only on how poor a community is, but also on who in the community is poor, and where. The CBMS Core Indicators are presented in Table. Meanwhile, the poverty and food thresholds used are presented in Table 2. The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) has issued Memorandum Circular 2-92 (April 2) to set policy guidelines for the adoption of the core local poverty indicators, for planning and Memoradum Circular (November 24) to encourage LGUs to intensify efforts toward the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs). The latter circular also enjoins LGUs to use monitoring systems such as MBN-CBIS, CBMS, IRAP, etc., to monitor and diagnose the nature and extent of poverty in their respective localities. CBMS was adopted by the DILG as the data collection and processing system for the CLPIMS which was the tool adopted to monitor the MDGs for LGUs. 4

10 Table. CBMS Core Indicators, Formula, and CBMS Composite Index Using Simple Scoring BASIC NEEDS CORE INDICATORS Computation/Formula Simple Scoring A. Hea lth Proportion of children under 5 years old who died Total number of children aged to less than 5 years old who died divided by the sum of (i) total number of children aged to less than 5 years old, and (ii) the total number of child deaths to less than 5 years old One () if the household has a member under 5 years old who died; zero () otherwise. 2 Proportion of women who died due to pregnancy related causes B. Nutrition Proportion of children -5 years old who are malnourished C. Housing 4 Proportion of households living in makeshift housing D. Water a nd Sa nitation 5 Proportion of households who are informal settlers 6 Proportion of households without access to safe water supply 7 Proportion of households without access to sanitary toilet facilities E. Education 8 Proportion of children 6- years old who are not attending elementary school 9 Proportion of children 2-5 years old who are not attending secondary school 8-9 Proportion of children 6-5 years old who are not attending school F. Income Proportion of households with income below the poverty threshold Proportion of households with income below the food threshold 2 Proportion of households who experienced hunger due to food shortage G. Employme nt Proportion of persons in the labor force who are unemployed H. Pea ce and Orde r 4 Proportion of persons who are victims of crimes Total number of women who died due to pregnancy related causes divided by the sum of (i) the total number of children less than one year old, and (ii) total number of women who died due to pregnancy related causes Total number of children aged -5 years old who are moderately or severely underweight over total number of children aged -5 years old Total number of households living in housing with makeshift roof and/or walls over total number of households Total number of households occupying house and/or lots without permission of owner over total number of households Total number of households without access to safe water supply over total number of households Total number of households without access to water-sealed toilet or closed pit over total number of households Total number of children 6- years old who are not attending elementary school over total number of children 6- years old Total number of children 2-5 years old who are not attending secondary school over total number of children 2-5 years old One () if the household has a female member who died due to pregnancy-related causes; zero () otherwise. One () if the household has a member -5 years old who is malnourished; zero () otherwise. One () if the household lives in makeshift housing; zero () otherwise. One () if the household is an informal settler; zero () otherwise. One () if the household does not have access to safe water supply; zero () otherwise. One () if the household does not have access to sanitary toilet facilities; zero () otherwise. Total number of children 6-5 years old who One () if the household has a are not attending school over total number of member 6-5 years old not children 6-5 years old attending school; zero () otherwise. Total number of households with income below the poverty threshold over total number of households One () if the household has a per capita income below poverty threshold; zero () otherwise. Total number of households with income One () if the household has a per below the food (subsistence) threshold over capita income below food threshold; total number of households zero () otherwise. Total number of households who One () if the household has experienced food shortage over total number experienced food shortage; zero () of households otherwise. Total number of persons aged 5 and above who are not working over total number of labor force* Total number of persons who are victims of crimes over total population One () if the household has unemployed member/s; zero () otherwise. One () if the household has victim/s of crime; zero () otherwise. CBMS Composite Indicator Average number of deprivations Sum of deprivations of households over total number of households Sum of the scores (number of deprivations) of the indicators. 5

11 Table 2. Poverty and Food Thresholds LGU ALBAY MARINDUQUE BALANGA CANDON MARIKINA PARAÑAQUE VALENZUELA B. CBMS Methodology Reference Year Poverty Threshold Food Threshold Urban Rural Urban Rural 2,5 22,7 2, 2,6 8,64 2,27 2,77 2,296 2,486 2,86 24,982 25,787 2,54 2,75 2,962 22,6 25,7 25,7 25,945 22,6 25,7 9,69 2,685 2,752 2,74 7,724 9,26 9,722 2,22 9,8 2,659 2,6 24,92 22,749 22,55 2, 22,6 25,7 25,7 25,945 22,6 25,7 4,89 5,92 6, 6,7,2 4,97 4,54 4,874 4,8 5,25 7,445 8, 6,442 6,2 6,76 5,46 7,462 7,462 8,2 5,46 7,462,9 4,447 5,89 5,66 2,79,499,772 4,2,57 4,429 6,5 7,6 5,889 5,76 6,5 5,46 7,462 7,462 8,2 5,46 7,462 The CBMS is an organized processing of collecting, processing, validating and use of information and is being implemented using structured instruments and training modules. One of the primary objectives of the CBMS is to generate data to diagnose the extent and causes of poverty, formulate appropriate plans and programs,identify eligible beneficiaries and assess the impacts of policies and programs. Data used in this report is a by-product of the CBMS implementation by the LGUs featured in this volume. In particular, primary data was generated using the CBMS Accelerated Poverty Profiling (APP) 2 tools including the CBMS Scan and PORTAL (using android gadgets and ICT for data collection), the CBMS StatSim (data processing) and Quantum GIS (QGIS) for poverty mapping. Primary data collection was done through the conduct of a household census administered by trained local enumerators and field coordinators using the standard CBMS APP modules and instruments (household profile questionnaires and barangay profile questionnaires). Data from the census operations are transmitted and stored in a CBMS PORTAL and are likewise established at the databanks at the LGU-level. C. Authority of the CBMS Census In 25, the Philippine Statisical Authority (formerly National Statistical Coordination Board) has issued Resolution No. 6, which recognizes and enjoins support to the CBMS as a tool for strengthening the statistical system at the local level. It also directs the PSA Technical Staff to initiate and coordinate an 2 See CBMS APP details from the CBMS Network website at cbms-app Since 2, the CBMS Mapping System under the CBMS PAPER and CBMS APP Tracks uses Quantum GIS (QGIS) 6

12 advocacy program for the adoption of the CBMS by the LGUs, through the Regional Statistical Coordination Committees (RSCCs), the technical arm of the Executive Board in the regions. The PSA has also approved the 25 CBMS Questionnaire (PSA Approval No.DILG54- and DILG-54-2). D. CBMS Census Operations All census operations were undertaken under the supervision of the CBMS Technical Working Groups (TWGs) at the City Levels. They identified the local personnel who were trained as enumerators and field coordinators. Technical assistance was provided by the PEP-CBMS Network Office and the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Training is mainly conducted at two levels. The first level training (Training of Trainors) is conducted for members of the TWGs. This is conducted by a pool of CBMS Accredited Trainers from the DILG. Meanwhile, a second level training (Training of Enumerators) is conducted for enumerators--usually composed of barangay health workers and students. Members of the TWG act as trainors in this training. E. Data Processing System The CBMS Statistics Simulator (CBMS STATSIM) was developed by the CBMS International Network Coordinating Team to process the data from the CBMS census. It is designed to automatically compute and generate tables containing the + core indicators of poverty, the MDG indicators, and DRRMrelated indicators, among others. Poverty maps are generated using the Quantum GIS (QGIS). QGIS is capable of creating and storing spatial (shapefiles) and non-spatial (texts and numbers) data as well as generating maps, reports and graphs ideal for presentation and analysis of poverty attributes in the community. This has significantly addressed the need for a simple yet powerful and free geographically-oriented database. These systems can be accessed and are being provided by the CBMS Network for free to CBMS APP implementing LGUs in the country. E. CBMS Poverty Maps The poverty map for each indicator is prepared at the province and/or city level. A simple color scheme is used for the poverty maps. Green, light green, pink and red represents the four ranges of data for each indicator. Shades of green indicate performance better than the province and/or city average while shades of red indicate performance worse than the province and/or city average. Each indicator, however, used a different range relative to the province and/or city data. Meanwhile, gray is used to indicate that the CBMS data for the particular LGU is not included and/or available. F. Dimensions of Poverty There are ten () dimensions of poverty being considered in CBMS namely, health, nutrition, housing, tenure, water, sanitation, education, income, job, and security. From the core indicators, one indicator is selected to determine whether a household is poor in a particular dimension. The dimensions of poverty are presented in Table. G. Limitations of the Data Estimates on poverty and subsistence incidence may be affected by under-and/or over-reporting of income or reluctance on the part of the respondents to reveal their true levels of income. As in other censuses and surveys, the CBMS enumerators may also have encountered interview non-response and item non-response. 7

13 Table. Dimensions of Poverty Dimension Indicator Poverty Status Health Nutrition Housing Tenure Water Sanitation Education Income Job Security Proportion of children under 5 years old who died Proportion of children -5 years old who are malnourished Proportion of households living in makeshift housing Proportion of households who are informal settlers Proportion of households without access to safe water supply Proportion of households without access to sanitary toilet facilities Proportion of children 6-5 years old who are not attending school Proportion of households with income below the food threshold Proportion of persons in the labor force who are unemployed Proportion of persons who are victims of crime If household has at least one child under 5 years old who died, then the household is considered health poor If household has at least one child -5 years old who are malnourished, then the household is considered nutrition poor If household is living in makeshift housing, then the household is considered housing poor If household is an informal settler, then the household is considered tenure poor If household has no access to safe water supply, then the household is considered water poor If household has no access to sanitary toilet facilities, then the household is considered sanitation poor If household has at least one child 6-5 years old who is not attending school, then the household is considered education poor If the per capita income of the household is below the the food threshold, then the household is considered income poor If household has at least one unemployed member, then the household is considered job poor If household has at least one member who has been a victim of crime, then the household is considered security poor 8

14 Republic of the Philippines Province of BATAAN CITY OF BALANGA Message Through the years, the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) has been crucial for the City Government in tracking the impact of its economic reforms and policies for the protection and upliftment of the quality of life of its constituents, especially the vulnerable sector. The present demography of Balanga City shows 8,4 households. To facilitate resource allocation with the growing population of the twenty five (25) barangays in the city, each having its own distinctive physical, environmental and economic needs, there is a need to efficiently use and manage our meager financial resources. The CBMS helps address this concern by providing valid and relevant information about qualified recipients of various intervention programs, thus building our capacity to address the essential needs of our constituents with maximum use of our limited resources. Since Balanga adopted Institute for Solidarity in Asia's Performance Governance System (PGS), we have embarked on a transformative journey toward excellence in public service as we strive to achieve our University Town VIsion. To be truly effective, we must be able to directly address the urgent needs and wants of our citizens. This can be done by ensuring that our programs will reach the intended beneficiaries as identified through the CBMS. As we reinforce economic growth with good governance, we strive and remain steadfast in our resolve to meet the social needs of Balangueños with firm commitment to eradicating poverty. Our journey is still a long way, but we pledge to pursue our advocacies, especially in the areas of literacy and lifelong learning, with the end goal of producing quality students and professionals who will be the future movers of their generation. Indeed, the CBMS Network has helped us further realize the City's development and its requirements; leading us to further understand and learn how to address pressing problems like traffic congestion, informal settlers, school drop-outs, unemployment and the like. In sum, as a statistical tool to fight poverty, CBMS ultimately serves as the City Government's strongest foundation for decision-making. It is thus imperative that we remain persistent in using and implementing the CBMS to effectively deliver what our people truly deserve in pursuit of our mandate to give back to the people what they have entrusted to us. Again, we applaud our genuine partnership with the CBMS Network as we embark on our joint quest for equitable economic growth and good governance! FRANCIS ANTHONY GARCIA City Mayor 5

15 The Many Faces of Poverty in the City of Balanga POPULATION The City of Balanga has a total population of 77,95 covering 8,4 households The CBMS census in covered all 25 barangays in the city. It has a total population of 77,95 where 49. percent are male and 5.9 percent are female in 8,4 households. Barangay Cupang Proper has the largest population with 8,68 members (or %) in 2,87 households, followed by Barangay Tuyo with 7,22 members (or 8. %) in,686 households. HEALTH AND NUTRITION Four in every children under the age of five died Around.4 percent of children under the age of 5 died during the reference period. This corresponds to a total of 25 child deaths among children, zero to four years old, in the city of Balanga. Further, the estimate of child deaths among girls (.%) is higher than boys (.5%). Barangay Bagumbayan reported the highest proportion of child deaths among children zero to four years old at 2 percent, followed by Barangay San Jose at.9 percent which also recorded the highest number of child deaths at 6 cases. No pregnant woman died due to pregnancy-related causes The results of the CBMS census in Balanga revealed that no pregnant woman aged 5-49 died due to pregnancy-related causes during the reference period. 6 The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 7)

16 Four in every children aged zero to five years were malnourished About.4 percent or 29 children zero to five years old were classified as moderately or severely underweight in the city. This corresponds to 4 malnourished children for every children, five years old and below. Malnutrition prevalence among boys at.4 percent was higher than girls at. percent. Barangay Malabia recorded the highest prevalence of malnutrition at 4. percent, followed by Tanato at 2.4 percent. On the other hand, Barangay Cataning recorded the highest number of malnourished children at 9 cases followed by Sibacan at 4 cases. HOUSING About. percent of households were living in makeshift housing while 2. percent were informal settlers The CBMS data showed that about 2 in every households in the city were living in makeshift housing. The highest proportion of households living in makeshift housing was observed in Barangay Cupang North at 2.4 percent which is equivalent to 9 households. This is followed by Bagumbayan at 2.6 percent and Central at 2.5 percent. Barangay Central aslo reported the highest number of households living in makeshift houses at 24 cases followed by Cupang Propoer at 2 cases. In terms of tenure status, 2 in every households in the city were considered as informal settlers. This corresponds to 425 informal settler households. Barangay Talisay reported the highest proportion of informal settlers at 5.6 percent or 2 households followed by Cataning at 4.9 percent. In terms of magnitude, Barangay Cataning placed first with 74 households who are informal settlers. WATER AND SANITATION Around 2.6 percent of the households have no access to safe water supply and about.7 percent have no access to sanitary toilet facilities Based on the results of the CBMS census, about 2.6 percent or in every households in the city had no access to safe water supply. Barangay Tanato had the worst condition in terms of water accessibility as.2 percent of its households were reported to have no access to safe water supply during the census period. This translates to 59 7

17 households without access to safe water supply. Barangay Ibayo ranked second in terms of the proportion of water-poor households but placed first in terms of the number of households without access to safe water supply at 84 cases. Disaggregated data further revealed that no barangay in the city was "waterless". In fact, all households in 4 barangays reported to have access to safe water supply. Meanwhile, about.7 percent of the households in Balanga have no access to sanitary toilet facilities. This means that 7 in every households in the city are sanitation poor. The highest proportion of sanitation-poor households can be found in Barangay Tanato at 5. percent followed by Tortugas at 4.2 percent which also recorded the highest number at households. Also, 7 of the 25 barangays reported to have access to sanitary toilet facilities. Waterless barangays refer to barangays with less than 5 percent safe water supply coverage, as defined by the SALINTUBIG Program of the Department of Health (DOH). 8 The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 7)

18 BASIC EDUCATION About 5 in every children 6 to5 years old were not attending school Results of the census show that 22.6 percent of children 6- years old are not attending elementary school while 47 percent of children 2-5 years old were not attending high school during the census period. However, the proportion of out-of-school children among those 6-5 years old is lower at 4.9 percent. This means that 5 in every children 6-5 years old were not attending school regardless of education level. Further, results revealed that the proportion of out-of-school children among boys (5.6%) is higher compared to girls (4.%). Pto Rivas Ibaba, at 9.6 percent, had the highest proportion of children aged 6-5 years who were not attending school. It is followed by Central at 8.4 percent and San Jose at 6.8 percent. In terms of magnitude, Barangay Cataning ranked first with a total of 9 children 6-5 years old who were not in school during the reference period. INCOME AND LIVELIHOOD Around 2 in every households were living below the poverty threshold Around one-third or 2. percent of the households in the City of Balanga were considered income poor which translates to around 2 in every households with no sufficient income to satisfy their basic food and non-food needs. Barangay Dangcol recorded the highest proportion of income poverty at 4.7 percent or 4 households. This is followed by Tanato at 6 percent or 68 households and Cabog-cabog at 2.7 percent or 46 households. In terms of magnitude, Barangay Cupang Proper with a total of 42 households placed first. About in every households have no sufficient income to satisfy their food needs The CBMS data also showed that 9.7 percent of the households in the city were living below the food threshold during the reference period. This means that in every households have no sufficient income to satisfy their basic food needs during the reference period. Subsistence incidence was most prevalent in Barangay Dangcol where 25.2 percent of the households were food poor. This is followed by Barangay Tanato at 2.2 percent and Cabog-cabog at 2.6 percent. On the other hand, Cataning reported the highest number of food poor families where.784 households have no sufficient income to satisfy their food needs. 9

19 About.4 percent of households have experienced hunger due to food shortage Around 4 in every households suffered from hunger during the three-month period before the census. Barangay Poblacion reported the highest prevalence of hunger at.7 percent or household cases followed by Bagong Silang at.7 percent or cases. In terms of magnitude, Tuyo placed first with households who have experienced hunger. Unemployment rate in the city was recorded at 5.6 percent Of the 27,76 members of the labor force aged 5 and above, about 5.6 percent or,59 individuals were unemployed during the census period. Results further showed that the unemployment rate among females at 6.4 percent is higher than males at 5. percent. Sibacan recorded the highest proportion of unemployed members at. percent or 68 individuals. In terms of magnitude, Tuyo ranked first with 8 unemployed members or 7. percent unemployed members. PEACE AND ORDER About. percent of the population were victims of crime A total of 7 individuals reported to be victims of crime in the City of Balanga. Barangay San Jose reported the highest proportion of crime victims at.5 percent or 9 cases. It is also worth noting that of the 25 barangays in the city have no reported victims of crime. CBMS COMPOSITE INDEX Households in the City of Balanga suffered from about one deprivation 2 on the average The city recorded a CBMS composite index (CCI) of.5. This means that, on the average, households in the City of Balanga were not able to meet the basic needs and suffered from about one deprivation. For instance, households in Tanato (CCI of.) were not able to meet of the basic needs, on the average followed by Dangcol whiwch suffered from one deprivation, on the average. 2 The deprivations are based on the indicators: () children -4 years old who died; 2) women who d ied due to pregnancyrelated causes; () malnourished children -5 years old; (4) households living in makeshift housing; 5) households who are informal settlers; (6) households without access to safe water supply; (7) households without access to sanitary toilet facilities; (8) children 6-5 years old not in school; (9) households with income below the poverty threshold; () households with income below the food threshold; () households that experienced food shortage; (2) unemployment; and () victims of crime. A high er index would mean more deprivation and hence, worse condition for the households. 4 The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 7)

20 DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY In the City of Balanga, around 2. percent of households were poor in at least one dimension. In particular, it was observed that about 9.8 percent of the households were poor in one dimension while. percent were poor in 2 dimensions. Meanwhile, less than one percent of the households were poor in dimensions. Number of Dimensions Proportion of Households Total 2. DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY IN THE CITY OF BALANGA Health Poor 25. Security Poor 2. Nutrition Poor 5. Job Poor Housing Poor Income Poor Tenure Poor Education Poor Water Poor Sanitation Poor From the CBMS core indicators, one indicator is selected to determine whether a household is poor in a particular dimension: ) children aged -4 years old who died for health, 2) malnourished children -5 years old for nutrition, ) households living in makeshift houses for housing, 4) households who are informal settlers for tenure, 5) households without access to safe water supply for water, 6) households without access to sanitary toilet facilities for sanitation, 7) children aged 6-5 years not In school for education, 8) households with income below the food threshold for income, 9) unemployment for job, and ) victims of crime for security. 4

21 42 The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 7)

22 The Many Faces of Poverty in the City of Balanga CBMS Core Indicators, City of Balanga, INDICATOR Magnitude Households Proportion Magnitude Population Proportion DEMOGRAPHY Population Average household size Children under year old Children under 5 years old Children -5 years old Children 6- years old Members 2-5 years old Members 6-5 years old Members years old and above Members of the labor force 8,4 4 77, ,28 7,82 9,229 6,29 5,52 6,876 27,76 HEALTH AND NUTRITION Children under 5 years old who died Women who died due to pregnancy related-causes Malnourished children -5 years old HOUSING Households living in makeshift housing Households who are informal settlers WATER AND SANITATION Households without access to safe water supply Households without access to sanitary toilet facilities BASIC EDUCATION Children 6- years old not attending elementary school Children 2-5 years old not attending high school Children 6-5 years old not attending school 2,9 2, INCOME AND LIVELIHOOD Households with income below poverty threshold Households with income below food threshold Households who experienced hunger due to food shortage Unemployment rate (5 years old and above),697, , PEACE AND ORDER Victims of crime 7. CBMS Composite Indicator, City of Balanga, Average CBMS Composite Indicator.5 4

23 Total Number of Households and Population, by Barangay, City of Balanga, Barangay Total households Total population Total male population Total female population Bagumbayan Cabog-Cabog Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cataning Central Cupang Proper Cupang West Dangcol (Bernabe) Ibayo Malabia Poblacion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Pto. Rivas Itaas San Jose Sibacan Camacho Talisay Tanato Tenejero Tortugas Tuyo Bagong Silang Cupang North Doña Francisca Pto. Rivas Lote , , ,46 76,686, ,79,95 2,96 6,78,945 8,68,682,47 2, ,845,975 4,8,87 2,99, ,64 2,997 7,22 4,487 2,252,79 2,59,5 987,454,62,957 4, , ,877 97, , ,988,422,6 2,9,4 828,258,28 948,56,76,988 4, , ,968,4 2,84 925, ,76,575,6 2,296,48 89,28 44

24 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map. Proportion of Children under 5 Years Old who Died, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Bagumbayan San Jose Pto. Rivas Ibaba Central Cupang West Sibacan Ibayo Cupang North Tortugas Munting Batangas (Cadre) Camacho

25 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 2. Proportion of Women who Died Due to Pregnancy-Related Causes, by Barangay,

26 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map. Proportion of Children -5 Years Old who are Malnourished, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Malabia Tanato Sibacan Cataning San Jose Pto. Rivas Itaas Cabog-Cabog Pto. Rivas Ibaba Tortugas Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cupang Proper

27 Table. Health and Nutrition Indicators, by Barangay, City of Balanga, Barangay Number of children (under 5 years old) Children under 5 years old who died Number of children (under year old) Women deaths due to pregnancy-related causes Number of children (-5 years old) Malnourished children (-5 years old) Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Bagumbayan Cabog-Cabog Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cataning Central Cupang Proper Cupang West Dangcol (Bernabe) Ibayo Malabia Poblacion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Pto. Rivas Itaas San Jose Sibacan Camacho Talisay Tanato Tenejero Tortugas Tuyo Bagong Silang Cupang North Doña Francisca Pto. Rivas Lote

28 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 4. Proportion of Households Living in Makeshift Housing, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Cupang North Bagumbayan Central Malabia Doña Francisca Tanato Tortugas Cataning Tuyo San Jose Cupang Proper

29 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 5. Proportion of Households who are Informal Settlers, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Talisay Cataning Tortugas Malabia Pto. Rivas Ibaba Tenejero Ibayo Cupang North Cupang Proper Pto. Rivas Lote

30 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 6. Proportion of Households without Access to Safe Water Supply by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Tanato Ibayo Dangcol (Bernabe) Central Camacho Cabog-Cabog Tenejero Cupang Proper Tortugas Cupang North

31 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 7. Proportion of Households without Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Tanato Tortugas Dangcol (Bernabe) Pto. Rivas Ibaba Sibacan Tuyo Cataning Tenejero Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cabog-Cabog Cupang North

32 Table 2. Housing, Water and Sanitation Indicators, by Barangay, City of Balanga, Barangay Households living in makeshift housing Households who are informal settlers Households without access to safe water supply Households without access to sanitary toilet facilities Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Bagumbayan Cabog-Cabog Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cataning Central Cupang Proper Cupang West Dangcol (Bernabe) Ibayo Malabia Poblacion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Pto. Rivas Itaas San Jose Sibacan Camacho Talisay Tanato Tenejero Tortugas Tuyo Bagong Silang Cupang North Doña Francisca Pto. Rivas Lote

33 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 8. Proportion of Children 6- years old Not Attending Elementary School, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Tanato Malabia Cabog-Cabog Dangcol (Bernabe) Bagong Silang Poblacion Central Tortugas Bagumbayan

34 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 9. Proportion of Children 2-5 years old Not Attending High School, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Tanato Pto. Rivas Ibaba Dangcol (Bernabe) Tuyo Central Poblacion Bagong Silang Malabia Cabog-Cabog Tenejero

35 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map. Proportion of Children 6-5 years old Not Attending School, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Central San Jose Cataning Dangcol (Bernabe) Ibayo Cabog-Cabog Bagumbayan Poblacion Tuyo

36 Table. Education Indicators, by Barangay, City of Balanga, Barangay Number of children (6- years old) Children not attending elementary school (6- years old) Number of children (2-5 years old) Children not attending high school (2-5 years old) Number of children (6-5 years old) Children not attending school (6-5 years old) Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Bagumbayan Cabog-Cabog Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cataning Central Cupang Proper Cupang West Dangcol (Bernabe) Ibayo Malabia Poblacion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Pto. Rivas Itaas San Jose Sibacan Camacho Talisay Tanato Tenejero Tortugas Tuyo Bagong Silang Cupang North Doña Francisca Pto. Rivas Lote ,429 77, ,69 55,

37 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Poverty Threshold, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Dangcol (Bernabe) Tanato Cabog-Cabog Cataning Pto. Rivas Ibaba Tortugas Talisay Bagumbayan Tuyo Camacho

38 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 2. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Food Threshold, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Dangcol (Bernabe) Tanato Cabog-Cabog Pto. Rivas Ibaba Cataning Tortugas Talisay Tuyo Bagumbayan Munting Batangas (Cadre)

39 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map. Proportion of Households who Experienced Hunger due to Food Shortage, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Poblacion Bagong Silang Pto. Rivas Ibaba Tuyo Tenejero Tortugas Cataning Ibayo Cupang North Malabia

40 Table 4. Income Poverty and Hunger Indicators, by Barangay, City of Balanga, Barangay Households with income below the poverty threshold Households with income below the food threshold Households who experienced hunger due to food shortage Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion Bagumbayan Cabog-Cabog Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cataning Central Cupang Proper Cupang West Dangcol (Bernabe) Ibayo Malabia Poblacion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Pto. Rivas Itaas San Jose Sibacan Camacho Talisay Tanato Tenejero Tortugas Tuyo Bagong Silang Cupang North Doña Francisca Pto. Rivas Lote

41 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 4. Unemployment Rate (5 years old and above), by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion Sibacan Cupang West Pto. Rivas Ibaba Bagumbayan Ibayo Tuyo Malabia Pto. Rivas Itaas Tenejero Tanato

42 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 5. Proportion of Persons who are Victims of Crime, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Magnitude Proportion San Jose Cupang North Cupang West Pto. Rivas Itaas Pto. Rivas Ibaba Tuyo Bagong Silang Cupang Proper Central Cataning Munting Batangas (Cadre)

43 Table 5. Unemployment and Victims of Crime Indicators, by Barangay, City of Balanga, Barangay Number of persons in the labor force (5 years old and above) Unemployment rate (5 years old and above) Magnitude Proportion Persons who are victims of crimes Magnitude Proportion Bagumbayan Cabog-Cabog Munting Batangas (Cadre) Cataning Central Cupang Proper Cupang West Dangcol (Bernabe) Ibayo Malabia Poblacion Pto. Rivas Ibaba Pto. Rivas Itaas San Jose Sibacan Camacho Talisay Tanato Tenejero Tortugas Tuyo Bagong Silang Cupang North Doña Francisca Pto. Rivas Lote 78 68,58 2,5,42 2, ,92 7, ,8,7 2,568,

44 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Balanga Map 6. CBMS Composite Indicator, by Barangay, Bottom Barangays Barangay Average Tanato Dangcol (Bernabe) Cabog-Cabog Pto. Rivas Ibaba Tortugas Cataning Ibayo Tuyo Bagumbayan Central