Politics Consumer Changes Immigration Xenophobia Prohibition Scopes Monkey Trial Jazz & Flappers
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1 Politics Consumer Changes Immigration Xenophobia Prohibition Scopes Monkey Trial Jazz & Flappers
2 The 1920 Election
3 The 1920 Election Americans elect Warren G. Harding (R) Slogan: Return to Normalcy US turned inward & feared anything European ISOLATIONISM
4 Return to Normalcy 1. isolationism 2. high tariffs 3. cut taxes (corporate & income) 4. cut federal spending Government & Big Business laissez-faire (limit business regulation) limit govt. presence in the lives of citizens
5 The Ohio Gang: President Harding s Cabinet corrupt! Patronage, scandals, lack of government accountability
6 The Ohio Gang & their scandals brought a bad reputation to the Harding Administration. Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall led the most corrupt government scandal of the 20s. Fall leased naval reserve land to two oil tycoons in return for $100,000 (bribery!)
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8 Before news breaks of the Teapot Dome Scandal, Harding travels to California He suffers a massive heart attack and dies before his reputation is smeared. His VP, Calvin Coolidge becomes president.
9 The 1924 Election Calvin Coolidge served as President from Serves the rest of Harding s term, elected in 1924 Republican
10 REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS. + + =$ Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National Economy Fordney-McCumber Tariff (38% tax on imports) Hawley-Smoot Tariff (60% tax on imports!)
11 Smith 1 st Catholic Presidential Candidate
12 Elected in 1928 Republican Believed in small government, no direct intervention in people s lives A chicken in every pot, a car in every garage
13 Industrial improvements of the 1920s focused on consumer goods: Ice boxes, Autos, & radios Supermarkets were introduced: Invention of cellophane
14 U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world electricity replaces steam Henry Ford s modern assembly line Rise of the airline industry Modern appliances & conveniences begin to change American life
15 Automobile manufacturers stimulate sales through model changes & advertising Auto industry fostered the growth of other businesses Cars encourage movement and more individual freedom.
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19 Increases in Mass media during the 1920s Print and broadcast methods of communication. Examples: Newspapers Magazines Radio Movies Newspapers: 27 million to 39 million Increase of 42% Motion Pictures: $40 million to $80 million Increase of 100% Radios: 60,000 to 10.2 million Increase of 16,983%
20 Literacy increased in the 1920s Newspaper and magazine circulation rose. By the end of the 1920s 10 American magazines -- including Reader s Digest, Saturday Evening Post,Time boasted circulations of over 2 million a year. Tabloids created
21 Although print media was popular, radio was the most powerful communications medium to emerge in the 1920s. News was delivered faster and to a larger audience. Americans could hear the voice of the president or listen to the World Series live.
22 Walt Disney's animated Steamboat Willie marked the debut of Mickey Mouse. It was a seven minute long black and white cartoon. Even before sound, movies offered a means of escape through romance and comedy ie. talkies First sound movies: Jazz Singer (1927) First animated with sound: Steamboat Willie (1928) By 1930 millions of Americans went to the movies each week
23 Douglas Fairbanks Lillian Gish Mary Pickford Clara Bow Motion Picture was a popular past time Movie stars as celebrities grew. Movie studios began to market films to public s choice Miss America pageant Atlantic City, 1921
24 Charles Lindbergh Nickname: Lucky Lindy May 27, 1927: Lindbergh made the first nonstop solo trans-atlantic flight. Spirit of St. Louis NYC - Paris 33 ½ hours later (no auto pilot) $25,000 prize 2yr old Son Charley kidnapped in 1932 $50,000 ransom murdered
25 Amelia Earhart 1932: First female to fly solo across the Atlantic 1935: First person to fly from California to Hawaii 1937: Attempt to fly around the world 2/3 completed and went missing, presumed dead.
26 In 1929, Americans spent $4.5 billion on entertainment. (includes sports) People crowded into baseball games to see their heroes Babe Ruth was a larger than life American hero who played for Yankees He hit 60 homers in 1927.
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29 Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional elements with American Jazz. Someone to Watch Over Me Embraceable You I Got Rhythm Gershwin
30 In the late 1920s, Duke Ellington, a jazz pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the famous Cotton Club. Band: The Washingtonians Ellington won renown as one of America s greatest composers.
31 Louis Armstrong Jazz was born in the early 20 th century In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis Armstrong joined the Creole Jazz Band. Armstrong is considered by many to be the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz
32 One of the most recognizable voices of the 20s and 30s. Embraceable You God Bless the Child Strange Fruit
33 Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase Jazz Age to describe the 1920s Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New York elite society
34 Hemingway Ernest Hemingway, became one of the best-known authors of the era Wounded in World War I In his novels, The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war Moves to Europe to escape the life in the United States. Lost Generation (Gertrude Stein) Group of people disconnected from their country and its values. His simple, straightforward style of writing set the literary standard
35 Rebirth of African American culture in New York City Langston Hughes Poet Zora Neale Hurston Author Marcus Garvey Activist Back to Africa
36 Women won the right to vote: 19th Amendment, 1920 Change in fashion Flappers Short Skirts, short hairdos Lipstick Change in the work place and leisure.
37 Young women of the 1920s Dancing Adventurous Cigarette Smoking Short skirts Make-up emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes. Escaping the cult of domesticity
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39 Margaret Sanger and other founders of the American Birth Control League American birthrates declined for several decades before the 1920s. Trend continues in 1920s with development of birth control. Margaret Sanger Birth control activist Founder of American Birth Control League ie. Planned Parenthood
40 Strikes - workers refusal to work unless their demands are met. Prices rose quickly, wages much more slowly Unsafe, unfair business practices million workers went on strike. Famous strikes: Boston Police Strike, 1919 No. Indiana Steelworkers, 1919 United Mine Workers Coal Mine Strike, 1919
41 1920, Car bombing, Wall Street, NYC Strikers were subject to hysteria, prone to begin riots. Fearful of pro socialist/communist actions against the American capitalist market system. Fearful of south & eastern European immigrants.
42 Appointed by President Woodrow Wilson. Responsible for the US 1st Red Scare. Palmer raids - rounded up Soviet immigrants, deported or detained them. Acts of government repression. ACLU founded by U. Sinclair & Jane Addams. Provided legal assistance to victims of Palmer s tactics.
43 Patriotic Americans saw a Red agitator behind union organizers and every labor protest. Anti Immigrant feelings were at an all time high.
44 US Govt. began to restrict undesirable immigrants from entering the US 1921: Immigration restricted to 3% of 1910 population of that nationality 1924: Quota decreased to 2% of 1890 population Mostly limits Southeastern Europeans
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47 April a robbery at a factory in So. Braintree, MA, Resulted in two deaths 3 weeks later, these 2 Italian immigrants were arrested. Known Anarchists and protesters of the Palmer Raids. Convicted based upon contradictory evidence and testimony. Honorable W. Thayer sentenced the accused to death. Mass American and foreign protest did not change the verdict. Executed on Aug. 23, 1927 Claim - innocent victims of the Red Scare. Xenophobia: fear of change or anything different (nativism)
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50 Cartoon from 1919: Put them out and keep them out
51 IKA Imperial Klans of America
52 1925: Membership of 5 million oanti Catholic oanti Jewish oanti Black oanti Immigrant oanti Urban Gained control of local governments. Membership fell by 1930, but rose again in the 1950s and 60s.
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55 Passage of the 18 th Amendment in Launched era known as Prohibition Made it illegal to make, distribute, sell, transport or consume liquor. Prohibition lasted from 1920 to 1933 when it was repealed by the 21 st Amendment
56 Reformers had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents Supporters were largely from the rural south and west
57 Poster supporting prohibition
58 Many Americans did not believe drinking was a sin Most immigrant groups were not willing to give up drinking To obtain liquor, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as speakeasies People also bought liquor from bootleggers who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies All of these activities became closely affiliated with
59 Al Capone was finally convicted on tax evasion charges in 1931 Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime in every major city Al Capone Chicago, Illinois famous bootlegger Scarface 60 million yr (bootleg alone) Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition Talent for avoiding jail 1931 sent to prison for taxevasion.
60 Illegal business scheme to make profit. Gangsters bribed police or gov t officials. Forced local businesses a fee for protection. No fee - gunned down or businesses blown to bits
61 Valentines Day February 14, 1929 Rival between Al Capone and Bugs Moran Capone South Side Italian gang Moran North Side Irish gang Bloody murder of 7 of Moran s men. Capone s men dressed as cops
62 Prohibition failed: Why? Government did not budget enough money to enforce the law The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an impossible task! Federal agents pour wine down a sewer
63 By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved What problems did it cause? The 21 st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933
64 Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition era. Al Capone Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the bootlegging industry. Elliot Ness, part of the Untouchables Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's Prohibition Bureau during a time when bootlegging was rampant throughout the nation.
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67 Fundamentalists vs. Secular thinkers The Protestant movement - literal interpretation of the bible is known as fundamentalism Fundamentalists found all truth in the bible including science & evolution
68 Scopes was a biology teacher who dared to teach his students that man derived from lower species In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nation s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law John Scopes did
69 The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, the most famous trial lawyer of the era, to defend Scopes Darrow The prosecution countered with William Jennings Bryan, the threetime Democratic presidential nominee Bryan
70 Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible key question: Should the bible be interpreted literally? Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 Bryan Darrow
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73 Fundamentalist Christians believe only creationism should be taught The Tennessee Supreme Court rules that evolution could not be taught in Tennessee schools. Big Picture: American values begin to change
74 The Jazz Age - F. Scott Fitzgerald The Age of Anxiety Tension & Xenophobia
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