Postwar Social Change ( )

Transcription

1 America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 8 Postwar Social Change ( )

2 America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 20: Postwar Social Change ( ) Section 1: Society in the 1920s Section 2: Mass Media and the Jazz Age Section 3: Cultural Conflicts

3 The Roaring Twenties

4 Recession From WWI When the war ended, more than 2 million soldiers came home looking for jobs. Factories stopped turning out war materials.

5 Rural America is left behind.

6 Age of Prosperity Unemployment 1920s: 2,132, % Average Annual Salary: $1236

7 An Economy in Transition Prosperous decade: Unemployment under 5% Paychecks increased, prices dropped. Economic transition from capital goods to consumer goods Consumption the key to prosperity.

8 Preview The 1920s ushered in a New Era in which key features of modern life took hold: mass society, mass culture, and mass consumption. Urban America led the way in rejecting social conventions that had limited Americans, especially women and children, while more traditional regions defended their ways of life through immigration restriction, Prohibition, Fundamentalism, and a reborn Ku Klux Klan. 1920s life expectancy: Males: 53.6 years Females: 54.6 years

9 Rural to Urban

10 The Russian Revolution

11 The Red Scare After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Americans had a fear of Communism (red scare). Laborers and people on the far left were lumped together with communists.

12 Republican Dominance Americans turned to the Republican Party for stability during this unstable period (1920s) Republicans dominated all 3 branches of govt. Republicans favored business, social stability

13 Republicans Rule the 1920s HARD - COOL - HOOV All the presidents of the 1920s were Republican The names of the 3 presidents are Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover Warren G. Harding died in office, probably due to shock

14 Republican Leadership in the White House With Warren G. Harding s inauguration in 1920, began 12 years of Republican leadership in the Capitol. Presidents Harding, Coolidge & Hoover Examine their tenure in office and the issues the US faced during this era. Harding Coolidige Hoover

15 Albert B. Fall, Secretary of Interior President Harding s Cabinet was subjected to mismanagement & corruption. Most infamous case : Teapot Dome Scandal Albert B. Fall gained control of government oil fields & secretly leased them to private oil companies Teapot Dome, Wyoming $125k & Hundreds of cattle were give in the form of a bribe. Conviction, 1 year in jail sentence.

16 Vice President Coolidge swearing in. Warren G. Harding died August 2nd, Harding was ill from eating tainted crabs while on a trip to Alaska & California. He was also suffering from bronchial pneumonia. Calvin Coolidge, Harding s VP was sworn into office on a farm in Vermont, by his father, a notary public at 2:30 am, August 3, He was resworn the next day in Washington D.C. by a Supreme Court Justice. He was on vacation with family during the summer of 1923.

17 President Coolidge s Cabinet President Coolidge kept most of the Harding Cabinet once he sworn is as President. Secretary of Treasury: Andrew Mellon Secretary of State: Charles Evan Hughes Main New appointee: Attorney General Harlan Fiske Stome. Stowe was tasked with weeding out the Ohio Gang

18 President Coolidge was a devote family man. Enjoyed spending time with family vs. time with political leaders from around the country & the world. Averaged a 4-hour work day. He was one not to indulge in the extravagance of the 1920 s lifestyle. He was Pro business, as the US economy improved, Coolidge advocated more & more that government should be guided by business principles & practices.

19 Coolidge, Mellon & Hoover Political cartoons like this depicted Coolidge s opinion on running for reelection in the 1928 election. Coolidge refused the Republican party s nomination for President. Opened the way for Herbert Hoover Keep it Cool with Coolidge Election of Coolidge, here with Secretary of Treasury Mellon & Secretary of Commerce, Hoover. All 3 men were pro business. Industrial output DOUBLED during period Silent government/laissez-faire in its approach to US business.

20 Herbert Hoover Hoover campaigning in NYC at the Metropolis. Self-made millionaire by 40 Stanford University graduate. Rugged individualism was his philosophy. Through Hard work & diligence, the American Dream could be possible. Personified the Republican party base. Midwestern, small-town Protestant white American voters. Personal & Political views included: Conservative Pro-business Advocate of small federal government Belief in the individual

21 1928: Herbert Hoover vs. Alfred E. Smith

22 Republican Power President Harding Elected 1920 Legacy of Scandals Teapot Dome Died in office

23 President Harding s Corrupt Cabinet Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew Mellon, a wealthy financier Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Hoover, famous for his food raising efforts during WWI Ohio Gang : Harding s old friends from Ohio who were corrupt and stole money from the government

24 Teapot Dome Scandal The most serious scandal during the Harding administration. It involved Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall. Two oil executives had bribed Fall. In return, he secretly leased them gov t land in California and at Teapot Dome, Wyoming.

25 Charles Forbes One of Harding s old buddies Head of the Veteran s Bureau Stole millions of dollars from the bureau I can take care of my enemies all right, but my friends, they re the ones that keep me walking the floors at night! Hoover Herbert Hoover was very hard-working and honest, but his friends were not After a bunch of betrayals, Harding died of a heart attack in August, 1923

26 President Coolidge The business of America is business. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Smoot-Hawley Tariff No help for farmers Foreign Policy

27 Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922 raised American tariffs in order to protect factories and farms. Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American goods. As a result of the war, Americans had two main concerns. First, they wanted to ensure economic self-sufficiency so that no future enemy could manipulate the American economy. Second, many industries wanted to preserve the benefits of the increased wartime demand.

28 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression. The act takes its name from its chief sponsors, Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and Representative Willis Hawley of Oregon, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. It was the last legislation under which the U.S. Congress set actual tariff rates.

29 Soaring Stock Market By the late 1920s, more people were investing in the stock market People became rich overnight Bull Market: Period of rapidly increasing stock prices Prices of stocks rose more quickly than the value of the companies themselves

30 American Foreign Policy in the 1920s Most all Americans (including Harding and Coolidge) wanted to remain isolationist HOWEVER: 1. The U.S. still needed to protect economic interests in Mexico 2. The U.S. gave $10 million in aid to Russia during a famine 3. The U.S. still signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact with 61 other nations (which outlawed war)

31 The Red Scare (Palmer Raids) Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted the Palmer Raids which rounded up thousands of communists. Some 249 communists were sent back to Russia on the Soviet Ark. Labor Unions were also lumped together with communism. Many business leaders used the Red Scare to cripple labor unions

32 What is Nativism? A turning inward of a country towards its own culture. A rejection of foreign influences, ideas, immigrants. Reaction to the millions of New Immigrants entering the country.

33 Reasons For Exclusion Religion: anti- Semitism and anti- Catholicism Racial Science Biologically inferior New Immigrants too different to assimilate into America.

34 Psychic Crisis Definition: A sense that the nation is under siege from sinister forces. New Immigrants a symbol of America s transformation through urbanization and industrialization. Also cheap labor competition.

35 Nativist Success Literacy Test (1917) National Origins Act of 1924 Asian immigration banned outright. Northern/Western European immigrants favored over Southern/ Eastern European immigrants.

36 The Red Scare (Sacco and Vanzetti) The trial of Sacco and Vanzetti was conducted in the height of the Red Scare and resulted in their being executed on questionable evidence. Trial lasted 6 years Product of red scare hysteria judicial lynching

37 Society in the 1920s Chapter 8, Section 1 How were women s roles changing during the 1920s? How were the nation s cities and suburbs affected by Americans on the move from rural areas? Who were some American heroes of the 1920s? What made them popular with the American public?

38 Kellogg-Briand Pact Signed in 1928 The United States and 61 other nations signed this treaty that outlawed war.

39 The Lost Generation A set of writers during the 1920s believed that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked morals Imagine what they would think today!!! Many of these writers moved out of the country `

40 The Lost Generation Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald were the most famous of the Lost Generation writers Rich are self-centered, shallow Flappers embraced the title of Lost Generation

41 A Consumer Economy Americans had more money to spend in the 1920s Average wages rose more than 28% More money = more stuff to buy Economic growth the result of the emergence of a consumer economy Consumer economy economy that depends upon a large # of consumers (buyers)

42 Buying on Credit Up until 1920s, people generally paid for everything with cash In the 1920s, people followed new (and dangerous) buying techniques they bought (1) on the installment plan and (2) on credit. This will come back to haunt us Why did this HELP the economy?

43 Electric Power New appliances = more electricity : # of people with electric lights goes from 16 to 63% General Electric (GE) became one of the world s largest companies as a result of this increased demand

44 New Products to Buy Electric toasters Sewing machines Vacuum cleaners Coffee pots

45 Ford and the Automobile While invented in the 1890s, the automobile became available to the mass market in the 1920s Growth of the automobile industry largely a result of Henry Ford

46 Ford and the Automobile 1896 Ford perfects his gas-powered quadricycle 1903 Ford starts his own motor company ,000 Model Ts sold

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48 Ford s Assembly Line Ford wanted to make the automobile affordable to common people Ford perfected the assembly line This allowed for the MASS PRODUCTION of cars Fordism Using this technique, Ford was able to put out a car every 24 sec. at one plant Detroit becomes car capital of America

49 The Gasoline Age Automobiles lead to the emergence of new industries Highway construction, service stations Increased need for rubber, glass Explosion in petroleum industry Decline of the

50 The Gasoline Age Cars as a badge of freedom and equality Increased independence for women, kids A house of prostitution on wheels People move to the suburbs Increased accidents, deaths as result of automobile

51 Impact of the Automobile Car sales grew rapidly in the 1920s because Henry Ford s assembly line made them so cheap General Motors also became a popular seller of cars

52 Changing Lifestyles Due to the Automobile Millions of jobs were created through factories, oil refineries, roads, highways, truck stops, gas stations, restaurants and tourist stops Many Americans began to move to the suburbs to escape crowded conditions in cities

53 Humans Develop Wings 17 December 1903 Wright brothers and the first air flight (12 seconds!) the miracle at Kitty Hawk World begins to shrink 1927 Charles Lindbergh goes from New York to Paris (first solo across Atlantic) Spirit of St. Louis

54 Humans Develop Wings Lindbergh emerges as an American hero Lucky Lindy Learning curve 1930s-1940s Air travel fairly safe New weapon of war Huge hit to isolationism

55 THE CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILY Margaret Sanger and other founders of the American Birth Control League American birthrates declined for several decades before the 1920s. Trend continues in 1920s with development of birth control. Margaret Sanger Birth control activist Founder of American Birth Control League ie. Planned Parenthood

56 MODERN FAMILY EMERGES Marriage was based on romantic love. Women managed the household and finances. Children were not considered laborers/ wage earners anymore. Seen as developing children who needed nurturing and education

57 Women s Changing Roles Chapter 8, Section 1 The Flapper Image The flapper, a type of bold, fun-loving young woman, came to symbolize a revolution in manners and morals that took place in the 1920s. Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior. Many Americans disapproved of flappers free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented. Women Working and Voting Although many women held jobs in the 1920s, businesses remained prejudiced against women seeking professional positions. The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote in all elections beginning in At first, many women did not exercise their right to vote. It took time for women s votes to make an impact.

58 Women s Changing Roles The end of WWI witnessed a shift in the attitudes and roles of women Flapper A new breed of young women that were characterized by their rebelliousness

59 The Flapper Image Shorter dresses Bobbed hair Short Heavy makeup Smoked and drank in public Violated social norms

60 Women Working Not all women in the 1920s were flappers Typically, only single women entered the workforce Few in leadership positions Not paid as much as men The glass ceiling

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62 Women Voting 1920 Women are allowed to vote in national elections Do they? 35% eligible vote Women have little impact on national elections; more on local elections Women begin to seek and win political office women in 38 state legislatures

63 Women Gain the Right to Vote 19 th Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote Carrie Chapman Catt set up the League of Women Voters This group tried to educate voters and ensure the right of women to serve on juries

64 Americans on the Move Chapter 8, Section 1 Rural-Urban Split Although the economy in the cities expanded in the 1920s, many farmers found themselves economically stressed. This resulted in a migration from rural to urban areas. Rural and urban Americans were also split over cultural issues. While many in the cities were abandoning some traditional values, rural populations generally wanted to preserve these values. Growth of the Suburbs While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs. Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy. This shift in population was one example of changing demographics, or statistics that describe a group of people, during the 1920s.

65 Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery wiped out the cotton crop white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

66 URBAN VS. RURAL Throughout the 1920s, Americans found themselves caught between urban and rural cultures Urban life was considered a world of anonymous crowds, strangers, moneymakers, and pleasure seekers Rural life was considered to be safe, with close personal ties, hard work and morals

67 Waves of Migration Chapter 8, Section 1 During the Great Migration, which lasted through World War I, many African Americans had moved from the rural South to take jobs in northern cities. Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North. However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

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69 Other Migration 1920s immigration quotas tightened Employers look to immigrants from Mexico and Canada Mexicans in the West, Canadians in the Northeast

70 1920s Immigration: Quota System At Harding s request, Congress passed laws limiting immigration in 1921 and 1924 Emergency Quota Act (1921) Immigration Act of 1924 Laws set up a quota on immigrants to be take from each country Low #s from eastern Europe None from Asia

71 Emergency Quota Act (1921) National Origins Act (1924)

72 1920s Immigration As a result of the quota system, immigration to the U.S. was slowed considerably Abandonment of American tradition End of unrestricted immigration Some people advocated cultural pluralism U.S. should provide a protective environment in which immigrants would be free to preserve their native cultures

73 Waves of Migration Chapter 8, Section 1 After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States. Immigration from China, Japan, and southern and eastern Europe was limited; however, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled lowpaying jobs in the United States. Certain areas became magnets for immigrants. A barrio, or Spanishspeaking neighborhood, developed in Los Angeles, California; New York also attracted numerous Spanishspeaking immigrants.

74 Growth of the Suburbs With the growing popularity and affordability of the automobile, people were able to move in larger # s to the suburbs Suburb residential community surrounding a city

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76 American Heroes Chapter 8, Section 1 American Heroes in the 1920s Charles Lindbergh Amelia Earhart Sports Heroes As the first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris, aviator Charles Lindbergh was hailed as an American hero and a champion of traditional values. Amelia Earhart set records as the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic and the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California. She and her navigator mysteriously disappeared while attempting to fly around the world in Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes. Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball s George Herman Babe Ruth, whose record number of home runs remained unbroken for 40 years.

77 LINDBERGH S FLIGHT Charles Lindbergh Nickname: Lucky Lindy May 27, 1927: Lindbergh made the first nonstop solo trans-atlantic flight. Spirit of St. Louis NYC - Paris 33 ½ hours later (no auto pilot) $25,000 prize 2yr old Son Charley kidnapped in 1932 $50,000 ransom murdered

78 American Heroes of the 1920s

79 American Heroes of the 1920s

80 Society in the 1920s Assessment Chapter 8, Section 1 Why were some Americans opposed to flappers? (A) Flappers opposed the Nineteenth Amendment. (B) Flappers challenged traditional values. (C) Americans preferred sports heroes. (D) Americans thought that flappers encouraged immigration. Which of the following was a migration pattern in the 1920s? (A) From cities to suburbs (B) From suburbs to cities (C) From suburbs to rural areas (D) From the United States to Canada and Mexico

81 Society in the 1920s Assessment Chapter 8, Section 1 Why were some Americans opposed to flappers? (A) Flappers opposed the Nineteenth Amendment. (B) Flappers challenged traditional values. (C) Americans preferred sports heroes. (D) Americans thought that flappers encouraged immigration. Which of the following was a migration pattern in the 1920s? (A) From cities to suburbs (B) From suburbs to cities (C) From suburbs to rural areas (D) From the United States to Canada and Mexico Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

82 Mass Media and the Jazz Age Chapter 8, Section 2 How did the mass media help create common cultural experiences? Why are the 1920s called the Jazz Age, and how did the jazz spirit affect the arts? How did the writers of the Lost Generation respond to the popular culture? What subjects did the Harlem Renaissance writers explore?

83 The Mass Media Chapter 8, Section 2 Growth of the mass media, instruments for communicating with large numbers of people, helped form a common American popular culture during the 1920s. The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; talkies, or movies with sound, were introduced in Newspapers grew in both size and circulation. Tabloids, compact papers which replaced serious news with entertainment, became popular. Magazines also became widely read. Although radio barely existed as a mass medium until the 1920s, it soon enjoyed tremendous growth. Networks linked many stations together, sending the same music, news, and commercials to Americans around the country.

84 Ursinus Glee Club, 1925

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86 Movies Widely popular Emerge in the 1890s; drastic growth between 1910 & 1930 Silent movies until 1927 Talkies movies with sound

87 1920 s Movies

88 Silver Screen Legends

89 Silver Screen Legends

90 Silver Screen Legends

91 Silver Screen Legends

92 Silver Screen Legends

93 The Dance Craze The Charleston Has a quick beat Dancers kick out their feet Popular dance for Flappers: Women who wore short skirts (to the knees), bright red lipstick, hair cut short, smoked and drank in public, and drove fast cars

94 Ernest Hemingway Wrote about experiences of Americans during WWI and in Europe Wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man in the Sea

95 Sinclair Lewis Grew up in a small town in Minnesota and moved to New York City He wrote books about rural people from a city person s perspective (making them look stupid) Wrote Main Street and Babbitt

96 Newspapers 1920s newspapers increase in readership and size Smaller newspapers bought out by larger ones William Randolph Hearst controlled newspapers in more than 20 cities Something to think about. Are there any advantages/ disadvantages to a few companies controlling the news?

97 News Today

98 Radio On a mass scale, radio barely existed before the 1920s Companies such as NBC linked individual stations together Radio helped to link the country culturally (jokes, commercials, etc.)

99 Walt Disney Walt Disney only attended one year of high school. He was the voice of Mickey Mouse for two decades. As a kid he loved drawing and painting. He won 32 Academy Awards.

100 Fundamentalism In response to these alarming events, religious traditionalists adopted a set of beliefs known as fundamentalism Fundamentalists argued that everything in the Bible should be taken literally; Bible contains NO contradictions or errors This movement gained

101 Issues of Religion Chapter 8, Section 3 Fundamentalism As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity. Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible. Billy Sunday and other famous fundamentalist preachers drew large audiences. Evolution and the Scopes Trail Fundamentalists worked to pass laws against teaching the theory of evolution in public schools. A science teacher named John T. Scopes agreed to challenge such a law in Tennessee. His arrest led to what was called the Scopes trial. The Scopes trial became the first trial to be broadcast over American radio. The case became a public debate between fundamentalists and modernists.

102 Scopes Trial William Jennings Bryan (fundamentalist) vs. Clarence Darrow First trial ever broadcast on national radio Modern vs. traditional values Bryan put on stand to testify as Bible expert; admits all parts should not be taken literally Scopes found guilty; Bryan dies 5 days later

103 The Jazz Age Combination of black migration North and popularity of radio contributed to emergence of jazz music Jazz evolved out of southern ragtime and blues Jazz became very popular among younger people Dominated radio airtime

104 The Jazz Age Chapter 8 Section 2 Jazz, a style of music that grew out of the African American music of the South, became highly popular during the 1920s. Characterized by improvisation and syncopation, jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age. Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music. Flappers and others heard jazz in clubs and dance halls; the Charleston, considered by some to be a wild and reckless dance, embodied the Jazz Age.

105 The Jazz Age 1920s comes to be known as the Jazz Age Harlem, NY becomes ground zero for jazz music Popular jazz musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington

106 BILLIE HOLIDAY Born Eleanora Fagan Gough One of the most recognizable voices of the 20s and 30s. Embraceable You God Bless the Child Strange Fruit

107 BESSIE SMITH Bessie Smith, blues singer, was perhaps the most outstanding vocalist of the decade She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she became the highestpaid black artist in the world

108 The Jazz Spirit Chapter 8, Section 2 Other Art Inspired by Jazz Painting Literature The Lost Generation Like jazz musicians, painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life. Painters such as Edward Hopper and Rockwell Kent showed the nation s rougher side; Georgia O Keeffe s paintings of natural objects suggested something larger than themselves. Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony; playwright Eugene O Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe. Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a Lost Generation, a group of people disconnected from their country and its values. Soon, this term was taken up by the flappers as well.

109 The Harlem Renaissance Chapter 8, Section 2 In addition to being a center of jazz, Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans. A literary awakening took place in Harlem in the 1920s that was known as the Harlem Renaissance. Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American, writers such as James Weldon Johnson, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole.

110 The Harlem Renaissance Cultural center of the U.S. for African Americans became Harlem, NY Harlem would become home to the African American literary awakening known as the Harlem Renaissance

111 The Harlem Renaissance Most famous of these Harlem Renaissance writers was Langston Hughes Poet, journalist, short story writer Works focused upon the joys and difficulties of being human, American, black

112 Zora Neale Hurston Write novels, short essays, short stories Traveled throughout the South in a battered car collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners Published these in her book, Mules and Men

113 Mass Media and the Jazz Age Assessment Chapter 8, Section 2 Which of these best describes how the growth of mass media affected American culture? (A) It allowed local cultural traditions to flourish. (B) It made learning the Charleston easier. (C) It spread the work of Lost Generation writers. (D) It helped create a common American popular culture. What was the Harlem Renaissance? (A) A style of jazz music (B) An African American literary awakening (C) An increase in the popularity of newspapers and magazines (D) A type of jazz club found in Harlem Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

114 Mass Media and the Jazz Age Assessment Chapter 8, Section 2 Which of these best describes how the growth of mass media affected American culture? (A) It allowed local cultural traditions to flourish. (B) It made learning the Charleston easier. (C) It spread the work of Lost Generation writers. (D) It helped create a common American popular culture. What was the Harlem Renaissance? (A) A style of jazz music (B) An African American literary awakening (C) An increase in the popularity of newspapers and magazines (D) A type of jazz club found in Harlem Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

115 Cultural Conflicts Chapter 8, Section 3 What were the effects of Prohibition on society? What issues of religion were at the core of the Scopes trial? How did racial tensions change after World War I?

116 Prohibition 18 th Amendment (1920) Prohibited manufacture and sale of alcohol Volstead Act Law passed by Congress providing for the enforcement of the 18 th amendment Teeth behind the 18 th Amendment

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118 Prohibition Chapter 8, Section 3 The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal. As a result, many Americans turned to bootleggers, or suppliers of illegal alcohol. Bars that operated illegally, known as speakeasies, were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates. Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law. Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre- Prohibition levels.

119 Prohibition 18 th Amendment Volstead Act

120 Gangsters & Organized Crime The government increased the power of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to combat gangsters like John Dillinger, Pretty Boy Floyd and Bonnie and Clyde.

121 The Prohibition era saw a rise in organized crime. People still wanted to drink alcohol, so this led to the development of criminal gangs. These gangs controlled most of the bootlegging industry. They would smuggle alcohol into the USA from Canada and Mexico.

122 Gangs became very wealthy as a result of this illegal trade.

123 Gangs were led by powerful gangsters or mobsters. Every city had its gangsters. The most famous example of a gangster was Al Capone of Chicago. He ran the Southside gang in Chicago and was nicknamed Scarface.

124 George Bugs Moran was Al Capone s rival in Chicago. Capone claimed he was the only man he feared. He was the leader of the rival north side gang of Chicago.

125 There was lot of money to be made from bootlegging, and this led to rivalry between the gangs. This led to gang warfare. Rival gangs would fight over money.

126 Members of gangs would perform hits on each other for money and power. This led to over 400 gang related murders in Chicago alone

127 St Valentine s Day Massacre

128 Gangs bribed federal agents and city officials to ignore their illegal activities, leading to corruption among the police. This increased the power of the gangs. They also ran protection rackets. They would protect the owners of speakeasies in return for money.

129 Prohibition Most popular in the South and West In the West, prohibition would ideally lead to a decrease in prostitution, corruption, public drunkenness, and crime Strong opposition in large eastern cities Social gatherings??? Feds. have a very difficult job ENFORCING the ban Many believed that the only way to get the amendment repealed was through large-scale disobedience of the law

130 Prohibition Many Americans flat out ignored the new law Enforcement officials often bribed New industry: Bootlegging Bootleggers illegally imported or manufactured alcohol

131 Prohibition Speakeasies High alcohol content drinks popular Prohibition was not a 100% failure People now have more $$$!!! More people wake-up and go to work Less alcohol consumed

132 In Chicago, clubs called Black and Tans were run by the mob and served alcohol while jazz bands played. This was one of the only instances of racial tolerance in an otherwise divided city.

133 SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved What problems did it cause? The 21 st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933

134 Organized Crime Prohibition witnessed an increase in organized crime Bribery leads to rampant corruption Rivals organizations fought for control of the nation s cities Few arrests, convictions Gambling, prostitution, racketeering

135 Al Capone Chicago became most notorious center for organized crime St. Valentine s Day Massacre (1929) Al Capone came to dominate the Chicago gangster scene through bootlegging How did he avoid jail? Capone convicted of tax evasion in 1931

136 Gangsterism Protection money Kidnap of aviator Charles Lindbergh s infant son Lindbergh Law interstate abduction a death penalty offense The Crime of the Century

137 The Crime of the Century

138 Organized Crime Chapter 8, Section 3 The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime. Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including gambling, prostitution, and racketeering. As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace. One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed Scarface, a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago s organized crime network. Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

139 The Garvey Movement Jamaican-born Founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Promoted the resettlement of American blacks in their own African homeland 4 million followers

140 Compare and Contrast the Tactics and Strategies of these Early Civil Rights Leaders

141 Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association believed in Black pride advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line attracted many investments: gov't charged him with w/fraud he was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist

142 The Rebirth of the KKK KKK experienced a resurgence in the 1920s More focused on antiforeignism (nativism) 100% Americanism! Influence spread rapidly in the South and Midwest Mid 1920s 5 million members

143 Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK One Hundred Percent American The KKK bubble bursts in the late 1920s The KKK was an alarming manifestation of the intolerance and prejudice plaguing people anxious about the dizzying pace of social change in the 1920s. (p. 723)

144 Meet Edward Jackson A member of the Indiana branch of the Ku Klux Klan, Jackson became involved in several political scandals, and was accused of favoring the Klan's agenda while in office. In 1927 he was investigated and tried on bribery charges related to having tried to bribe the previous governor, but was not convicted

145 Racial Tensions Chapter 8, Section 3 Violence Against African Americans Mob violence between white and black Americans erupted in about 25 cities during the summer of The worst of these race riots occurred in Chicago, where the African American population had doubled since A white man threw a rock at a black teenager swimming in Lake Michigan, and the boy drowned. The incident touched off riots that lasted several days, destroyed many homes, killed several people and wounded many more. Revival of the Klan Although it had been largely eliminated during Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan regained power during the 1920s and greatly increased its membership outside the South. The Klan s focus shifted to include terrorizing not just African Americans but also Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and others. After the arrest of a major Klan leader in 1925, Klan membership diminished once again.

146 Fighting Discrimination Increased violence against blacks prompted action from the NAACP Anti-lynching laws The Garvey Movement United Negro Improvement Association Garvey urged followers to leave America and start over in the motherland of Africa

147 Fighting Discrimination Chapter 8 Section 3 During the 1920s, the NAACP fought for anti-lynching laws and worked to promote the voting rights of African Americans. These efforts, however, met with limited success. A movement led by Marcus Garvey, an immigrant from Jamaica, became popular with many African Americans. Garvey, who created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), sought to build up African Americans self-respect and economic power, encouraging them to buy shares in his Negro Factories Corporation. Garvey also encouraged his followers to return to Africa and create a self-governing nation there. Although corruption and mismanagement resulted in the collapse of the UNIA, Garvey s ideas of racial pride and independence would affect future black pride movements.

148 Cultural Conflicts Assessment Chapter 8, Section 3 How did Prohibition reinforce the division between urban and rural areas? (A) Speakeasies only replaced legal saloons in urban areas. (B) Rural areas were more likely to obey Prohibition. (C) Urban areas were more likely to obey Prohibition. (D) Bootleggers only worked in rural areas. Which of the following best describes Marcus Garvey s goals for African Americans? (A) Religious fundamentalism and an end to teaching evolution (B) Equality with Catholics, Jews, and immigrants (C) Universal suffrage and an end to lynchings (D) Self-respect, economic power, and independence Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

149 Cultural Conflicts Assessment Chapter 8, Section 3 How did Prohibition reinforce the division between urban and rural areas? (A) Speakeasies only replaced legal saloons in urban areas. (B) Rural areas were more likely to obey Prohibition. (C) Urban areas were more likely to obey Prohibition. (D) Bootleggers only worked in rural areas. Which of the following best describes Marcus Garvey s goals for African Americans? (A) Religious fundamentalism and an end to teaching evolution (B) Equality with Catholics, Jews, and immigrants (C) Universal suffrage and an end to lynchings (D) Self-respect, economic power, and independence