IT S STORY TIME! UNIT 7 THE ROARING 20 s

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1 IT S STORY TIME! UNIT 7 THE ROARING 20 s Part 1 A Clash of Values; Nativism, Immigration Quotas, New Morality, Women, Fundamentalism & Prohibition Part 2 Cultural Changes; the Arts, Sports, Film & Mass Media Part 3 Harlem Renaissance & Back to Africa movement Part 4 Presidential Politics; Harding & Coolidge Part 5 Growing Economy; Automobile, Credit & Farm Crisis Part 6 Policies of Prosperity, Trade & Arms Control

2 The POLICIES of PROSPERITY

3 REMEMBER SIGNIFICANT EFFECT of WWI on ECONOMY of U.S. = U.S. emerged from WWI as STRONGEST INDUSTRIAL POWER in the WORLD U.S. becomes = WORLD s largest CREDITOR NATION!

4 PROMOTING PROSPERITY under Pres s HARDING, COOLIDGE & HOOVER

5 Andrew MELLON s - SEC. of TREASURY - POLICIES believed GOVERNMENT should use BUSINESS PRINCIPLES! convinced CONGRESS to create both BUREAU of BUDGET = prepare unified FEDERAL BUDGET GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE = track GOV T SPENDING SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS 3 MAJOR GOALS = balance BUDGET, reduce GOV s DEBT, cut TAXES w-lower TAXES = BUSINESSES & CONSUMERS spend & invest their extra $$$ = ECONOMY grows As ECONOMY grows AMERICANS earn more $$$ = GOV T actually collects MORE TAXES at LOWER RATE than it would if it kept the TAX RATE HIGH!

6 PROMOTING PROSPERITY As SECRETARY of TREASURY during the 1920 s, Andrew MELLON s POLICIES = encouraged ECONOMIC GROWTH Q-64a

7 PROMOTING PROSPERITY As SECRETARY of TREASURY during the 1920 s, Andrew MELLON s POLICIES = led to STOCK MARKET BOOM Q-64b

8 Former FOOD ADMINISTRATOR under Pres. WILSON Herbert HOOVER = Sec. Of COMMERCE served under both HARDING & COOLIDGE

9 Herbert HOOVER s - SEC. of COMMERCE - POLICIES tried promote ECONOMIC STABILITY in various INDUSTRIES by BALANCING GOV T REGULATION w-own philosophy of COOPERATIVE INDIVIDUALISM = encouraged MANUFACTURERS & DISTRIBUTORS to form their own TRADE ASSOCIATIONS = voluntarily share INFORMATION w-gov T to assist AMERICAN BUSINESSES, also created other AGENCIES expanded BUREAU of FOREIGN & DOMESTIC COMMERCE = find NEW MARKETS & BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES for AMERICAN companies. established BUREAU of AVIATION = regulate & support AIRLINE INDUSTRY established FEDERAL RADIO COMMISSION = set RULES regarding RADIO FREQUENCIES & RADIO TRANSMISSIONS

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12 BOULDER DAM later renamed HOOVER DAM

13 ARMS CONTROL & ISOLATIONISM

14 ISOLATIONIST TERM used to describe U.S. FOREIGN POLICY after WWI RESULT of FEAR of entangling alliances = U.S. pulled away from, wanted to STAY OUT of WORLD AFFAIRS

15 TRADITIONAL U.S. FOREIGN POLICY was to AVOID FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world PRESIDENT WASHINGTON 1796

16 I sympathize deeply with you, Madam, But I cannot associate with you President Harding s Secretary of State Charles Evans HUGHES broke the news to a desperate war-tattered EUROPE that AMERICA was going, and staying, HOME!

17 ANNIE CHARACTER from CARTOON Little Orphan Annie = symbolized AMERICA s FEAR of ENTANGLING ALLIANCES

18 ANNIE 1 st published- Aug ANNIE represents ISOLATIONISM U.S. FEAR of entangling alliances ORPHAN w/out relatives w/out entanglements = FREEDOM to do what she wants & go where she pleases

19 ECONOMIC CRISIS in EUROPE WAR DEBTS U.S. had loaned ALLIES MONEY during WWI & demanded PAYMENT ALLIES needed to get MONEY from GERMANY to pay the U.S. GERMANY, IMPOVERISHED as RESULT of WWI, NOT able to pay REPARATIONS

20 POST WWI - ECONOMIC CRISIS in EUROPE - GERMANY defaulted (unable to make payments) on promised REPARATIONS to ENGLAND & FRANCE - End 1922, FRENCH TROOPS marched into GERMANY s industrial RUHR VALLEY = hoped to EXTORT REPARATIONS 1924, DAWES PLAN U.S. PLAN to = help GERMANY & our FORMER ALLIES (BRITAIN & FRANCE) deal with DEBT & REPARATIONS PAYMENTS. = AMERICAN BANKS would LOAN $$$ to GERMANS so that they could make their REPARATIONS PAYMENTS to BRITAIN & FRANCE. Same time, BRITAIN & FRANCE promised accept LESS REPARATIONS from GERMANY & PAY MORE on their WAR DEBTS to the U.S. Well-Intended, but = did little to ease EUROPE s ECONOMIC problems LASTED until =1929, STOCK MARKET crash - start GREAT DEPRESSION

21 The U.S. introduced Q-65 = 1924 DAWES PLAN in order to avoid NEW WAR in EUROPE! DAWES PLAN allowed = U.S. BANKS to loan GERMANY $2.5 billion WHY??? = so that GERMANY in turn could use this $$$ to pay REPARATIONS to BRITAIN & FRANCE

22 Q DAWES PLAN was ATTEMPT by U.S. to COLLECT WAR DEBTS by = making LOANS to GERMANY so that THEY could MEET their REPARATIONS PAYMENTS

23 FINANCIAL MERRY-GO-ROUND IMPORTANT for U.S. that = EUROPEAN ECONOMIES be HEALTHY so that EUROPEANS could buy U.S. EXPORTS & REPAY WAR DEBTS

24 ATTEMPTS at DISARMAMENT in the 1920 S CHARLES EVANS HUGHES

25 WASHINGTON DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE Dec Sec.of State-Charles HUGHES 5 MAJOR NAVAL POWERS U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy = established 10 yr. BAN on building new battleships = scrap significant proportion of battleships, cruisers, aircraft carriers = 1 st TIME NATIONS AGREE TO DISARM

26 WASHINGTON CONFERENCE HARDING s disarmament mtg major NAVAL powers-u.s., Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy (excluded Bolshevik Russia) double AGENDA - NAVAL DISARMAMENT-LIMITING WEAPONS of WAR - volatile situation FAR EAST;JAPAN & GREAT BRITAIN = established 10-yr. BAN/ HOLIDAY on CONSTRUCTION of new BATTLESHIPS = SCRAP- get rid of significant proportion of BATTLESHIPS, CRUISERS, AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, = 1 st time NATIONS AGREE to DISARM

27 1925 WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE on CAUSES & CURE for WAR - Pres. COOLIDGE - Many AMERICANS were interested in PREVENTING FUTURE WARS

28 KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT 1929 TREATY signed by 64 NATIONS, including U.S. agreed RENOUNCE WAR as means of solving INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES = AGREEMENT-PLEDGE to OUTLAW WAR as NATIONAL POLICY = CONSISTENT w-u.s. REFUSAL- NO to join LEAGUE of NATIONS! Q-67

29 AFTER WWI, the U.S. Q-68 REFUSAL to join LEAGUE of NATIONS PARTICIPATION in WASHINGTON CONFERENCE SIGNING of KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT are ALL CONSISTENT ACTIONS because STAY OUT of WAR! = represented U.S. EFFORTS to STAY OUT of FUTURE WARS!

30 6 SIGNS that PROSPERITY of 1920 s was SUPERFICIAL Q-69 DEPRESSED FARM SECTOR OVERPRODUCTION, UNDERCONSUMPTION in AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRY UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION of WEALTH (RICH getting richer, POOR getting poorer = led to LOW DEMAND) WAR DEBTS & HIGH TARIFFS (restricts foreign demand for AMER goods) led to decline in INTERNATIONAL TRADE OVER-SPECULATION & INVESTMENT in STOCK MARKET LARGE # of PRODUCTS purchased on CREDIT = FLAWS became more visible after STOCK MARKET CRASH!

31 Q-70 Let s REVIEW DISCUSSION of the 1920 s would include UNION MEMBERSHIP dropped considerably due to STRIKES QUOTA ACTS passed due to INTOLERANCE towards IMMIGRANTS (NATIVISTS & KKK) & the decreased demand for LABOR. Formation of ACLU AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION NEW ROLES for WOMEN; voting (19 th Amend), flappers (Charleston), Rise in CHRISTIAN FUNDAMENTALISM; Sunday, McPherson, Scope s Trial PROHIBITION (18 th Amend) & the growth of ORGANIZED CRIME WRITERS (Lost Generation), POPULAR CULTURE & MASS MEDIA HARLEM RENAISSANCE; Writers (Hughes & Hurston), Music (Jazz & Blues) BACK TO AFRICA movement; Marcus Garvey Impact of the AUTOMOBILE; highways, suburbs, dating, buying habits, A RISE in CONSUMER SPENDING due to EASY CREDIT DECREASED PROSPERITY for AMERICA S FARMERS ISOLATIONISM & attempts to ABOLISH WAR (Washington Conf, Kellogg-Briand Pact)